针刺对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的热休克蛋白、诱导性一氧化氮合酶及其基因表达的效应

目的研究针刺对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的热休克蛋白（ＨＳＰ）、诱导性一氧化氮合酶（ｉＮＯＳ）及其ｍＲ－ＮＡ表达的效应。方法将２４只昆明小鼠腹腔注射无菌石蜡油后,随机分为３组：电针（ＥＡ）组、对照１（Ｃ１）组和对照２（Ｃ２）组。将３组收集的腹腔巨噬细胞制备成玻片和硝酸纤维素膜（ＮＣＭ）两种标本,应用原位杂交、免疫细胞化学、细胞化学及斑点印迹技术检测ＨＳＰ７０、ｉＮＯＳ及ｉＮＯＳｍＲＮＡ。结果ＨＳＰ７０定位于巨噬细胞的胞质和胞核;ｉＮＯＳｍＲＮＡ及ｉＮＯＳ均定位于巨噬细胞的胞质;３组的ｉＮＯＳｍＲＮＡ、ｉＮＯＳ、ＨＳＰ７０的斑点印迹的扫描数值均为ＥＡ组＞Ｃ２组＞Ｃ１组（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论电针可显著提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的ＨＳＰ７０、ｉＮＯＳ及ｉＮＯＳｍＲ－ＮＡ表达。     

补体C5b—9复合物诱导大鼠肾系膜细胞iNOS mRNA表达的实验 …

目的 观察人血清补体Ｃ５ｂ－９复合物对大鼠肾小球系膜细胞（ＭＣ）表达诱生性一氧化氮合酶（ｉＮＯＳ）ｍＲＮＡ的影响。方法 首先提取人血清补体Ｃ５ｂ－９复合物,然后用人Ｃ５ｂ－９复合物刺激培养的大鼠ＭＣ,检测ＭＣ在受Ｃ５ｂ－９复合物刺激后３、６、２４和４８ｈ时ｉＮＯＳ ｍＲＮＡ的表达情况。同时检测其培养上清液中一氧化氮（ＮＯ）代谢产物－硝酸根（ＮＯ３＾－）和亚硝酸根（ＮＯ２＾－）含量的变化。结果 用人     

LPS和几种促炎细胞因子促进人血管平滑肌细胞iNOS mRNA的表达

ＬＰＳ、ｒｈｌＬ－１β、ｒｈＩＬ－６、ｒｈＴｈＦ－ａ和ｒｈＩＦＮ－γ单独或两两组合加于培养的人血管平滑肌细胞（ｈＶＳＭＣ）,测定了ｈＶＳＭＣＮＯＳ活性,ｃＧＭＰ含量,ｉＮＯＳｍＲＮＡ表达丰度和培养液中ＮＯ２浓度。ＬＰＳ和细胞因子都能诱导ｈＶＳＭＣ表达ｉＮＯＳ　ｍＲＮＡ,升高ｈＶＳＭＣ　ＮＯＳ活性、ｃＧＭＰ含量和培养液中ＮＯ２浓度;ＴＮＦ－ａ是受试细胞因子中唯一能与另外三种细胞因子分别组合都显示出协同效应的细胞因子;ＬＰＳ和其余三种细胞因子间的两两组合都没有显示出协同效应;本研究结果表明：ＬＰＳ、ｒｈＴＮＦ－α、ｒｈＩＬ－１β、ｒｈＩＬ－６、ｔｈＴｈＦ－α、ｔｈＩＦＮ－γ都能诱导ｈＶＳＭＣ合成ＮＯ;ＴＮＦ－α可能是诱导ｈＶＳＭＣｉＮＯＳ表达的致炎细胞因子中最为重要的。     

一氧化氮合成酶在白血病细胞的表达

目的：为了探讨一氧化氮合成酶在ＣＤ２３白血病细胞的表达，以及ＣＤ２３与ＮＯ的关系。方法：采用ＣＲＴ－ＰＣＲ和ＦＡＣＳ技术及Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ－ｂｌｏｔｔｉｎｇ放射自显影方法。结果：发现ＣＤ２３白血病细胞株可以表达ｉＮＯＳｍＲＮＡ和ｉＮＯＳ蛋白，同时ＣＤ２３可上调ｉＮＯＳ的表达。结论：ｉＮＯＳ可能与人ＣＤ２３白血病细胞的增殖和凋亡有关。     

针刺对小鼠巨噬细胞基因表达的效应

目的 为了探讨针刺镇痛效应与细胞免疫的关系,研究了针刺对小鼠巨噬细胞中ｃ－ｆｏｓ ｍＲＡＮ ｐｐＥＮＫｍＲＮＡ,ｉＮＯＳｍＲＮＡ及ｉＮＯＳ活性的效应。方法 ２０只ＢＡＬＢ／ｃ小鼠被随机分成２组;ａ．用５Ｈｚ电针处理的针刺组;ｂ．未用电针处理的对照组。针刺或牵拉前后用钾离子渗透法检测痛阈。实验采用原位杂交,ＮＡＤＰＨＮＢＴ组织化学,ＲＮＡ斑点印迹及蛋白质斑点印迹技术。应用ＴＬＣ扫描仪扫描斑点印迹信号并作统计学处理。结果 杂交信号和ｉＮＯＳ活性呈现蓝紫色,信号均定位于巨噬细胞的胞质。与对照组相比,针刺组的所有印迹信号均增强,Ｐ〈０．０１。针刺组中ｃ－ｆｏｓ ｍＲＮＡ,ｐｐＥＮＫｍＲＮＡ,ｉＮＯＳｍＲＮＡ的表达及ｉＮＯＳ的活性与提高的痛阈呈正相关。此外,ｃ－ｆｏｓ ｍＲＮＡ与ｍＲＮＡ与ｐｐＥＮＫｍＲＮＡ之间的变动呈正     

红藻氨酸致大鼠脊髓损伤过程中c—fos mRNA和Fos的表达变化

为探讨即早反应基因在神经损伤过程中的变化规律，用原位分子杂交和ＰＡＰ免疫组织化学方法观察了大鼠脊髓内注射红藻氨酸后１ｈ至１４ｄ的不同时间点，Ｌ１－３脊髓腹，背角神经元中ｃ－ｆｏｓ ｍＲＮＡ和Ｆｏｓ免疫阳性信号的变化。结果表明，ＫＡ致脊髓损伤后２－８ｈ脊髓腹角运动神经元中ｃ－ｆｏｓ ｍＲＮＡ的表达和Ｆｏｓ免疫组织化学阳性反应明显增加，１２ｈ恢复至正常水平，伤后３ｄ又明显增强；而脊髓背角神经元内仅在伤     

缺氧对肺动脉内皮细胞和平滑肌细胞5-羟色胺转载体基因表达的影响

目的：探讨无氧（Ｏ％Ｏ２＋９５％Ｎ２＋５％ＣＯ２）和低氧（２５～３％Ｏ２＋９２％Ｎ２＋５％ＣＯ２）对新生小牛肺动脉内皮细胞（ＰＡＥＣ）和肺动肺平滑肌细胞（ＰＡＳＭ）５－羟色胺转载体基因表达的影响。方法：应用细胞培养，核酸分子杂交技术。结果：无氧组和低氧组（１５ｈ、３ｈ、６ｈ）ＰＡＥＣ５－羟色胺转载体ｍＲＮＡ表达显著高于常氧组（Ｐ＜００５），而无氧和低氧１２ｈ至４８ｈ对ＰＡＥＣ５－羟色胺转载体ｍＲＮＡ表达无明显影响。无氧和低氧（３ｈ、６ｈ、１２ｈ、２４ｈ）组ＰＡＳＭ５－羟色胺ｍＲＮＡ表达均显著高于常氧组（Ｐ＜００１），结论：推测缺氧早期通过促进ＰＡＥＣ５－羟色胺转载体基因表达，加强ＰＡＥＣ对５－羟色胺的摄取和降解，随缺氧时间的延长，ＰＡＥＣ的此功能受损。缺氧ＰＡＳＭ５－羟色胺转载体基因表达的持续增加，则可能参与缺氧肺动脉高压的形成。     

反义Gαq/11亚基ODNs对平滑肌细胞DNA合成和PC蛋白表达的影响

目的：探讨Ｇｑ蛋白介导血管活性多肽对ｖＳＭＣＤＮＡ合成及增殖细胞核抗原（ＰＣＮＡ）蛋白表达的影响。方法：用硫代修饰的Ｇαｑ／１１亚基反义寡聚脱氧核苷酸（Ｇαｑ／１１ＡＳ－ＯＤＮｓ），以６μｍｏｌ／Ｌ的浓度加入含１０－７ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１ＥＴ－１刺激无血清ＤＭＥＭ培养基中体外培养ｖＳＭＣ。用３Ｈ－ＴｄＲ掺入法测定ｖＳＭＣＤＮＡ合成、免疫细胞化学技术检测ｖＳＭＣＰＣＮＡ蛋白表达。结果：Ｇαｑ／１１ＡＳ－ＯＤＮｓ可明显抑制ｖＳＭＣＤＮＡ的合成，在１２ｈ，２４ｈ时抑制率分别为８４２％和８５３％；Ｇαｑ／１１ＡＳ－ＯＤＮｓ亦明显降低ｖＳＭＣＰＣＮＡ蛋白的表达。而相同浓度的正义Ｇαｑ／１１ＯＤＮｓ只呈现少量抑制作用。结论：本实验提示Ｇαｑ／１１ＡＳ－ＯＤＮｓ有可能进一步应用于由血管活性多肽刺激引起的ｖＳＭＣ增生性疾病如经皮冠脉腔内血管成形术（ＰＴＣＡ）后再狭窄的防治的研究     

抗氧化剂和NFκB对大鼠肺微血管内皮细胞iNOS表达的影响

目的：探讨ＮＦкＢ在大鼠肺微血管内皮细胞ｉＮＯＳ基因诱导表达中的作用及抗氧化睦内皮细胞ｉＮＯＳ诱导表达的影响及其机制。方法：Ｇｒｉｅｓｓ法测定细胞上清液ＮＯ２水平以反映ＮＯ的生成,Ｎｒｔｈｅｒｎ印迹分析ｉＮＯＳｍＲＮＡ水平,ＥＭＳＡ法测定细胞核内ＮＦкＢ的结合活性。结果：抗氧化可阻断内皮细胞培养体系ＬＰＳ和ＴＮＦα诱导的ＮＯ生成及ｉＮＯＳｍＲＮＡ的表达;ＬＰＳ和ＴＮＦα可诱导大鼠肺微血管内皮细胞Ｎ     

呼吸道合胞病毒感染患儿免疫功能变化及PBL体外表达IL－2R的动态观察

探讨７２例确诊呼吸道合胞病毒（ＲＳＶ）特异性血清抗体及鼻咽分泌物脱落细胞中ＲＳＶ抗原阳性患儿急性期及恢复期Ｔ淋巴细胞亚群，血清ＩｇＧ、ＩｓＭ、ＩｇＡ及ＩＬ－２Ｒ的活性表达，动态观察了呼吸道合胞病毒感染患儿急性期、恢复期和正常对照组外周血淋巴细胞经ＰＨＡ刺激后，于不同时间（２４ｈ、４８ｈ、７２ｈ）细胞膜上ＩＬ－２Ｒ的活性表达。结果表明，抗体效价恢复期较急性期升高４～１２８倍，病例组急性期ＣＤ３、ＣＤ１６、Ｂ细胞升高，ＣＤ４／ＣＤ８的比值下降，ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＡ均降低，而ＩＬ－２Ｒ的活性表达呈下降趋势。此结果有助于探讨ＲＳＶ感染患儿的免疫紊乱发生机制。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.