中原部分农村地区受AIDS影响儿童生活质量的现况

目的了解中原部分农村地区受艾滋病(AIDS)影响儿童主观生活质量的现况,为进一步开展关怀和干预提供依据。方法使用《儿少主观生活质量量表》,对中原地区3个县117名受AIDS影响儿童进行调查。结果49%的儿童对目前的生活状况不满意;22%的儿童认知成分低于一般水平;情感成分极不满意和不太满意的儿童占39%;在情感成分和一些维度水平上受AIDS影响儿童低于一般农村儿童;受AIDS影响儿童的主观生活质量在不同的地区和年龄组之间存在一些差异。结论在社区、学校、家庭对受AIDS影响儿童的支持中,以儿童为中心,了解儿童的需求,关注儿童的心理健康,重视青春期教育和职业培训,尊重儿童的意见,提高儿童参与社会事务的程度,使受AIDS影响儿童生活质量得到全面的提高。     

云南某县艾滋病及其他脆弱家庭中儿童身心健康现况调查

目的了解中国政府／联合国儿童基金会艾滋病预防关怀项目县艾滋病及其他脆弱家庭中心儿童的身心健康现况,为项目提供基线资料。方法通过随机抽样,在云南省某项目县选取250名0-17岁来自受艾滋病、吸毒和贫困影响家庭的儿童,测量身高,并对其中154名6岁以上儿童进行心理问卷调查。结果来自三种家庭的儿童的身高没有显著性差异,心理状况有显著性差异。近68％的受艾滋病影响儿童不能处理生活中的困难,对生活中的事也不能决定怎么办;58％的受艾滋病影响的儿童害怕别人不和他（她）玩;67％的受艾滋病影响的儿童比较自信,但仍低于受吸毒影响的儿童（89％）。结论受艾滋病影响家庭的儿童与其他脆弱家庭儿童的心理状况不同,社区关怀项目应考虑之间的区别。     

认知行为疗法改善受艾滋病影响儿童自我意识水平的个案研究

正受艾滋病影响儿童更容易产生消极的社会心理和认知结果[1],迫切需要在对这些儿童的物质救助基础上进一步开展心理干预[2]。本研究拟对一名凉山州自我意识水平较低的受艾滋病影响儿童使用认知行为疗法进行心理咨询,目的是探究认知行为疗法对受艾滋病影响儿童自我意识水平的改善作用及其可行性,为受艾滋病影响儿童心理健康提供有效的干预方法。     

艾滋病对中国儿童影响的研究

目的了解和认识艾滋病对中国儿童的影响。方法利用方差分析等方法,提出一个多层次的分析框架,设计以儿童成长为核心的家庭调查表及儿童访谈提纲,并进行实地调查。结果受艾滋病影响儿童的家庭人均生产收入减少;救助活动对改善艾滋病孤儿家庭的经济状况起到了一定的作用;父母存活的受艾滋病影响儿童的缺课率最高;受艾滋病影响儿童感受到心理压力和忧伤。结论艾滋病对儿童的影响主要反映在儿童的生活环境、生存状况和身心健康三个层面。在这三个层面,受艾滋病影响儿童与非艾滋病家庭的儿童存在明显的差异。     

中原地区受AIDS影响的儿童心理健康水平的现况研究

目的 评定中原地区受艾滋病(AIDS)影响的儿童心理健康水平,为改善他们的心理状况提供客观依据.方法 选用SCL-90量表进行问卷调查,应用SAS 8.0进行统计分析.结果 共调查受艾滋病影响的初中生120人,其中双孤儿童33人,单孤儿童43人,受AIDS影响的双亲儿童44人.AIDS致双孤儿童的SCL-90总分(161.36±41.17)分,明显高于AIDS致单孤儿童的(137.37±33.32)分和受AIDS影响的双亲儿童的(141.82±39.36)分.AIDS单孤儿童中女孩的总分(147.07±34.75)明显高于男孩(119.27±21.50).结论 受AIDS影响的儿童心理问题比较严重,在为其提供心理支持的过程中,应根据不同类型、不同性别的特点,进行有针对性地干预.     

老年功能性消化不良患者共情满足、共情能力、心理弹性及社会支持相关性分析

背景共情满足作为助人行业的发展方向逐渐由医务人员转向患者之间.共情满足水平的高低与共情能力的良好与否,社会支持水平高低和心理弹性水平高低有很大关系,也是值得研究的课题之一.目的对老年功能性消化不良(functional dyspepsia, FD)患者共情满足与共情能力,心理弹性及社会支持相关性分析.方法选择2017-06/2019-08在浙江省金华市第二医院就诊的130例老年FD患者为研究对象,采用专业生活品质量表,杰弗逊共情量表,领悟社会支持量表和自我复原力量表进行调查,并统计分析.结果老年FD患者共情能力得分为106.94分±9.36分,心理弹性得分为35.72分±6.87分,社会支持得分为67.83分±8.34分,共情满足得分为33.94分±4.90分,两两比较均呈正相关(r=0.765-(-0.423), P0.05).以共情能力为自变量,心理弹性为中介变量,共情满足为因变量进行回归分析.结果表明,共情能力能正向预测共情满足(β=0.189, P0.01),心理弹性能正向预测共情满足(β=0.282, P0.01),且共情能力对共情满足的预测作用呈下降趋势(β=0.153, P0.01).说明心理弹性在共情能力和共情满足间具有中介调节效应.采用中介变量的调节效应检验程序进行多重回归分析,分别以心理弹性和共情满足为因变量建立方程1和方程2.结果表明,在方程1中,心理弹性对共情×社会支持的调节作用不明显(β=-0.031, P0.05).在方程2中,共情满足对心理弹性×社会支持的调节作用明显(β=0.179, P 0.01).结论老年FD患者共情满足水平较低,可能与年龄、病程有关.共情能力,心理弹性,社会支持与共情满足具有正相关性,在临床工作中应重视心理弹性的作用,提供高水平的社会支持,从而提升老年FD患者的共情满足水平.     

受艾滋病影响儿童心理健康干预方法探索

目的探索能够有效促进受艾滋病影响儿童心理健康的干预策略。方法选取河南省某县受艾滋病影响的10～15岁儿童45名,进行为期10个月的综合心理支持,干预前后进行问卷调查测量干预效果。结果干预前有焦虑不安等负性心理体验的儿童占44.4%(20/45),干预后下降到20.0%(9/45);症状自评量表SCL-90测量的强迫症状、人际关系敏感、抑郁、焦虑以及偏执等各个因子,干预之后均显著改善。结论综合心理支持对于促进受艾滋病影响儿童的心理健康具有积极意义。     

我国部分农村地区受艾滋病影响的儿童社会心理健康状况定性研究

目的通过儿童和儿童抚养人的视角，初步了解中国部分农村地区父母感染艾滋病对儿童社会心理健康的影响。方法采用半结构化访谈的方法，对19名受艾滋病影响的儿童，20名儿童抚养人以及8名社区关键知情人进行调查。结果大多数儿童存在害怕、焦虑、悲伤、自卑等心理问题。针对儿童的歧视现象仍然存在，主要表现为对儿童的孤立、漠视和拒绝。儿童依赖抚养人和同伴获得心理上的支持。结论受艾滋病影响的儿童心理健康问题不容忽视，应该采取适当的干预措施改善这些儿童的心理健康状态。     

受艾滋病影响儿童的心理安全感及社交焦虑

目的了解受艾滋病影响儿童心理安全感和社交焦虑的现状及关系,为制定帮扶政策及干预提供参考。方法采用问卷法,调查232名受艾滋病影响儿童和1 640名普通儿童,使用t检验、Pearson相关和多元回归分析等方法比较组间差异、分析社交焦虑对心理安全感的影响。结果受艾滋病影响儿童心理安全感显著低于普通儿童(t=6.61,P0.01),社交焦虑显著高于普通儿童(t=-22.29,P0.01);女童的社交焦虑得分(26.58±2.61)分,显著高于男童(18.91±2.35)分,(t=-23.51,P0.01);女童的心理安全感得分(28.83±11.08)分,显著低于男童(57.68±15.74)分,(t=16.14,P0.01);相关分析表明,受艾滋病影响儿童的心理安全感及各维度与社交焦虑各维度呈显著负相关(r=-0.637～-0.695,P0.01);受艾滋病影响女童和社交回避及苦恼状况负向预测心理安全感及其各维度,同学关系差可以正向预测心理安全感及其各维度,R~2值在54%～56%之间(P0.01)。结论受艾滋病影响儿童社交焦虑偏高、心理安全感水平偏低,降低社交焦虑能有效改善他们的心理安全感。     

受HIV/AIDS影响儿童面临的问题及应对策略

受艾滋病病毒伎滋病（HIV／AIDS）影响儿童分为四类：（1）感染了HIV的儿童；（2）AIDS致孤儿童；（3）与HIV感染者或AIDS患者共同生活的儿童；（4）AIDS高发区中的儿童。受AIDS影响儿童面临许多问题，主要包括：家庭困难、社会歧视、教育问题、心理问题等。给予受艾滋病影响儿童生理、心理上的关怀是十分重要的，对儿童的成长发育起着积极作用。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.