巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎MSL-109单克隆抗体药物治疗的疗效观察

目的探讨获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)眼部并发症巨细胞病毒(CMV)性视网膜炎MSL-109单克隆抗体药物治疗的效果。方法对72例患者(105只眼)CMV性视网膜炎行MSL-109单克隆抗体药物治疗,观察其眼底、视力、T辅助细胞的细胞受体4(CD4+)计数及预后。结果 72例患者在诊断为巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎之前AIDS病程为4～26个月。72例(105只眼)患者中,眼底病灶表现为颗粒型者58只眼,其中47只眼位于周边部;爆发型者29只眼,均位于后极部,视网膜坏死灶致密伴斑片状出血和血管炎;颗粒型与爆发型病灶混合存在者18只眼;其中8只眼合并有视神经乳头炎;患者就诊时视力为眼前数指至0.4,病变广泛者及病变位于后极部者视力下降尤为严重。34例患者CD4+细胞计数为0～30个/μl,平均(15土9)个/μl。患者存活时间为3～18个月。经过MSL-109单克隆抗体治疗组患者视力多数提高,CD4+T细胞计数明显升高,未治疗组患者92%病变呈进行性发展,视力显著下降。结论 CMV性视网膜炎是AIDS病的主要眼部并发症,临床上以坏死性视网膜炎伴出血及血管炎为特征,目前治疗主要采用MSL-109单克隆抗体。     

应用OCT观察高度近视并发白内障患者超声乳化术后黄斑中心凹厚度变化

目的:探讨超声乳化联合人工晶状体植入术的高度近视黄斑区视网膜厚度变化与术后视力的相关性.方法:随访67例67眼高度近视并发白内障超声乳化术后1wk,1、3mo的最佳矫正视力(BCVA),并行OCT检查测量黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度(CFT).于术后3mo根据患者的视力恢复情况分为A组(BCVA>0.5)和B组(BCVA≤0.5).采用重复测量数据的方差分析后两两比较、Spearman相关分析以及独立样本t检验对数据进行统计分析.结果:BCVA(LogMAR)术后各时间点较术前均好转且差异有统计学意义(F=115.04,P<0.01).CFT术前较术后1wk,1mo差异有统计学意义(P=0.04、0.02),较术后3mo差异无统计学意义(P=0.52);术后3mo较术后1wk,1mo增厚,差异均有统计意义(P<0.01).排除黄斑中心凹病变眼术后3mo的BCVA与CFT在统计学上显著相关(r=0.28,P=0.03).术后3mo A、B组间CFT差异有统计学意义(t=-2.24,P=0.03),年龄及人工晶状体度数差异均无统计学意义.结论:超声乳化联合人工晶状体植入术治疗高度近视并发白内障术后黄斑中心凹区视网膜各层结构的完整及其厚度预示可达到较好的最佳矫正视力.     

首诊巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎的艾滋病患者二例

例1男,49岁。因左眼视力下降3个月于2005年10月到我科就诊。2个月前曾在当地医院诊断为左眼玻璃体积血;左视网膜血管炎,给予活血化淤及抗炎治疗,效果不理想。患者近半年常有低热,间断腹泻。否认糖尿病、高血压病史。检查:视力:右眼0.8,左眼0.01,均不能矫正。眼压:右眼15mm Hg(1     

OCT观察视网膜色素变性患者黄斑中心凹厚度变化及黄斑部图像特点

目的:通过光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)观察视网膜色素变性(retinitis pigmentosa,RP)患者黄斑中心凹的厚薄改变及黄斑部图片特点.方法:选取2014-09/2016-09在本院门诊确诊的RP患者74例148眼,同时选取50例100眼正常人作为对照.对两组进行OCT检测和眼底拍照,观察患者视网膜黄斑部位的图像特征,并对患者眼底拍照的结果进行对比,测量黄斑中心凹颞侧面4mm位置、乳头黄斑束中点及黄斑中心凹厚度.结果:对两组研究对象测量视网膜厚度显示,RP患者黄斑中心凹视网膜和中心凹颞侧部4mm厚度与正常人相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);RP患者乳头黄斑束中点厚度变薄,与正常人对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);RP患者黄斑区OCT检测图像表征有5种类型:视网膜黄斑区域水肿者19例38眼;视网膜色素脉络膜毛细血管层和上皮层变薄者18例36眼;视网膜色素上皮层发生萎缩者12例24眼;黄斑部视网膜厚度正常者12例24眼;色素上皮层厚薄表现不一者13例26眼.结论:OCT能在前期及时地发现RP患者黄斑部位的病变,帮助患者深入了解病情发展,为患者早期诊疗提供了临床依据.     

获得性免疫缺陷综合征合并巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎初发期患者临床特征分析

目的:观察获得性免疫缺陷综合征（AIDS）合并巨细胞病毒（CMV）性视网膜炎（CMVR）初发期患者的临床表现。方法:回顾性病例系列研究。2017年7月至2019年11月于首都医科大学附属北京佑安医院眼科检查确诊的AIDS合并CMVR初发期患者21例22只眼纳入研究。其中,男性19例19只眼,女性2例3只眼;平均年龄（3...     

全身应用免疫抑制剂引发巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎一例

巨细胞病毒（cytomegalovirus，CMV）性视网膜炎以“比萨饼样”眼底改变为特征，常提示患者全身免疫力低下，考虑人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiency virus，HIV）感染或获得性免疫缺陷综合征（acquired immunodeficiency syndrome，AIDS），全身应用免疫抑制剂及化疗药物所致。我们于2005年收治1例因长期全身应用免疫抑制剂引发CMV性视网膜炎的患者，现将其眼部表现及诊治经过分析报告如下。     

获得性免疫缺陷综合征伴巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎患者欧堡全景激光扫描检眼镜与房水检测的诊断分析

目的:观察并初步探讨获得性免疫缺陷综合征（AIDS）伴巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎（CMVR）患者眼底活动性病灶面积与房水巨细胞病毒（CMV）-DNA载量之间的关系。方法:回顾性临床分析。2019年11月至2020年12月于首都医科大学附属北京地坛医院眼科检查确诊的AIDS合并活动性CMVR患者22例31只眼纳入研究。所有患者...     

以眼部表现首诊的获得性免疫缺陷综合征二例

人感染免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）及获得性免疫缺陷综合征（AIDS）患者中有30％～40％出现眼部并发症，2％的患者以眼部为首发病变。然而，大多数眼科医师对其眼部表现的临床诊治经验还不多。我们报告以眼部表现首诊的AIDS病并发巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎（CMV）分别被误诊为Behcet病及视网膜血管炎的患者各1例，并探讨HIV感染与AIDS并发CMV的临床特点、诊断、鉴别诊断及治疗原则。     

AIDS合并巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎的观察

目的 探讨获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)合并巨细胞病毒(CMV)性视网膜炎患者的眼底改变特点及眼底荧光血管造影特征.方法 已诊断为CMV性视网膜炎的AIDS患者共34例49只眼,进行常规视力、裂隙灯检查、眼底检查及荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)检查,分析其眼底病变的临床特征.结果 29只眼视网膜上见大片融合性黄白色坏死灶,边界不清,伴视网膜出血及血管炎改变;FFA晚期病灶区域弥漫性荧光素渗漏.12只眼周边部视网膜颗粒状坏死灶,边界欠清,未见明显 视网膜出血、渗出及血管管壁改变;FFA显示病灶区域强荧光,晚期荧光素渗漏.4只眼视网膜前见大片灰白色增殖膜;4只眼继发视网膜脱离.结论 CMV性视网膜炎主要表现为进行性坏死性的视网膜炎,伴出血及血管炎.     

巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎与获得性免疫缺陷综合征

目的 探讨巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎与获得性免疫缺陷综合征的关系、临床表现及诊断、治疗。 方法 观察分析56例巨细胞病毒(cytomeglovirus,CMV)性视网膜炎合并获得性免疫缺陷综合征(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,AIDS)患者95只眼，对其眼底、视力、T辅助细胞的细胞受体4（CD4 ＋）计数及预后进行观察随访2周～18个月。 结果 56例患者在诊断为巨细胞病毒性视网膜炎之前AIDS病程为4～26个月。95只眼56例患者中，眼底病灶表现为颗粒型者55只眼，其中46只眼位于周边部；爆发型者25只眼，均位于后极部，视网膜坏死灶致密伴斑片状出血和血管炎；颗粒型与爆发型病灶混合存在者15只眼；其中7只眼合并有视神经乳头炎；患者就诊时视力为眼前数指至0.5，病变广泛者及病变位于后极部者视力下降尤为严重。30例患者CD4 ＋细胞计数为0～30 个/μl,平均(15±9) 个/μl。患者存活时间为3～18个月。接受更昔洛韦(ganciclovir)治疗组患者视力多数提高，CD4 ＋T细胞计数明显升高，未治疗组患者92%病变呈进行性发展，视力显著下降。 结论 CMV性视网膜炎是AIDS病的主要眼部并发症，临床上以坏死性视网膜炎伴出血及血管炎为特征，目前治疗主要用更昔洛韦。 (中华眼底病杂志, 2002, 18: 89-91)     

获得性免疫缺陷综合征并发巨细胞病毒视网膜炎患者抗病毒治疗前后视功能的变化

目的　探讨获得性免疫缺陷综合征并发巨细胞病毒（ｃｙｔｏｍｅｇａｌｏｖｉｒｕｓ,ＣＭＶ）视网膜炎的患者在抗病毒治疗前后视功能的变化。方法　对１１例感染人类免疫缺陷病毒并且第１次发生ＣＭＶ视网膜病变的患者,给予膦甲酸钠和更昔洛韦治疗。治疗前、治疗后１个月、３个月,通过多焦视网膜电图对每例患者的视功能进行评估,以未感染人类免疫缺陷病毒的正常人眼作为正常对照组,观察患眼视功能的改善情况。结果　ＣＭＶ视网膜炎患者ｍｆＥＲＧ一阶反应中心区域Ｎ１-Ｐ１的振幅密度,治疗前为（３６．９８±１７．９３）ｎＶ?ｄｅｇ－２,治疗１个月后为（４１．３３±１６．７８）ｎＶ?ｄｅｇ－２,治疗３个月后为（３６．１２±１５．４６）ｎＶ?ｄｅｇ－２,正常对照组为（７６．９９±１１．２７）ｎＶ?ｄｅｇ－２。患眼发病时与正常对照组相比较,１～４环区域ｍｆＥＲＧ的一阶反应Ｎ１-Ｐ１的振幅密度均显著降低,差异有统计学意义（均为Ｐ＜０．０５）。患眼在治疗后１个月和３个月,１～６环区域ｍｆＥＲＧ的一阶反应Ｎ１波和Ｐ１波的潜时,以及Ｎ１-Ｐ１的振幅密度与治疗前相比均没有明显改变,差异均无统计学意义（均为Ｐ＞０．０５）。结论　ＣＭＶ视网膜炎的患者在经过积极地抗病毒治疗后,视力虽然能够得到不同程度上的恢复,但视网膜外层仍然受到不可逆的损伤,视网膜的功能显著降低。     

Measurement of retinal thickness in macular region of high myopic eyes using spectral domain OCT

AIM:To investigate the changes of retinal thickness in macula of high myopic eyes using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT).METHODS: Middle-aged and young myopic patients were divided into three groups according to their refractive error/axial length:low and medium myopia group (LMMG), high myopia group (HMG) and super high myopia group (SHMG). Cirrus HD-OCT was used to evaluate total average macular thickness, central subfield thickness, inner/outer macular thickness and macular volume. The differences among experimental groups were analyzed by one-factor analysis of variance. Associations between macular thickness and refractive error/axial length were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis.RESULTS: There was no significant difference in age among the three groups (P=0.2789). The mean refraction error in the LMMG, HMG, and SHMG groups was -2.49±1.38D, -8.53±1.95D and -13.88±1.76D, respectively (P＜0.001). The central subfield thickness of three groups was 244.56±12.19μm, 254.33±11.61μm and 261.75±11.83μm, respectively, and there were statistically significance between random two groups. The total average macular thickness, inner/outer macular thickness, and macular volume decreased with increased myopia/axial length. Average foveal thickness had negative correlations with refractive error (P＜0.001), and positive correlations with axial length. The inferior and temporal inner macular thickness, all the quadrants of outer ring, total average macular thickness and macular volume featured positive correlations with refractive error, and negative correlations with axial length. Average foveal thickness, superior and temporal inner macular thicknesses, and temporal outer macular thickness was lower in females compared to males.CONCLUSION:With an increase in myopia degree/axial length, the average foveal thickness increased and the inner/outer macular thickness decreased. Females featured thicker average foveal thickness, and thinner macular thickness compared to males.     

Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography finding in cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients

AIM: To observe the findings of spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scan in cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR). METHODS: Forty-six eyes of 33 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and CMVR were enrolled in the study. Complete ophthalmologic examinations, color fundus photography, SD-OCT and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) were performed for all patients at the first visit and each follow-up visit. Retinal necrosis in CMVR was analyzed on SD-OCT and classified into two types, the typical type and the atypical type. RESULTS: Forty-one eyes of active CMVR and 4 eyes of recurrent CMVR were classified into typical type, and 4 eyes with graying retinal lesion without hemorrhage or only punctate hemorrhage were classified into atypical type. In active stage of CMVR, the retina in typical type was significant thickened with hyperreflective lesion and full-thickness disruption of retinal architecture with enlarged vessel; while in atypical type, the retina was also destroyed in all layers but without thickening or slightly thinned. The choroid, vitreous and retinal vessels were not significantly involved. In healed stage, the retina was thin with destroyed layers in both types. In typical type, FAF showed mottled hypofluorescence mixed with punctuate hyperfluorescence. In atypical type, the retina showed some “cavity” in ONL, and FAF showed mild hyperfluorescence. CONCLUSION: SD-OCT show different changes in the retina in typical type and atypical type of CMVR, which should be useful in assisting diagnosis and follow-up management of the disease.     

OCT检查在外伤性黄斑裂孔中的应用

目的:观察光学相干断层成像技术(optical coherence tomography,OCT)在外伤性黄斑裂孔中的应用.方法:选择2015-01/2017-01来我院就诊的外伤性黄斑裂孔患者23例25眼,其中9眼未行手术治疗,16眼行手术治疗.采用OCT检查仪分析手术前后其图像特征.结果:外伤性黄斑裂孔患者OCT表现为神经上皮层部分或全层消失.均未见玻璃体后脱离,黄斑裂孔均未见牵引作用.其中黄斑部分缺损者4眼,黄斑全层裂孔者21眼.OCT检查发现全层黄斑裂孔表现:单纯性黄斑裂孔4眼,黄斑区全层裂开伴周围神经上皮水肿10眼,黄斑区全层裂孔伴神经上皮层局限性脱离7眼.25眼外伤性黄斑裂孔患者中,9眼未行手术治疗,其中7眼自行愈合;16眼行手术治疗,术后复查OCT显示裂孔愈合,其中12眼黄斑结构大致正常,视力平均提高了3行,4眼视网膜神经上皮层变薄,视力较术前没有明显改善.结论:OCT检查在外伤性黄斑裂孔的诊断和治疗中非常必要.     

Comparison of retinal nerve fiber layer and macular thickness measurements with Stratus OCT and OPKO/OTI OCT devices in healthy subjects

AIM: To compare retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macular thickness measurements obtained with the Stratus optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OPKO/OTI OCT devices. METHODS: Included in the study were 59 eyes of 30 participants. All measurements for each eye were done on the same day with both devices. Student’s paired t-tests were used to compare the central macular thickness and RNFL measurements of the Stratus OCT and OPKO/OTI OCT. Pearson correlation was used to assess the relationship between the devices. Coefficient of variation (COV) was calculated to assess intersession repeatability. RESULTS: Using both the Stratus OCT and OPKO/OTI OCT, respectively, the measured mean average RNFL thicknesses were 98.9±11.1 μm and 115.1±9.6 μm (P=0.001), and the measured mean central retinal thicknesses (CRT) were 196.2±18.8 μm and 204.5±21.1 μm (P<0.001). Measured by the two devices, the RNFL thickness values were correlated in all quadrants, as were the retinal thickness values except the inferior outer sector. COV for average RNFL and CRT thickness were 2.9% and 4.6% for Stratus OCT, and 2.1% and 4.2% for OPKO/OTI OCT, respectively. CONCLUSION: We found good reproducibility of RNFL and retina thickness measurements for both Stratus OCT and OPKO/OTI OCT devices. However, even though the two OCT systems provided statistically correlated results, the values for both RNFL and macular thickness were statistically different. RNFL and macular thickness measurements with the OPKO/OTI OCT were higher than that of the Stratus OCT; therefore, the two OCT systems cannot be used interchangeably for the measurements of RNFL and macular thickness.     

Effect of OCT volume scan density on thickness measurements in diabetic macular edema

Purpose

To evaluate the impact of reducing B-scan frame-sampling density on retinal thickness measurements using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) in eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME).

Methods

We retrospectively collected OCT data for 64 eyes of 43 patients undergoing imaging for DME using the Cirrus HD-OCT 512 × 128 macular cube protocol. For each case, raw OCT data were imported into the 3D-OCTOR software, and retinal thickness maps were generated using all 128 B-scans and for lower densities of B-scans ranging from every other scan to only four scans (every 30-s B-scan). Maps were generated before and after manual correction of retinal boundary segmentation errors. The foveal central subfield (FCS) and total macular volume (TMV) values were used to compare thickness maps of varying densities.

Results

The mean difference in FCS retinal thickness and TMV increased as the B-scan density was reduced, particularly when the density was reduced to fewer than 16 B-scans over 6 mm. At a density of 16 B-scans, the mean absolute difference in FCS thickness was 2.43 μm (0.79%), with a maximum of 10.1 μm (4.09%). At this density, the mean difference in TMV was 0.012 mm³ (0.13%), with a maximum difference of 0.04 mm³ (0.47%). Manual correction of OCT segmentation errors resulted in a difference in FCS thickness of ≥10 μm in only 12.5% of cases, with a maximum difference of 115.7 μm.

Conclusion

A minimum of 16 equally spaced B-scans appear necessary to generate retinal thickness measurements similar to those produced using all 128 B-scans in eyes with DME. Manual correction of segmentation errors appeared to have a clinically meaningful effect in a small minority of cases. These results may have implications for the design of SD-OCT imaging and grading protocols in clinical trials of DME, particularly when using multiple SD-OCT instruments that acquire varying numbers of B-scans.     

肝硬化患者黄斑区视网膜和脉络膜厚度的变化

目的：分析肝硬化患者和健康人的黄斑区视网膜厚度、视网膜体积和脉络膜厚度的差异,初步探讨肝硬化患者视网膜和脉络膜的改变。

方法：采用横断面观察研究。将2015-01/2018-03我院肝硬化患者84例168眼和健康人50例100眼(正常对照组)纳入研究,其中肝硬化患者包括肝硬化代偿期组34例68眼,肝硬化失代偿期组50例100眼。采用OCT对所有受检眼测量黄斑区视网膜厚度和体积。采用EDI-OCT行脉络膜厚度扫描,以Bruch膜强反射线到脉络膜巩膜交界面强反射线的垂直距离作为脉络膜厚度。分析三组受检眼黄斑区视网膜厚度、视网膜体积和脉络膜厚度的差异。

结果：三组受检者黄斑区各象限视网膜厚度和视网膜体积无差异(P>0.05)。三组中心凹下脉络膜厚度分别为338.50±70.44、357.00±89.16、319.53±74.37μm(P>0.05)。三组间中心凹鼻侧脉络膜厚度有差异(P<0.05); 肝硬化失代偿组与正常对照组比较,鼻侧脉络膜偏厚(P<0.05)。

结论：肝硬化失代偿期患者较健康者中心凹鼻侧脉络膜偏厚,肝硬化患者与健康人黄斑区视网膜厚度、视网膜体积无明显差异。     

OCT 测量黄斑内层视网膜厚度在青光眼诊断中的研究进展

目前高分辨相干光断层扫描（optical coherence tomography,OCT）的扫描速度及轴向分辨率大幅度提高,尤其是视网膜层间算法的应用,使得黄斑内层视网膜厚度的测量成为可能。近些年来,许多研究关注于视网膜内层厚度在青光眼中改变,发现黄斑结构损害与功能丢失之间的对应关系,并通过多种分析方法,帮助临床医生提高青光眼的诊断效率。（国际眼科纵览,2016,40：150-155）     

Fundus manifestations and HIV viral loads of AIDS patients before and after HAART

AIM: To investigate the fundus manifestations and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) viral loads of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients before and after highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). METHODS: This retrospective study included 21 AIDS patients (42 eyes) who presented to the Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, from 2007 to 2011. Among the patients, 16 showed a good response to HAART, 3 presented drug resistance and 2 were pre-HAART. All patients underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations. The HIV viral loads and the CD4+ T-cell counts were also determined. RESULTS: The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 38 eyes (19 patients) was improved, and cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR) in 5 eyes (3 patients) regressed after HAART. Furthermore, 16 patients treated with effective HAART had decreased plasma HIV viral loads (<78 copies/mL) and increased CD4+ T-cell counts (343±161 cells/μL, P<0.005), but the HIV viral load in tears was still detected at 2404 copies/mL. The CD4+ T-cell count was lower in the CMVR group than in the non-CMVR group (P=0.022), but the HIV viral load in the tears was not significantly different between the two groups (P=0.439). CONCLUSION: Most patients with AIDS show a good viral response with a decreased HIV viral load and an increased CD4+ T-cell count in plasma after HAART. However, the HIV viral load remain quite high in the tear samples. Based on our results, we suggest that AIDS patients undergo long-term HAART that should not be interrupted.