胆管结石并梗阻性黄疸的处理：附155例报告

目的:手术前应充分考虑梗阻性黄疸的多种因素，充分利用各种手段正确作出诊断，并根据诊断进行针对性治疗。方法:探讨梗阻性黄疸手术后黄疸的处理方法与效果。结果:回顾分析155例梗阻性黄疸患者的临床资料。结论:155例均行手术治疗，术后发现145例术后5～14 d血清总胆红素（TB）恢复正常；5例术后2～7d内黄疸加重，而后迅速正常；5例术后2~7 d TB仍加重或无改善，5例均合并肝内弥漫性病变，均经对症处理后消失。全组无死亡。     

经皮经肝穿刺胆道引流术治疗阻塞性黄疸

目的探讨施行兼有内引流及外引流效果的PTCD,对阻塞性黄疸的治疗效果。方法回顾性地总结分析近3年来我院所做的32例该类PTCD的临床资料。结果共施行该型引流术32例,其中30例病人减黄效果明显,对其他临床不适也有较好的缓解作用。随访病人最长生存期为15个月。结论施行兼具内/外引流效果的胆道引流术,对不宜手术的恶性阻塞性黄疸病人是较好的选择,同时也可为其他的非手术综合治疗创造机会。     

内镜下胆管引流术治疗梗阻性黄疸

目的探讨内镜下胆管引流术对梗阻性黄疸的治疗价值。方法回顾性分析我院1998年10月～2007年5月行内镜下胆管引流术治疗梗阻性黄疸119例的临床资料。本组良性梗阻性黄疸66例中行内镜下鼻胆管引流术(ENBD)58例,失败的8例改行手术治疗;恶性梗阻性黄疸53例中行内镜下塑料支架引流术(ERBD)23例,行内镜下金属支架引流术(EMBE)18例,ENBD减黄后实施手术6例,穿刺置管失败转经皮经肝穿刺胆道置管引流术6例。结果良、恶性梗阻性黄疸病人经内镜下胆管引流术治疗术后1周内血清胆红素明显下降(P<0.05、P<0.01)。结论内镜下胆管引流术治疗梗阻性黄疸具有疗效好、微创、并发症少等优点,有较高的临床运用价值。     

恶性肿瘤引起的梗阻性黄疸患者手术前后细胞因子变化的意义

目的:探讨恶性肿瘤引起的梗阻性黄疸患者手术前后细胞因子的变化,揭示引起黄疸的炎症反应机制及其临床意义。方法:用酶联免疫吸附测定(ELISA)检测实验组(11例,由恶性肿瘤引起的梗阻性黄疸患者)、良性对照组(10例,由结石引起的梗阻性黄疸患者)及恶性对照组(6例,胆道恶性肿瘤未合并梗阻性黄疸患者)术前、术后血清白细胞介素Ⅳ(IL-6)及白细胞介素Ⅹ(IL-10)的水平。结果:实验组术前血清IL-6、IL-10水平明显高于术后,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。实验组及良性对照组血清IL-6、IL-10水平均高于恶性对照组,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。所有梗阻性黄疸患者血清中,IL-10水平与IL-6水平、体温、白细胞计数有关联,而与血清总胆红素无关联。结论:解除黄疸有助于患者机体免疫功能的恢复及中止机体抗炎反应,检测血清中细胞因子有助于判断疾病的转归情况。     

Selective versus total biliary drainage for obstructive jaundice caused by a hepatobiliary malignancy

BACKGROUND: Controversy exists regarding which approach is preferable among types of biliary drainage for obstructive jaundice before major hepatectomy: selective biliary drainage (SBD) only on the future remnant liver (FRL) or total biliary drainage (TBD). METHODS: There were 42 consecutive patients who underwent SBD (n = 15) or TBD (n = 27) for obstructive jaundice caused by a hepatobiliary malignancy, and subsequent portal vein embolization (PVE) before extended hemihepatectomy. The hypertrophy ratio, defined as the ratio of the FRL volume after PVE to that before PVE, was evaluated. The bilirubin clearance also was calculated. RESULTS: The hypertrophy ratio was higher in patients with SBD than in those with TBD (median, 128%; range, 111-152% vs median, 121%; range, 102-138%; P = .013). The bilirubin clearance of FRL with SBD was markedly improved after PVE compared with that in patients with TBD. CONCLUSIONS: SBD is superior to TBD in promoting hypertrophy of the FRL induced by PVE and in guaranteeing good liver function before major hepatectomy.     

Treatment of biliary obstruction caused by metastatic cancer

Over an 8-year period, among 41 patients with obstructive jaundice caused by metastases to the liver or lymph nodes adjacent to the porta hepatis, palliative biliary decompression was established surgically in 11, by percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) in 25, and by both methods in 2. Three patients had no drainage procedure performed. Early mortality after drainage occurred in 6 of 38 patients, and the median survivals (actuarial) for the remaining 32 patients were 4.5 months for the surgical group (range 2 to 21 months) and 4 months for the PTBD group (range 2 to 14 months). Although there were trends toward more frequent hospital readmissions and episodes of cholangitis in the PTBD group, the only statistically significant difference was in the number of catheter manipulations required. We concluded that when patients develop obstructive jaundice as a manifestation of metastatic cancer, useful palliation can be achieved by either surgical or percutaneous decompression.     

Obstructive jaundice caused by lymphatic remetastasis from the hepatic metastasis of rectosigmoid cancer

The significant benefit of performing hepatic resection for hepatic metastases from colorectal primary cancers is well established; however, the effectiveness of dissection of the lymph nodes draining the liver remains uncertain. Herein, we report the case of a 52-year-old man who was found to have obstructive jaundice caused by lymphatic remetastasis from the hepatic metastasis of primary rectosigmoid cancer. He had previously undergone a high anterior resection for the rectosigmoid cancer, in April 1990, and a hepatic resection for metastasis was done in March 1994. When the hepatic resection was carried out, dissection of the regional lymph nodes of the liver (i.e., the nodes in the hepatoduodenal ligament) was not performed because no obvious metastatic nodes were identified. Three years after the hepatic resection, enlarged lymph nodes compressing the extrahepatic bile duct from outside were identified by cholangiography and computed tomography (CT). Because radiological studies were unable to determine the lesion capable of metastasizing to these nodes, they were diagnosed as remetastasized lymph nodes from the hepatic metastasis that had been resected 3 years earlier. The lymphatic remetastases were intractable to treatment, and the patient finally died of hepatic failure and malignant cachexia. This case serves to demonstrate that lymphatic dissection of the regional lymph nodes may need to be taken into consideration when resection of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancers is performed. Received: October 30, 2000 / Accepted: March 12, 2001     

Multidisciplinary approach to palliation of obstructive jaundice caused by a central hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Obstructive jaundice due to intraductal tumour growth is a rare symptom in association with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: We report a 65-year-old white male who was admitted to our department with a 2-week history of progressive jaundice. At laparotomy, the liver showed advanced cirrhosis due to long-standing biliary obstruction. Cholangiography confirmed total obstruction of the main bifurcation of the hepatic duct by intraductal tumour growth. Combination treatment with surgical segment III drainage, transcatheter arterial embolization and radioembolization with yttrium-90 resin particles and endoscopic stenting was performed. This form of treatment has never been reported before. RESULTS: With these combined procedures, relief of jaundice and a survival time of 32 months could be achieved. CONCLUSION: The combination of palliative methods may relieve jaundice, ensure a good quality of life and possibly prolong survival in patients with mechanical tumour obstruction of the biliary tree by HCC.     

Pre- and postoperative external biliary drainage in patients with obstructive jaundice caused by neoplasm of the pancreatic head

The external biliary drainage in severe jaundice secondary to pancreatic carcinoma acts differently in pre, intra, and postoperative period. In the preoperative period the drainage enables to lower the direct bilirubinemia and the intrahepatic biliary stasis and consequently the complications linked to the impaired hepatic and renal function. During the operation the catheter acts as a guide in performing the biliodigestive anastomosis. In the postoperative period the external drainage of most of daily biliary secretion protects the biliodigestive anastomosis during the postoperative paralytic ileus, and prevents the fistula development along the pancreatic jejunal anastomosis.     

Therapeutic problems caused by rupture of large hepatic adenoma with central location. Apropos of 3 cases

We report three cases of young female patients (26, 30, 36 years) with intraperitoneal hemorrhage associated with a rupture of a liver cell adenoma. Their topography was central or with central extension. Three patients had taken oral contraceptives, for a period of 10 years, before diagnosis in two cases and for only three weeks in the remaining patient. The diagnosis of hemoperitoneum from a liver tumor was established on initial symptoms and ultra sonographic examination. Angiography and CT were the most valuable investigations. The control of hemorrhage was obtained by hepatic artery ligation (2 cases) and angiographic embolization (1 case). We observed one patient with liver adenomatosis, uncommon lesion consisting of numerous adenomas in an otherwise normal hepatic parenchyma. In emergency major hepatic resection for an adenoma, in central localization, is too a high risk procedure for a benign tumor. Control of hemorrhage should be the aim of treatment, best achieved by alternative treatment, such as hepatic artery ligation of angiographic embolization, highly effective in our experience. Resection may be delayed for a residual tumor.     

经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术后并发肝内胆管损伤

目的 探讨肝脏恶性肿瘤经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术后并发肝内胆管损伤的影像学表现及临床诊治方法.方法 收集2007年9月至2009年3月因肝脏恶性肿瘤行经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术1302例的临床资料,术前影像学检查均无明显胆道异常,观察术后肝内胆管影像学征象及临床表现.结果 6例经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术后随访1至3个月出现肝内胆管损伤,其中2例出现黄疸、高热等胆道梗阻、感染症状,采用经皮经肝胆道穿刺引流术后症状缓解;其余4例仅有影像学改变,无明显临床症状.结论 肝内胆管损伤是经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术后少见的并发症,诊断依赖于临床表现及影像学检查,经皮经肝胆道穿刺引流术是有症状的肝内胆管损伤的有效治疗方式.     

Complete devascularization of hepatic lobe with nonresectable hepatoma.

Complete dearterialization of the entire liver was carried out in three patients with nonresectable liver cell carcinoma in whom the right or left portal vein had already obstructed due to tumor thrombosis or invasion. Although remittent fever ensued for two to three weeks postoperatively in all patients, hepatic infaction never occurred in the devascularized hepatic lobes. The effect of the treatment on tumorous lesions appeared satisfactory. The results indicated that the tumor-bearing liver can tolerate nearly complete deprivation of hepatic arterial and portal blood in at least one lobe of the liver if it is not simultaneous.     

Obstructive jaundice caused by hepatocellular carcinoma

The Authors take a hint from recent observation of two patients with hepatocellular carcinoma presenting with obstructive jaundice to analyse the litterature and their clinical cases. They conclude that in the evolution of hepatocellular carcinoma can be found "early" or "late" jaundice. The latest is hepatocellular and/or obstructive jaundice and it is harbinger of fatal prognosis because of a big hepatocelluar carcinoma that has invaded biliary tree and/or liver failure by concomitant cirrhosis. The "early" jaundice appears when the tumor is still small and it is always obstructive due to intrabile duct tumor growth. This kind of jaundice has a good prognostic meaning because, together with imaging techniques, permits an early diagnosis of the hepatocellular carcinoma necessary for satisfactory palliation or occasional cure.