Assessing sexual aversion in college students: the Sexual Aversion Scale

This study describes a 30-item questionnaire, the Sexual Aversion Scale, that was used to assess sexual fears and avoidance in college students. The construct of sexual aversion was based on the newly listed DSM-III-R criteria for sexual aversion disorder. Results were obtained from 382 college students. The questionnaire was shown to have good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Female students reported significantly more sexual anxiety. They expressed more fear of intercourse and the negative social consequences of their sexual behavior. They were also more inclined to avoid situations where they might become sexually involved. Conversely, males appeared to be more sexually frustrated and said they would become more sexually active were it not for fear of catching a sexually transmitted disease. It is concluded that sexual fears are fairly widespread among college students and are being fueled by the current AIDS crisis. One implication of these findings is that sexual aversion disorder may become a prevalent problem, especially if the AIDS epidemic continues to spread to the heterosexual population.     

The relationship between worry, sexual aversion, and low sexual desire.

The psychological trait of worry is associated with many psychiatric conditions and maladaptive ways of coping, but is relationship to sexual dysfunctions, and desire disorders in particular, is unclear. In this study, we assessed the relationship between worry, sexual aversion, and low sexual desire using the Sexual Aversion Scale, the Hurlbert Index of Low Sexual Desire, and the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Data were collected from 138 college undergraduates. As expected, results showed a modest but significant relationship between sexual aversion and low sexual desire, which is consistent with the taxonomy of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; American Psychiatric Association, 1994), which lists sexual aversion disorder and hypoactive sexual desire disorder as separate but related conditions. Contrary to our prediction, however, the tendency to worry was no more related to sexual aversion than it was to low sexual desire. The relationship between these variables was significant, but it was also relatively weak. We conclude that chronic and intense worry may predispose one to certain anxiety disorders, but it does not appear to be a risk factor for sexual desire problems in nonclinical populations.     

The sexual aversion syndrome

Sexual aversion is a widespread, poorly recognized syndrome occurring in both males and females. Once diagnosed, it is relatively resistant to conventional forms of therapy. Aversion is characterized by an unwillingness to get involved in sexual activity, with avoidance of any touching or communication that might lead to sexual involvement. This syndrome usually presents as a lack of libido, low sex drive, inhibited sexual desire or arousal dysfunction. Aversion may be seen along with other sexual dysfunctions, as a precipitating cause or as a consequence. However, aversion can also be the only dysfunction present. Once aversion is correctly diagnosed, identifying the type of aversion present is a prerequisite to appropriate therapy. Primary and secondary aversion are treated differently and have a different prognosis. This article describes the Sexual Aversion Syndrome, and distinguishes between primary and secondary aversion for the purpose of treatment and prognosis.     

青少年焦虑情绪与生长发育因素的关系

目的:了解青少年焦虑情绪与生长发育的关系,为临床工作提供依据。方法:采用《焦虑自评量表》和体格检查表,对洛阳市在校青少年1 000人进行调查。结果:青少年焦虑情绪的检出率为26.70%,女性的检出率高于男性,高中生高于初中生,矮身材青少年检出率高于偏矮身材及非矮身材者,有肥胖症的高于无肥胖症者,性发育延迟的高于无性发育延迟者,女性雄激素过多症者高于无雄激素过多症者,男性乳腺增生Ⅲ期的高于乳腺增生不明显的,反复呼吸道感染(RRI)的高于无RRI的青少年,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);有无性早熟史者检出率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:青少年焦虑情绪与生长发育异常有关,应及时干预。     

有无伴发抑郁症状的焦虑症与人格的相关性研究

目的探讨焦虑症患者的人格特质以及有无伴发抑郁症状的焦虑症患者人格是否存在差异。方法对60名焦虑症患者及60名正常对照组进行SDS、SAS、16PF问卷评定。结果焦虑症患者的SAS、忧虑性、自律性得分比对照组高,聪慧性、兴奋性得分比对照组低。与无抑郁症状组相比,有抑郁症状组的病人SAS、忧虑性的得分较高,稳定性、敢为性的得分较低。相关、回归分析表明焦虑症状的严重程度与SDS、稳定性的关系更为密切,2者可解释焦虑症状严重程度方差的51.4%。结论焦虑症患者人格特质有聪慧性、兴奋性低,忧虑性、自律性高的特点。有抑郁症状组的焦虑症状较严重,其人格特质中忧虑性较高,稳定性、敢为性较低。焦虑症患者焦虑症状的严重程度与抑郁症状的严重程度及人格特质中稳定性低关系较密切。     

未婚青少年人工流产者生殖健康知识与心理健康状况调查

目的了解未婚人工流产青少年生殖健康相关知识的知晓情况及心理健康状况,为医院有针对性地对该人群提供完善的流产后心理疏导及院内避孕咨询提供支持。方法采用Zung抑郁自评量表(SDS)、Zung焦虑自评量表(SAS)及医院自行编制的生殖健康调查问卷进行匿名调查,并对资料进行统计描述。结果 82例被调查者平均年龄21岁;23.0%是大学生身份;以非北京户籍为主;首次性行为时的平均年龄为18.9岁,最小仅16岁。47.5%的被调查者通过朋友获得避孕知识;18.0%的被调查者性传播疾病知识得分为0。81.7%的被调查者抑郁量表得分≥50,有抑郁倾向;67.1%的被调查者焦虑量表得分≥50,有焦虑倾向。结论未婚青少年人工流产者的主要特征是发生性行为时的年龄较低,缺乏相关的性及生殖健康知识,且存在明显的抑郁及焦虑倾向。     

Sexual interest latencies in aversion therapy: A preliminary report

Existing physiological, attitudinal, and behavioral measures for assessing the strength of homoerotic interest are briefly reviewed with reference to in-treatment assessment of progress during aversion therapy. Attention is focused on the value of avoidance latencies in anticipatory avoidance aversion therapy; it is suggested that the time which a subject is prepared to look at a given sexual stimulus before voluntarily switching it off (termed sexual interest latency) may reflect the interest strength of a particular sexual stimulus (CS ₁ ) before, during, and after aversion therapy. Detailed data of sexual interest latencies taken from a single case study are presented, together with attitudinal data from an automatically presented and scored Sexual Orientation Method (S.O.M.). These data suggest that sexual interest latencies may provide a useful measure of a patient's ongoing interest in the particular conditional stimuli being used in treatment. In addition, such data may provide a more sensitive indicator of treatment progress in comparison with present measures of attitudinal change. Although the predictive value of sexual interest latencies requires further verification, the data indicate that this technique could at present assist therapists in the determination of a patient's changing interest hierarchy during treatment by aversion therapy. It is concluded that the sexual interest latency, which is derived from anticipatory avoidance aversion therapy, is a simple and useful measure which could be used in other treatment paradigms to improve treatment efficiency. The research was undertaken while J. E. Sambrooks was supported by the United Liverpool Hospitals Research Fund.     

Sexual dysfunction, Part I: Classification, etiology, and pathogenesis.

BACKGROUND: The sexual dysfunctions are extremely common but are rarely recognized by primary care physicians. They represent inhibitions in the appetitive or psychophysiologic changes that characterize the complete adult sexual response and are classified into four major categories: (1) sexual desire disorders (hypoactive sexual desire, sexual aversion disorder), (2) sexual arousal disorders (female sexual arousal disorder, male erectile dysfunction), (3) orgasmic disorders (inhibited male or female orgasm, premature ejaculation), and (4) sexual pain disorders (dyspareunia, vaginismus). METHODS: Articles about the sexual dysfunctions were obtained from a search of MEDLINE files from 1966 to the present using the categories as key words, along with the general key word "sexual dysfunction." Additional articles came from the reference lists of dysfunction-specific reviews. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Cause and pathogenesis span a continuum from organic to psychogenic and most often include a mosaic of factors. Organic factors include chronic illness, pregnancy, pharmacologic agents, endocrine alterations, and a host of other medical, surgical, and traumatic factors. Psychogenic factors include an array of individual factors (e.g., depression, anxiety, fear, frustration, guilt hypochondria, intrapsychic conflict), interpersonal and relationship factors (e.g., poor communication, relationship conflict, diminished trust, fear of intimacy, poor relationship models, family system conflict), psychosexual factors (e.g., negative learning and attitudes, performance anxiety, prior sexual trauma, restrictive religiosity, intellectual defenses), and sexual enactment factors (e.g., skill and knowledge deficits, unrealistic performance expectations). Understanding the cause and pathophysiology of sexual disorders will help primary care physicians diagnose these problems accurately and manage them effectively.     

护理干预对门诊输液患者焦虑、抑郁状态的影响

目的探讨护理干预对门诊输液患者焦虑、抑郁状态的影响。方法对126例门诊输液患者焦虑、抑郁状态进行护理干预,并对干预前后患者焦虑、抑郁状态变化进行比较。结果采用Zung焦虑自评量表（SAS）和抑郁自评量表（SDS）评定结果显示,护理干预后患者SAS、SDS明显降低（P〈0.01）,且患者焦虑、抑郁缓解率明显改善（P〈0.01）。结论心理护理、健康教育、健康指导等护理干预能有效缓解和消除患者焦虑、抑郁等情绪变化,使患者的不良情绪明显改善。     

五行音乐联合免疫疗法对癌症焦虑患者生存质量的影响

目的探讨五行音乐联合免疫疗法对癌症焦虑患者生存质量的影响。方法采用随机分组方法将40例接受放射治疗的肿瘤患者分为接受五行音乐联合免疫疗法的试验组和常规干预的对照组,应用Zung氏焦虑自评量表(SAS)和汉密尔顿焦虑量表(HAMA)对两组患者治疗前后各进行1次测试,比较两组之间的差异。结果治疗前两组SAS和HAMA评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后两组SAS和HAMA评分均有下降,但治疗后试验组SAS和HAMA评分情况明显优于对照组,组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论五行音乐联合免疫疗法有助于改善癌症焦虑患者的生存质量。     

非意愿妊娠少女心理健康状况调查

目的:探讨非意愿妊娠少女心理健康状况及其影响因素,为制定减少其心身伤害的干预措施提供依据。方法:在妇科门诊对≤26岁33例要求人工流产的未婚少女进行自评焦虑量表(SAS)、抑郁量表(CRS-D)和自编问卷测查。结果:该群体首次性行为年龄为17～24岁,平均年龄(20±2)岁,其中30%有继往人流史(最多达5次),平均人流次数1.57次;SAS(48.88±3.92)高于常模(29.78±0.46),Z=3.995 7,P<0.001,阳性症状检出率45%;少数民族患者CRS-D(33.00±6.80)显著低于汉族(41.26±2.89),F=10.639,P<0.01;高中文化程度的患者抑郁得分均高于初中、专科和本科者,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05、P<0.01、P=0.00);性伴文化为中学的患者抑郁得分均高于专科、本科者,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05,P<0.01),性伴文化为中学的患者焦虑得分高于本科者,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);比性伴学历高的患者抑郁得分显著高于与性伴同等学历的患者(P<0.05)。结论:非意愿妊娠少女的心理健康水平明显低于中国常模,特别以汉族患者、学生患者更加明显;患者文化程度和性伴文化程度是影响非意愿妊娠青少年心理健康的重要因素。     

视疲劳患者焦虑心理调查

目的：观察视疲劳患者焦虑特点以及对治疗的反应。方法视疲劳患者42例,评定患者视疲劳评分,用焦虑自评量表（self-rating anxiety scale,SAS）评定患者的焦虑状态,分析治疗前 SAS 评分与患者性别、年龄、病程、文化程度、日均近距离用眼时间及视疲劳评分间的关系,比较患者治疗前后的视疲劳评分和 SAS 量表的评分。结果 SAS 与视疲劳评分高度相关（r=0.845,P 〈0.01）,与患者病程、日均近距离用眼时间低度相关（0.3〈r 〈0.5,P 〈0.05）,与性别、年龄、文化程度无相关性（r〈0.3）;治疗后视疲劳和 SAS 评分均明显降低（P 〈0.01）。结论视疲劳患者引发焦虑有害身心健康,临床医生应予以重视并及时干预。     

中学生和大学生痤疮患者焦虑与抑郁状况

目的了解青年学生痤疮患者的焦虑与抑郁情况,为青年学生痤疮患者的综合系统治疗和提高生活质量提供参考。方法以到上海市某三甲医院皮肤病专科医院痤疮科、治疗科门诊就诊的244名中学生和大学生痤疮患者为研究对象(痤疮组),同时在该地区便利选取未患痤疮的学生群体(对照组) 297名,用倾向评分匹配法对方便抽样获得的两组被试进行匹配(各157名),采用Zung抑郁自评测量表(Self-rating Depressing Scale,SDS)、焦虑自评测量表(Self-rating Anxiety Scale,SAS)进行问卷调查,比较不同性别、不同发病程度痤疮患者与对照组的SDS、SAS得分。结果痤疮组抑郁症状阳性检出率为59.20%,焦虑症状检出率为69.40%,合并焦虑及抑郁症状者为52.90%;对照组抑郁症状检出率为32.50%,焦虑症状检出率为25.50%,合并焦虑及抑郁症状者为20.40%,差异均有统计学意义(χ²值分别为22.63,60.81,35.69,P值均<0.01)。痤疮组的SDS和SAS得分均高于对照组(Z值分别为5.95,9.16,P值均<0...     

手术室专科护士术前干预对重复剖宫患者焦虑状态的影响

目的探讨专科护士人性化的术前干预对重复剖宫患者焦虑状态的影响。方法将我院2009年3月至2011年6月间收治的176例患者,按入院先后排序编号,分别将奇、偶数患者代号分为对照组和干预组,采用问卷调查结合虑自评量表(SAS)评估患者焦虑程度。结果两组患者入院前SAS评分无统计学意义(P>0.05),干预组患者干预后的SAS评分与对照组患者有统计学意义(P<0.01),对照组术前焦虑自评量表评分明显高于入院时(P<0.05)。结论重复剖宫患者存在不同程度的焦虑,专科护士通过系统合理化、人性化的术前干预手段,可减轻孕妇对手术环境陌生或相关外源性条件引起的焦虑,有利于手术的顺利进行和术后康复。     

中西医结合健康教育对乳腺增生大学生不良情绪的影响

目的 探讨中西医联合的健康教育方式对大学生乳腺增生不良情绪的影响。方法 以大学生体检发现的102例乳腺增生学生作为研究对象,对其进行西医健康教育讲座及中医健康处方等多种形式的健康教育干预;于干预前、后应用焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表 (SDS)评估患者焦虑、抑郁情况,观察中西医联合的健康教育方式对乳腺增生大学生焦虑、抑郁的影响。结果 干预前,患者SAS评分为(51.36±7.87)分,SDS评分为(63.36±9.87)分;干预后SAS评分为(40.48±7.23)分,SDS评分为(54.26±9.7)分。健康教育后的SAS、SDS评分均低于干预前评分(P<0.05)。结论 中西医联合的健康教育方式有利于减轻和消除大学生乳腺增生患者的焦虑、抑郁状况,改善患者生活质量。     

焦虑自评量表在中学生中的测试

本文应用焦虑自评量表（简称SAS）对中学生进行了焦虑情绪的现况调查，并对其信度和效度进行了检验。结果表明：男女生SAS总分间的差异并不显著，但不同年级间的总分有随年级的增高而逐渐上升的趋势，SAS总分与抑郁自评量表（简称SDS）总分间的相关系数为0．697。SAS的分半信度为0．696，复测信度为0．777，表明SAS有较好的效度和信度。     

中国医学生焦虑症状患病率以及相关影响因素

目的 探讨中国医学生焦虑症状的流行情况以及相关影响因素。方法 利用焦虑自评量表（Self - Rating Anxiety Scale,SAS）对来自中国不同地区33所大学的医学本科生进行焦虑症状评估,同时收集调查对象的基本信息、经济水平、父母受教育程度以及过去4周的相关生活事件包括吸烟饮酒情况、睡眠质量、锻炼频率、因病住院或用药情况。焦虑症状定义为SAS得分在50分及以上。结果 共有7 635名医学本科生纳入分析,平均年龄（20.7±1.6）岁,男生占36.6%,有焦虑症状者 (SAS≥50) 1 073人,占14.1%。多因素Logistic回归分析发现,年龄较大是焦虑的保护因素（23～28岁组与15～19岁组比较:调整OR值,0.57;95% CI,0.41～0.80),而父亲受教育程度低（小学及以下与本科及以上比较:1.31;1.03～1.67)、高三复读（1.23;1.02～1.45)、非临床/口腔专业（1.33;1.17～1.56）、饮酒（5.79;3.78～8.87)、吸烟（2.13;1.55～2.94)、睡眠不足（非常明显与完全没有比较:7.34;5.55～9.72)、因病住院或用药（1.70;1.41～2.05) 是焦虑的危险因素。结论 研究结果表明焦虑症状在中国医学生中较为普遍,医学院校应根据潜在的相关影响因素采取一定的措施预防和干预医学生焦虑。     

男科护士焦虑心理调查分析及干预对策

目的调查分析郧阳医学院附属东风医院的男科护士焦虑状态及焦虑特征,为更好地培养男科护士提供干预措施。方法采用焦虑自评量表（Self-Rating Anxiety Scale,SAS）对42名男科护士及44名其他科护士进行测评分析。结果男科SAS总均分（61.47±6.36）显著高于其他科室护士（53.43±4.24）,差异有统计学意义（t=6.86,P〈0.01）。同时已婚比未婚、学历高比学历低、工龄长比工龄短、有岗前培训比无岗前培训的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论应重视男科护士焦虑心理及焦虑状态,建立成熟干预机制,为减轻男科护士的焦虑心理提供了理论依据,对指导男科护理工作有积极意义。     

中学生生活事件评定及其与焦虑、抑郁之间关系的研究

目的 :评定中学生生活事件发生频率 ,探讨生活事件应激强度与焦虑、抑郁症状的关系。方法 :运用自编的“中学生生活事件评定表”评定 10 36名某国家大型企业子弟中学学生一年来生活事件发生率和生活事件应激强度 :运用Zung编制的焦虑自评量表 (SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)评定焦虑和抑郁症状。结果 :2 0项生活事件发生率 1.2 %～ 19.2 % ,生活事件强度无显著性差异。焦虑和抑郁症状检出率分别为 11.87%和 16 .6 0 % ,有抑郁症状的中学生的学习与学校生活、人际关系、家庭环境、性生理与性心理四个维度生活事件应激强度分显著高于对照组 ,有焦虑症状的中学生人际关系、家庭环境两个维度生活事件应激强度分显著高于对照组。结论 :中学生紧张性生活事件应激与焦虑、抑郁症状呈统计学关联     

综合护理干预对无痛人工流产术孕妇术后疼痛及焦虑情绪的影响

目的 探讨综合护理干预对无痛人工流产术孕妇术后疼痛及焦虑情绪的影响.方法 选取0015年8月至0017年10月在我院行无痛人工流产术的110例孕妇作为研究对象,随机分为两组各56例.对照组行常规护理干预,观察组在对照组基础上行综合护理干预.比较两组干预前后的疼痛程度(VAS评分)、焦虑情绪(SAS评分).结果 干预前,...