卡泊芬净治疗老年COPD患者侵袭性肺部真菌感染的临床分析

目的研究卡泊芬净在老年COPD患者合并侵袭性肺部真菌感染时抗真菌治疗的有效性和安全性。方法选取老年COPD合并侵袭性肺部真菌感染患者共85例,随机进入观察组和对照组。观察组静脉滴注卡泊芬净,首剂量为70mg／d,之后为50mg／d;对照组静脉滴注两性霉素B脂质体,剂量为3mg／（kg·d）。两组治疗时间持续至症状消失后5d,对比两组患者的临床疗效和不良反应。结果观察组患者42例,总有效率为45．2％,不良反应发生率30．9％;对照组43例,总有效率48．8％,不良反应发生率72．1％。两组患者的总有效率无显著性差异（P〉0．05）,不良反应发生率差异性有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论对老年COPD患者发生侵袭性肺部真菌感染后采用卡泊芬净进行治疗,能够获得与两性霉素B脂质体相同的临床疗效,且安全性高,患者耐受性更强,值得在临床上进行推广与应用。     

卡泊芬净在器官移植术后侵袭性真菌感染病人中的应用

目的对卡泊芬净治疗器官移植术后侵袭性真菌感染的疗效进行评价。方法采用病例对照研究方法,选择我院器官移植术后出现侵袭性真菌感染病人100例,分为3组。卡泊芬净组36例,氟康唑组36例,两性霉素B组28例,分别予卡泊芬净、氟康唑和两性霉素B治疗,观察抗真菌治疗疗效。结果卡泊芬净组、氟康唑组和两性霉素B组抗真菌治疗的有效率分别为76%、81%和67%,3组疗效无显著差异(P>0.05)。卡泊芬净组与氟康唑组、两性霉素B组用药过程中的不良反应发生率分别为6%、6%和14%。结论卡泊芬净对于器官移植术后病人侵袭性真菌感染有明显的治疗作用,疗效与两性霉素B和氟康唑相当。     

卡泊芬净治疗18例肺部真菌感染的临床分析

目的调查卡泊芬净治疗肺部真菌感染患者的疗效及安全性。方法通过回顾性分析，了解卡泊芬净治疗呼吸科重症监护病房（RICU）中肺部真菌感染患者的疗效和不良反应。结果18例疗效评价病例中，临床有效率为38．9％（7／18）。10例侵袭性肺曲霉病患者中，5例临床有效。9例卡泊芬净疗程大于10d者中，7例治疗有效；9例疗程小于7d的患者均治疗无效。2例首选卡泊芬净患者治疗都有效；14例将卡泊芬净作为挽救治疗者中，仅3例临床有效，其中2例为侵袭性肺曲霉病。所有纳入安全性评价的12例患者均未出现临床和实验室的不良反应。结论卡泊芬净是治疗侵袭性肺曲霉病的安全有效药物，其作为一线抗真菌药物对患者的预后及生存率似乎更有益。     

不同类抗真菌药物治疗真菌性角膜炎的疗效分析

目的：分析不同类抗真菌药物治疗真菌性角膜炎的临床效果。方法将2012年1月至2013年7月进行治疗的60例72眼真菌性角膜炎患者按病原体检测结果分为4组,分别对症应用多烯类（那他霉素）、唑类（伏立康唑）、棘球白素类（卡泊芬净）及免疫抑制剂类（环孢素A）抗真菌药物进行治疗,统计4组的有效率、复发率及用药不良反应。结果那他霉素组、伏立康唑组、卡泊芬净组及环孢素A 组的有效率分别为88．9％、82．4％、94．7％及72．2％,差异无统计学意义（ P ＞0．05）;那他霉素组患者基本没有出现不良反应,伏立康唑和环孢素A副作用较多,影响较大,卡泊芬净组4例患者出现不良反应。结论不同类的抗真菌药物对不同种致病真菌引发的真菌性角膜炎有良好的治疗效果,临床治疗时应准确诊断致病菌,对症选药,提高治疗效果。     

卡泊芬净治疗55例恶性血液病患者侵袭性真菌感染的安全性研究

目的:评价卡泊芬净治疗血液病患者侵袭性真菌感染的疗效及安全性。方法:采用回顾性分析法统计本院2005年8月—2006年9月住院患者使用卡泊芬净的疗效和不良事件。结果:55例病历分析中显示卡泊芬净总有效率为57.1%,药物相关的不良反应发生率低且较轻。结论:卡泊芬净抗菌谱广,疗效确切,安全性好,是血液病患者抗真菌经验治疗的较为理想药物。     

卡泊芬净与氟康唑治疗重症监护病房严重肺部真菌感染比较

目的:比较卡泊芬净与氟康唑治疗重症监护病房严重肺部真菌感染的有效性和安全性。方法:重症监护病房确诊的严重肺部真菌感染患者36例,随机分为2组,卡泊芬净组(18例)首剂使用70mg,以后50mg.d-1,加入250mL生理盐水中静脉滴注,时间>1h,治疗时间14d;氟康唑组(18例)400mg.d-1,静脉滴注,治疗时间14d。观察2组的疗效和不良反应。结果:卡泊芬净组有效率达100.0%,不良反应发生率为22.2%;氟康唑组有效率为66.7%,不良反应发生率为72.2%。2组有效率有显著性差异(P<0.05),卡泊芬净组不良反应发生率显著低于氟康唑组(P<0.05)。结论:对重症监护病房严重肺部真菌感染,卡泊芬净的有效性和安全性优于氟康唑。     

肺部真菌感染的临床治疗疗效观察

目的调查卡泊芬净治疗肺部真菌感染患者的疗效及安全性。方法通过回顾性分析,了解卡泊芬净治疗呼吸科重症监护病房（RICU）中肺部真菌感染患者的疗效和不良反应。结果36例疗效评价病例中,临床有效率为38．9％（14／36）。20例侵袭性肺曲霉病患者中,10例临床有效。18例卡泊芬净疗程〉10d者中,14例治疗有效;18例疗程〈7d的患者均治疗无效。4例首选卡泊芬净患者治疗都有效;28例将卡泊芬净作为挽救治疗者中,仪6例临床有效,其中4例为侵袭性肺曲霉病。所有纳人安全性评价的24例患者均未出现临床和实验室的不良反应。结论卡泊芬净是治疗侵袭性肺曲霉病的安全有效药物,其作为一线抗真菌药物对患者的预后及生存率似乎更有益。     

卡泊芬净治疗40例恶性血液病患者合并侵袭性真菌感染临床研究

目的探讨卡泊芬净治疗恶性血液病合并侵袭性真菌感染(IFI)的疗效及安全性。方法回顾分析2010年1月至2011年12月40例接受卡泊芬净治疗(首日70 mg/d,之后50 mg/d,疗程依患者病情而定)恶性血液病患者的临床资料,观察患者的疗效和不良反应。结果 40例患者男性26例,女性14例,中位年龄38(16~72)岁。确诊患者4例,临床诊断10例,拟诊26例。血培养光滑念珠菌及热带念珠菌阳性各1例,胸腔积液培养曲霉菌阳性2例;合格痰液培养阳性10例,其中白色念珠菌4例,曲霉菌2例,光滑念珠菌2例,克柔念珠菌1例,热带念珠菌1例。40例患者中痊愈17例(42.5%),显效8例(20.0%),进步8例(20.0%),无效7例(17.5%),总有效率为62.5%。有效患者中位退热时间为4.5(1~11)d。初治组21例,有效17例,有效率为81%;挽救组19例,有效8例,有效率为42.1%。卡泊芬净治疗过程中不良反应较轻,一般经治疗可恢复。结论恶性血液病合并IFI应用卡泊芬净治疗疗效肯定,不良反应轻,可以作为IFI患者抗真菌的首选或挽救性治疗药物之一。     

血液病患儿侵袭性真菌感染40例联合治疗疗效分析

目的探讨40例血液病患儿侵袭性真菌感染联合治疗的临床疗效。方法选择2011年6月至2013年10月在该院进行联合治疗的40例血液病伴侵袭性真菌感染患儿作为研究对象,检查、诊断患儿原发基础疾病、感染部位、病原菌等,针对患儿实际病情给予联合抗真菌治疗,观察和分析联合用药治疗方法及疗效。结果 40例患儿发生真菌感染49例次。部分患儿在应用一种联合治疗组合时由于疗效不确切换用另一种组合,最后共联合57例次组合。各种联合组合总有效率为91.23%（52/57）,其中两性霉素B联合卡泊芬净用药有效率为88.24%（15/17）,两性霉素B联合三唑类用药有效率为92.86%（26/28）,三唑类联合卡泊芬净用药有效率为90.91%（10/11）,各种组合用药的有效率两两比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论血液病患儿侵袭性真菌感染联合用药治疗有较好疗效。联合抗真菌药物治疗能明显提高疗效、降低毒性,在治疗反复侵袭性真菌感染中具有重要意义。     

卡泊芬净和伊曲康唑治疗侵袭性肺部真菌感染的回顾性分析

目的：比较卡泊芬净和伊曲康唑治疗侵袭性肺部真菌感染（IPFI）的有效性和安全性。方法：回顾性分析本院2010年9月-2011年8月入住呼吸科并诊断为IPFI的患者病例,记录患者一般情况、身体体征和临床表现的变化过程及不良反应,比较临床疗效和不良反应的发生情况,并进行统计分析。结果：卡泊芬净组36例,有效率为58_3％,伊曲康唑组31例,有效率为38．7％,两组有效率比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;卡泊芬净组和伊曲康唑组不良反应发生率分别为22．2％和54．8％;卡泊芬净组和伊曲康唑组因毒性反应停药的病例数分剐为0例和4例,差异存在统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：治疗侵袭性肺部真菌感染时,卡泊芬净比伊曲康唑具有更好的疗效且副作用小,需合理使用以减少耐药菌株的产生。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.