糖尿病性黄斑水肿的临床研究进展

糖尿病黄斑水肿(diabetic macular edema,DME)是指由于糖尿病引起的黄斑中心1D以内的视网膜增厚或硬性渗出。是造成糖尿病性视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)视力下降的主要原因之一。其发病机制推测是视网膜内、外屏障的破坏以及细胞因子的作用。有多种检查可以对黄斑水肿做出诊断,包括眼底血管荧光造影(FFA)、视网膜断层摄影仪(HRT)、光学相干断层扫描(OCT)等。激光治疗仍然是目前最广泛使用的治疗方法,临床上一直探索其更有效的治疗方法,玻璃体腔注射糖皮质激素等药物的应用,以及玻璃体切除联合视网膜内界膜剥离术等治疗措施联合应用,目前取得了较好的效果,在治疗糖尿病黄斑水肿方面尽管已有巨大进展,但显然尚需有效、副作用更小的治疗措施。     

糖尿病黄斑水肿中光相干断层扫描生物学标志物研究进展

糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)是糖尿病患者常见的眼部并发症,而糖尿病黄斑水肿(DME)是DR患者视力丧失的主要原因,因此DME的早期诊治有重要临床意义。光相干断层扫描(OCT)检查可实现视网膜和脉络膜各个层次的高质量成像,已广泛应用于临床,可用于DME的诊断和治疗效果的长期随访。近年来研究发现DME在OCT图像上视网膜和脉络...     

糖尿病黄斑水肿的早期诊断和治疗

糖尿病黄斑水肿是引起糖尿病患者视力下降的主要原因之一,因此其早期诊断尤为重要。OCT、HRT、RTA等的出现,尤其是视网膜厚度、视网膜体积、水肿指数等客观评价黄斑水肿的量化指标,代表了近年视网膜成像技术的新进展。OCT良好的纵向分辨率可早期发现细微的黄斑区视网膜增厚,且技术已相对成熟,应成为黄斑水肿诊断的常规检查。激光光凝或(和)曲安奈德眼内注射以及玻璃体手术是目前治疗顽固性黄斑水肿的重要手段,其早期诊断有利于使治疗局限在局部光凝或眼内注射。     

无黄斑水肿的NPDR患者中心凹区mfERG与视网膜厚度的研究

目的：分析非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变(nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy,NPDR)无黄斑水肿的患者黄斑中心凹区视网膜功能及厚度间的关系。

方法：选取NPDR患者20例35眼患眼为糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)组,行多焦视网膜电图(multifocal electronic retinography, mfERG)及Spectralis 相干断层扫描(Spectralis optical coherence tomography,Spectralis OCT)检查。以15例20眼正常眼为OCT对照组,以19例20眼正常眼为mfERG对照组,OCT对照组做Spectralis OCT检查,mfERG对照组做mfERG检查。

结果：与对照组相比,DR组黄斑中心凹mfERG1环的P1波反应密度减小,P1波及N1波隐含期改变无统计学意义; DR组无水肿的黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度、神经上皮层厚度仍有显著增加。

结论：应用mfERG可以在视网膜无可见明显结构改变之前发现视网膜功能上的异常变化; Spectralis OCT可以测量视网膜各层厚度,反映视网膜精细结构变化,验证视网膜功能上的异常改变,二者联合应用为极早期发现糖尿病视网膜病变视功能改变提供有效的证据,并为及时治疗提供资料。     

糖尿病黄斑水肿的早期诊断和治疗

糖尿病黄斑水肿是引起糖尿病患者视力下降的主要原因之一，因此其早期诊断尤为重要。OCT、HRT、RTA等的出现，尤其是视网膜厚度、视网膜体积、水肿指数等客观评价黄斑水肿的量化指标，代表了近年视网膜成像技术的新进展。OCT良好的纵向分辨率可早期发现细微的黄斑区视网膜增厚，且技术已相对成熟，应成为黄斑水肿诊断的常规检查。激光光凝或（和）曲安奈德眼内注射以及玻璃体手术是目前治疗顽固性黄斑水肿的重要手段，其早期诊断有利于使治疗局限在局部光凝或眼内注射。     

频域OCT与FFA在糖尿病视网膜病变患者中的应用

目的 对比频域光学相干断层扫描(optical coherence tomography,OCT)及眼底荧光血管造影(fundus fluorescein angiography,FFA)在各期糖尿病视网膜病变患者中的应用.方法 选择2型糖尿病患者80例152眼为研究对象,其中糖尿病正常视网膜(normal diabetes retina,NDR)组28例54眼、非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变(nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy,NPDR)组31例56眼、增生性糖尿病视网膜病变(proliferative diabetic retinopathy,PDR)组21例42眼.所有患眼均行频域OCT及FFA检查,频域OCT测量记录以黄斑中心凹为中心的6 mm直径区域内视网膜形态及厚度,FFA检查按常规进行,所有检查结果均由同一位有经验的眼底病医师判读,并对两种检查记录结果进行比较.结果 所有患眼行FFA检查确诊有糖尿病黄斑水肿(diabetic macular edema,DME)者8眼(58.6％),未发现DME者63眼(41.4％),其中黄斑局限性水肿31眼,弥漫性水肿28眼,弥漫性水肿伴囊样变性30眼.频域OCT检查NDR组、NPDR组、PDR组黄斑中心凹6 mm直径区域内视网膜厚度分别为(289.45±11.19)μm、(332.31±39.71) μm、(390.20±64.17) μm,与NDR组相比,NPDR组、PDR组黄斑部视网膜厚度均增加(均为P＜0.05);频域OCT确诊有DME者102眼(67.1％),未发现DME者50眼(32.9％).其中视网膜海绵样肿胀42眼,黄斑部囊样水肿14眼,浆液性神经上皮的脱离4眼,视网膜海绵样肿胀+黄斑部囊样水肿24眼,视网膜海绵样肿胀+浆液性神经上皮的脱离18眼.频域OCT及FFA检出阳性率间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 DME在DR的各期均有分布,频域OCT和FFA在各期DR中表现不同,二者相结合能更有效地了解糖尿病患者黄斑部的结构和生理功能.     

FFA与OCT在糖尿病性黄斑水肿诊断中的作用

目的：研究荧光素眼底血管造影(FFA)和光学相干断层扫描(OCT)在糖尿病性黄斑水肿(DME)诊断中的效果。

方法：选取2015-01/2016-01在我院治疗的糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)患者62例101眼,分别行FFA和OCT检查,对比两种检测技术效果。

结果：FFA检查DME检出率为84.2%,OCT检查DME检出率为77.2%,差异比较无统计学意义(P>0.05); 101眼中OCT和FFA均显示黄斑水肿76眼,未显示黄斑水肿14眼,OCT和FFA诊断符合率为89.1%,Kappa值为0.653,一致性较高( P<0.05); 不同FFA特征患者黄斑中心凹视网膜厚度比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),其中弥漫水肿型视网膜厚度为301.43±62.44μm,明显厚于其他患者。

结论：OCT能常规检测高血糖者黄斑区构造改变,但不能替代FFA在黄斑水肿诊断中的影响,两者联合应用利于DME的诊断。     

糖尿病性黄斑水肿的光学相干断层成像

目的：观察糠尿病性黄斑水肿(diabetic macular edema,DME)的光学相干断层成像(optical colnerence tomographly,OCT)图像特征,分析其黄斑视网膜厚度与视力的关系。方法：对50例80眼经检眼镜或荧光素眼底血管造影(fundus fluorescein angiography,FFA)检查确诊为糖尿病视网膜病变伴黄斑水肿的患者进行经黄斑中心凹水平和垂直线性扫描的OCT检查。结果：10眼表现为黄斑中心凹局限性水肿改变,21眼表现为黄斑中心凹囊样改变伴神经上皮层浆液性脱离,49眼表现为黄斑区视网膜神经上皮层弥漫性增厚。DME患者黄斑视网膜厚度与视力呈负相关关系(r=-0．60,P=0．000)。结论：DME的主要OCT图像特征为黄斑视网膜弥漫性水肿、黄斑囊样水肿伴神经上皮层脱离和黄斑局限性水肿改变;DME患者黄斑水肿越严重,视力越差。     

糖尿病黄斑水肿的危险因素和药物治疗现状

糖尿病视网膜病变( diabetic retinopathy,DR)是糖尿病患者糖代谢异常造成的不可逆盲的严重眼部并发症,而黄斑水肿是导致DR患者视力下降的主要原因之一。目前认为是由多种因素参与的一个复杂的病理过程,与视网膜内外屏障破坏有关,导致了黄斑区的异常增厚水肿。目前主要的治疗方法有激光光凝、药物治疗及手术。由于炎症介质是引起糖尿病黄斑水肿( diabetic macular edema,DME)的重要因素,因此药物治疗是DME主要的治疗措施之一。本文就 DME 的相关危险因素和药物治疗的现状进行综述。     

糖尿病性黄斑水肿抗VEGF治疗对视网膜毛细血管影响的研究进展

抗血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)药物对于治疗视网膜疾病,比如渗出性年龄相关性黄斑变性、糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)、视网膜静脉阻塞具有革命性意义。玻璃体腔内注射抗VEGF药物后能明显减轻黄斑水肿,但同时是否也会破坏视网膜微循环、加快视网膜毛细血管闭塞？本文通过相干光断层扫描血流成像(optical coherence tomography angiography,OCTA)和超广角眼底血管造影(ultra-widefield fluorescein angiography,UWFA)技术观察糖尿病性黄斑水肿(diabetic macular edema,DME)患者抗VEGF治疗对视网膜毛细血管的影响,从黄斑无血管区面积、无灌注区大小及血流密度三方面进行综述。     

外伤性黄斑病变的OCT特征研究

目的研究外伤性黄斑病变的相干光断层扫描（OCT）图像特征,以总结其患病规律。设计回顾性病例系列。研究对象477例（486眼）4-76岁的外伤性黄斑病变患者。方法回顾及分析2002年9月．2009年6月在北京同仁医院眼科门诊就诊的不同类型外伤性黄斑病变患者的门诊病历资料及OCT图像。主要指标OCT图像特征。结果外伤性黄斑病变的OCT表现主要有九种：黄斑裂孔、神经上皮层脱离、黄斑出血、黄斑水肿、黄斑前膜、脉络膜破裂、黄斑部神经上皮层萎缩薄变、色素上皮层萎缩及脉络膜萎缩。在外伤的早期,较常见的OCT表现为黄斑部色素上皮层萎缩（49．0％）、黄斑裂孔（24．7％）、神经上皮层脱离（26．3％）、黄斑出血（24．2％）、黄斑水肿（19．2％）;在外伤的中晚期,较常见的OCT表现为黄斑部色素上皮层萎缩（63．0％）、神经上皮层萎缩薄变（36．5％）。结论外伤性黄斑病变以多种OCT表现并存为多,黄斑部视网膜色素上皮层萎缩是贯穿外伤早期、中晚期最多的表现。外伤性黄斑病变早期以黄斑裂孔、视网膜脱离、黄斑出血、黄斑水肿为主,中晚期以黄斑部神经上皮层及色素上皮层萎缩为主。（眼科,2009,18：236-238）     

黄斑区视网膜深层微血管变化对糖尿病性黄斑水肿的影响

近年来光学相干断层扫描血管成像(OCTA)作为一项新型的成像技术,通过探测血管内移动的信号来使血流显影,其量化血管参数的优势使其可监测糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)发生发展过程中视网膜毛细血管的变化,从而预测DR的发生发展.许多研究表明,早期DR患者各层视网膜血管参数均发生了变化,且深层毛细血管丛的变化较浅层毛细血管丛明显,...     

Optical coherence tomography: a key to the future management of patients with diabetic macular oedema

Diabetic macular oedema is a major cause of visual loss in patients with diabetes. It usually results from the breakdown of the inner blood-retinal barrier. Early detection of retinal abnormalities is vital in preventing diabetic macular oedema and subsequent loss of vision, whilst assessment of retinal thickness is important for treatment and follow-up. Until recently, however, the methods available for detecting and evaluating diabetic macular oedema were slit-lamp biomicroscopy and stereoscopic photography, both of which are limited in detecting earlier retinal changes. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a new diagnostic imaging modality that provides high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the eye. It is proving to be an accurate tool for the early diagnosis, analysis and monitoring of retinopathy, with high repeatability and resolution. It allows not only the qualitative diagnosis of diabetic macular oedema, but also the quantitative assessment of oedema. This article reviews the future role of OCT in the management of patients with diabetic macular oedema.     

Optical coherence tomography after laser photocoagulation for clinically significant macular edema

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate the utility of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for documenting an early response to laser photocoagulation in clinically significant macular edema (CSME) secondary to diabetes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Five eyes of four patients were selected for review based on the diagnosis of CSME. All eyes had a clinical diagnosis of CSME based on slit lamp biomicroscopy. All eyes underwent focal/grid laser photocoagulation to areas of retinal thickening detected by OCT and clinical exam. Pre and post-treatment optical coherence tomograms were obtained for all patients. RESULTS: All eyes selected for review had an early positive response to focal laser photocoagulation. OCT was useful for demonstrating areas of retinal thickening prior to laser treatment. Serial macular maps demonstrated the resolution of retinal thickening after laser photocoagulation in all eyes. CONCLUSION: OCT is a useful tool for evaluating and documenting CSME both before and after focal/grid laser photocoagulation. OCT is capable of detecting an early positive response to photocoagulation for macular edema.     

光学相干断层扫描对糖尿病性黄斑水肿的诊断意义

目的:观察黄斑水肿的光相干断层扫描(OCT)图像特征;探讨糖尿病黄斑水肿与视力、糖尿病性视网膜病变分期和糖尿病病程的关系。方法:对58例(97眼)患者通过荧光血管造影分期分组,OCT测量各组厚度后,采用SPSS10.0软件进行统计学分析,分析各型黄斑水肿构成比及其与视力、糖尿病病程、分期的关系。结果:黄斑水肿的OCT图像主要包括视网膜海绵样肿胀、黄斑囊样水肿及神经上皮浆液性脱离;随糖尿病病程延长,糖尿病视网膜病变的发展,黄斑水肿构成比逐渐增加、病变加重,黄斑区视网膜厚度有增加趋势,视功能受损程度加重。结论:糖尿病性视网膜黄斑水肿的OCT图像为临床提供类似病理学的直观资料,尤其对治疗的随诊及判定预后具有重要参考价值。     

Optical coherence tomography: its clinical use for the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management of macular conditions.

BACKGROUND: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noninvasive, noncontact transpupillary imaging technology that can image retinal structures in vive with a resolution of up to 10 microns. Anatomic layers within the retina can be differentiated and retinal thickness measured. The objective is to demonstrate clinical viability and useful interpretation of macular images derived from a commercially available OCT instrument. MEHODS: A Stratus OCT (Zeiss-Humphrey, Dublin, California) imaging system was used to evaluate several pathological presentations of the macula in selected patients. Conditions illustrated in this case series were macular holes, epiretinal membranes, macular edema, idiopathic central serous choroidopathy, detachments of pigment epithelium and sensory retina, choroidal neovascular membranes, and retinal vascular occlusions. CONCLUSIONS: Acquired OCT images achieved structural information regarding anatomical characteristics of the conditions scanned. A cross-sectional resolution of 10 microns was accomplished, which is 10 times greater than current ultrasound. OCT provides important information that may be critical in the diagnosis and management of some ocular conditions. Its high-resolution scans may contribute to the better understanding of disease pathogenesis, as well as assistance in or confirmation of a diagnosis. This imaging technology provides important information beyond what can be seen on clinical examination, and offers a useful adjunct to other diagnostic imaging tools such as fundus photography, fluorescein angiography, and indocyanine green angiography.     

光相干断层扫描及血管成像在糖尿病黄斑水肿诊疗中的应用研究现状

糖尿病黄斑水肿(DME)是糖尿病视网膜病变患者中心视力丧失甚至失明的首要原因。相较于传统的FFA检查,OCT能快速获得高分辨率的三维立体图像,从而便捷地反映眼底组织的细节并实现定量测量。OCT血管成像(OCTA)作为一种新兴的血管成像技术,对观察视网膜及脉络膜不同层面的血管结构形态,量化一定范围内的血流密度及病灶面积有其无可比拟的优势。因此,结合OCT和OCTA的检查结果对DME患者进行形态学、血管及血流定性和定量分析,对DME的诊断及分型、指导治疗、评估预后具有指导性作用。     

Optical coherence tomography: a new tool for glaucoma diagnosis

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a novel technique that allows cross-sectional imaging of the anterior and posterior eye. OCT has a resolution of approximately 10 microns, with extremely high sensitivity (approximately 10(-10) of incident light). OCT is analogous to computed tomography, which uses x-rays, magnetic resonance imaging, which uses spin resonance, or B-scan ultrasound, which uses sound waves, but OCT uses only light to derive its image. OCT is a noncontact, noninvasive system by which retinal substructure may be analyzed in vivo. OCT is useful in the evaluation of retinal pathologies and glaucoma. In retinal disease, entities such as macular holes, macular edema, central serous chorioretinopathy, retinal vascular occlusion and other factors have been examined. Separation between the posterior vitreous and retina, or lack thereof, are seen and quantitated. In glaucoma, retinal nerve fiber layer (NFL) thickness is measured at standardized locations around the optic nerve head. A circular scan produces a cylindrical cross-section of the retina, from which the NFL can be analyzed. In addition, radial scans through the optic nerve head are used to evaluate cupping and juxtapapillary NFL thickness. OCT, a new imaging technology by which the anterior and posterior segment are seen in cross-section, may permit the early diagnosis of glaucoma, and the early detection of glaucomatous progression.     

Application and progress of artificial intelligence technology in the segmentation of hyperreflective foci in OCT images for ophthalmic disease research

With the advancement of retinal imaging, hyperreflective foci (HRF) on optical coherence tomography (OCT) images have gained significant attention as potential biological biomarkers for retinal neuroinflammation. However, these biomarkers, represented by HRF, present pose challenges in terms of localization, quantification, and require substantial time and resources. In recent years, the progress and utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) have provided powerful tools for the analysis of biological markers. AI technology enables use machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL) and other technologies to precise characterization of changes in biological biomarkers during disease progression and facilitates quantitative assessments. Based on ophthalmic images, AI has significant implications for early screening, diagnostic grading, treatment efficacy evaluation, treatment recommendations, and prognosis development in common ophthalmic diseases. Moreover, it will help reduce the reliance of the healthcare system on human labor, which has the potential to simplify and expedite clinical trials, enhance the reliability and professionalism of disease management, and improve the prediction of adverse events. This article offers a comprehensive review of the application of AI in combination with HRF on OCT images in ophthalmic diseases including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic macular edema (DME), retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and other retinal diseases and presents prospects for their utilization.