改良Ponseti法在先天性马蹄内翻足矫形治疗中的临床应用

目的 探讨改良Ponseti法治疗先天性马蹄内翻足患儿的临床疗效。方法 前瞻性纳入2013年10月—2016年10月上海儿童医院小儿骨科收治的先天性马蹄内翻足患儿100例,其中男58例、女42例,年龄8~156(78.3±3.5)d;左侧15例,右侧42例,双侧43例;Dimeglio分级Ⅱ 32例、Ⅲ 43例、Ⅳ 25例。按随机数字表法分为对照组与研究组,每组50例。对照组采用Ponseti法治疗,研究组采用改良Ponseti法治疗;后者在按摩手法、外固定石膏托形状以及更换石膏方法等方面对经典Ponseti法加以改良。观察并记录患儿矫正治疗前后的 Pirani评分,并据此评价、对比两组患儿的矫正治疗效果;同时对比两组患儿治疗前后Dimeglio分级情况以及并发症发生情况。结果 以开始治疗的时间为起点,对两组患儿进行持续治疗、观察与随访,随访时间为2～26个月。每组均有15例完成全部治疗,其余患儿仍处于支架使用期。在疗程结束后2个月对完成治疗的患儿进行评估,研究组Dimeglio 分级优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);对照组Pirani评分优良率为12/15、复发率为1/15,研究组Pirani评分优良率为14/15、复发率为0,研究组优良率高于对照组、复发率低于对照组,但差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05)。经不同形状石膏托固定治疗期间,研究组和对照组患儿分别发生并发症1例和3例,并发症发生率组间比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.598)。结论 与经典Ponseti法比较,采用改良的Ponseti法治疗先天性马蹄内翻足患儿,方法安全可靠,疗效更好,并发症也相对较少,值得临床推广应用。     

超声对胎儿足内翻畸形的诊断价值

目的探讨超声对胎儿足内翻畸形的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析13例先天性足内翻畸形的产前超声声像图特征,总结其二维声像图特点,分析影响诊断的因素。结果产前超声诊断胎儿先天性足内翻畸形11例,其中1例为假阳性,产前超声诊断符合率76．92％（10／13）,漏诊3例,漏诊率23,08％（3／13）。结论超声诊断胎儿足内翻畸形方法简便,可靠性较高,可作为产前早期筛查诊断足内翻畸形的有效手段,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

先天性胎儿马蹄内翻足的超声表现与临床结局观察

目的分析胎儿先天性马蹄足的超声表现,并分析临床结局。方法回顾分析在我院经临床证实的先天性马蹄内翻足45例(64足),并进行新生儿随访。结果先天性马蹄内翻足共45例,超声诊断35例,诊断率77.8%。合并畸形29例,最常见的结构异常为骨骼异常。特发型16例,共12例出生后进行治疗。结论先天性马蹄足主要依靠孕前超声诊断,排除严重结构畸形及染色体异常,可出生后进行治疗。     

产前超声诊断胎儿肢体畸形的技术探讨

目的　探讨通过产前超声提高胎儿肢体畸形诊断率的操作技巧。 方法　采用连续顺序追踪法对2014年1月至2015年1月142,17例孕16～37周孕妇常规行胎儿肢体超声成像。 结果　全部胎儿中发现肢体畸形41例,检出率为0.28%,其中包括肢体大部分缺失1例,肢体部分缺失4例,桡骨缺失6例,马蹄内翻足9 例,裂手畸形2例,腓骨缺失2例,多指（趾）2例,羊膜束带综合征2例,手姿势异常4例,先天性多发性关节挛缩2例,并腿畸形3例,严重短肢畸形4例。漏诊16例,占所有畸形的28%,包括7例并指畸形,5例多指（趾）畸形,4例重叠指,误诊2例马蹄内翻足,均经引产或出生后证实。 结论　产前超声能直观显示胎儿肢体结构,是诊断胎儿肢体畸形的首选方法,熟练的操作技术及操作技巧是产前超声诊断胎儿肢体畸形的关键。     

Wnt/β⁃catenin信号通路参与马蹄内翻足畸形形成的研究

目的　探讨Sox9（sex determining region Y-box9）和β-catenin对先天性马蹄内翻足（congenital talipes equinovarus，CTE）的影响以及Wnt/β-catenin信号通路作用机制。 方法　将孕10 d的SD大鼠随机均分为实验组及对照组，以135 mg/kg全反式维甲酸溶于矿物油对实验组大鼠进行灌胃制作胎鼠CTE模型，对照组予以等量矿物油灌胃处理，取大鼠足踝部组织，通过免疫组化、RT-PCR、Western blot检测β-catenin、Sox9以及磷酸化β-catenin-S552的表达水平。 结果　与对照组相比，HE染色可见CTE模型组织中有较多的胶原组织沉积，免疫组化结果显示实验组标本Sox9与β-catenin表达增高，RT-qPCR表明实验组Sox9与β-catenin的mRNA水平显著增高，Western blot结果显示实验组Sox9与β-catenin的表达增高而磷酸化β-catenin-S552表达降低。 结论　CTE大鼠的足踝部组织中Sox9高表达受Wnt/β-catenin信号通路调控，该通路参与先天性马蹄内翻足畸形的形成。     

北京市西城区34例先天马蹄内翻足流行学分析

目的了解近年来北京市西城区医院监测先天马蹄内翻足陷发生情况。方法对2005年10月1日～2010年9月30日间北京市西城区产科医院孕13周～产后7天的胎儿及新生儿进行出生缺陷监测,并对监测结果进行率及顺位等分析。结果①监测到马蹄内翻足患儿34例,发生率为8.76/万,发生例数逐年增多,女孩高于男孩,外地高于本市。②容易发生部位按例数多少依次为双足、左足及右足;容易合并其他畸形按合并畸形例数多少依次为左足、双足、右足。③单纯马蹄内翻足占67.65%,同时合并其他畸形占32.35%;合并的畸形最多的为肢体短缩,其次为先心、唇腭裂、肾畸形。④先天马蹄内翻足产前诊断率为44.12%,孕中期产前诊断率为44.12%,孕晚期产前诊断率为9.52%。合并其他畸形的先天马蹄内翻足产前诊断率为90.91%,单纯马蹄内翻足畸形的产前诊断率为21.74%。结论西城区先天马蹄内翻足外地多于本地,以单纯马蹄内翻足为主;同时合并其他畸形的先天马蹄内翻足容易在产前发现;若提高产前诊断率需提高孕晚期单纯马蹄内翻足的B超检测水平。     

三维超声在诊断胎儿足内翻中的应用

目的探讨三维超声成像在诊断胎儿足内翻中的应用价值。方法对门诊常规及系统产科超声检查发现的45例先天性足内翻病例进行回顾性分析。结果产前超声共检出先天性足内翻45例。其中单纯性足内翻25例，占55．6％；足内翻合并其他异常20例，占44．4％。37例获得较满意直观图像，三维显示率约为82．2％。结论三维超声能更清晰、直观、准确地显示胎儿足内翻的直接征象，是二维超声必要的补充。     

先天性马蹄内翻足的个体化治疗方案对预后的影响

目的通过对先天性马蹄内翻足的治疗,进一步阐明个体化的治疗方案,是影响先天性马蹄内翻足预后的重要因素。方法选取8年间,可以随访的38例66足的先天性马蹄内翻足患儿,根据不同年龄,不同的足部体检结果,分别采取Ponseti治疗法、肌力平衡术、Mackay手术、Turco手术、三关节融合术,并统计治疗结果。结果本组38例66足获得随访,随访时间6月～3年,平均13个月,根据临床手术效果评定标准,优：46足;良：14足;一般：6足;差：0足。无并发症发生。结论马蹄内翻足的治疗是一个复杂的过程,不能以一种治疗措施概括,要根据不同的年龄、不同的个体状况,而采取不同的治疗方法,寻找马蹄足的发病原因依然是彻底治疗、防治并发症的关键。     

先天性马蹄内翻足患者足踝部肌肉组织C/EBPβ的表达及形态学改变

目的研究C/EBPβ在先天性马蹄内翻足患者足踝部肌肉组织中的表达,探讨细胞系的选择。方法应用RT-PCR、免疫组化、免疫荧光等技术分别检测先天性马蹄内翻足患者足踝部肌肉组织中C/EBPβ的表达及相应的形态学改变。结果与同龄对照相比,C/EBPβ在先天性马蹄内翻足患者足踝部肌肉组织中表达明显下调,相对于正常组织,病变组织结构紊乱,核脱失。免疫荧光结果提示C/EBPβ主要在细胞质中表达,但在肿瘤细胞如人横纹肌肉瘤细胞中呈现细胞质、细胞核均一性表达。结论 C/EBPβ的低表达可能与先天性马蹄内翻足畸形发生相关,病变组织细胞核可能已经失去功能,可能存在纤维化。     

前交叉韧带弥散张量纤维示踪成像观测及临床应用

目的　为前交叉韧带损伤程度的分级诊断提供影像学数据。 方法　选取新乡医学院附属医院膝关节弥散张量成像扫描检查的正常者100例和单侧前交叉韧带撕裂伤患者100例,按照损伤程度分为Ⅰ~Ⅳ级,在工作站划分前交叉韧带不同部位及损伤处的感兴趣区,生成纤维示踪图像,测量感兴趣区的各向异性分数（fractional anisotropy,FA）和表观弥散系数（apparent diffusion coefficient,ADC）。比较前交叉韧带不同部位及不同程度损伤处的FA和ADC数值。 结果　前交叉韧带上端、上中部、中部、下中部、下端的FA值和ADC值差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,FA随前交叉韧带部位自上而下逐渐降低呈负相关,ADC则逐渐增高呈正相关;组间比较,上端与上中部FA值和ADC值差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,其他部位之间FA值和ADC值差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。前交叉韧带Ⅰ级、Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级、Ⅳ级损伤处FA值和ADC值差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,FA随损伤程度增高而逐渐降低,ADC则逐渐增高;组间比较,Ⅰ级与Ⅱ级FA值和ADC值差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,其他损伤分级之间FA值和ADC值差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论　前交叉韧带的FA和ADC与部位、损伤程度等密切相关,弥散张量纤维示踪成像为前交叉韧带损伤的微细结构变化提供了客观影像诊断依据。     

The Association of Forefoot Varus Deformity with Patellofemoral Cartilage Damage in Older Adult Cadavers

Forefoot alignment may contribute to patellofemoral joint (PFJ) osteoarthritis (OA) via its influence on the closed chain kinematics of the lower limb. The purpose of this cadaveric study was to investigate the relationship between forefoot varus and ipsilateral cartilage damage in the medial and lateral PFJ. Forefoot alignment measurements were obtained from the feet of 25 cadavers (n = 50). Cartilage damage in the medial and lateral PFJ of each knee was scored using the Outerbridge scale. The relative odds of medial and lateral PFJ cartilage damage in limbs with forefoot varus and valgus were determined using logistic regression. The relationship between increasing varus alignment and increasing odds of medial and lateral PFJ cartilage damage was assessed. Of the 51% of limbs with forefoot varus, 91.3% had medial, and 78.3% had lateral PFJ cartilage damage, compared with 54.6% and 68.2% of those with forefoot valgus. The former also had 3.0 times (95% CI 1.2, 7.7) the odds of medial PFJ damage; no association was found with lateral damage (OR 1.4, 95% CI 0.7, 3.0). Feet in the highest tertile of varus alignment had 3.9 times (95% CI 10, 15.3, P = 0.058) the odds of medial PFJ damage as those in the lowest tertile. The results of this study suggest a relationship between forefoot varus and medial PFJ cartilage damage in older adults. As forefoot varus may be modified with foot orthoses, these findings indicate a potential role for orthoses in the treatment of medial PFJ OA. Anat Rec, 300:1032–1038, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Ludloff截骨术治疗踇外翻的三维数字模型研究

目的　建立母外翻足三维数字模型,通过模拟Ludloff截骨手术,比较术前术后各项参数的变化,预测术后疗效及并发症,为临床进行母外翻Ludloff截骨术提供一定的理论支持,尽可能降低手术风险,增加手术安全性,提高疗效。 方法　回顾性调查11例（13足）在本院足踝外科治疗的母外翻患者,模拟手术前后对三维重建模型进行母外翻角（HVA）、第1~2跖间角（IMAI~II）、第1跖骨长度、第2跖骨相对长度、第1~5跖间角（IMAI~V）等数值测量记录,并行统计学分析。 结果 模拟截骨术前后HVA分别为（35.62±6.54）°,（11.43±3.24）°;IMAI~II分别为（16.43±2.41）°,（9.12±3.18）°;第1跖骨长度分别为（63.58±4.17）mm,（59.87±3.83）mm;第2跖骨相对长度分别为（93.74±6.02）°,（86.85±5.36）°;IMAI~V分别为（29.68±3.65）°,（19.45±2.46）°。模拟手术前后上述对应指标改变有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论　应用三维数字模型技术对母外翻患者进行模拟Ludloff截骨术及测量相关参数,是一种可以评估Ludloff截骨效果的数字化技术,为制定手术方案提供依据。     

Our experience with double metatarsal osteotomy in the treatment of hallux valgus

Adolescent hallux valgus (HV) is a progressive deformity of adolescent age consisting of metatarsus primus varus and hallux valgus. It has a high recurrence rate after conventional surgical correction. Ten feet in nine patients (two males, seven females) were treated surgically with the Peterson Newman bunion procedure, with a minimum follow-up of one year. During the final follow-up all these patients had no complaints of pain, joint stiffness or limping. Even though the patients had some mild loss of range of movements at the MTPjoints 4-6 degrees compared to preoperative value, it did not cause any functional impairment and all were satisfied with the final outcome. The double ostetomy for treatment ofhallux valgus is technically precise procedure, provides excellent correction and stability and has low rate of recurrence of deformity. We had an excellent outcome in 10 feet in our study without residual deformity or complications.     

Chevron截骨术对外翻足关节接触特征影响的生物力学研究

目的 探究Chevron截骨术截骨远端外侧位移距离对外翻足关节接触特征的影响,为临床上选择合适的位移距离提供参考依据。方法 测量踝关节中立位状态下正常足、外翻足及外翻足Chevron截骨术截骨远端分别向外侧位移2.0、4.0、6.0 mm后前足、中足和后足各关节接触力、峰值压强和接触面积,并对结果进行分析。结果 与正常足相比,外翻足第1跖楔关节（t=-3.33, P=0.02）、跟骰关节（t=-2.74, P=0.03）和距下关节（后关节面）（t=-2.89, P=0.03）的接触力显著增高;外翻足距舟关节（t=-2.73, P=0.03）与跟骰关节（t=-2.74, P=0.03）的峰值压强显著增高;行Chevron截骨术后,随着截骨远端向外侧位移距离的增加,外翻足第1跖楔关节和跟骰关节的接触力逐渐减小;外翻足距舟关节和跟骰关节的峰值压强逐渐减小。结论 中度外翻足行Chevron截骨术后,当第1跖骨截骨远端向外侧位移6 mm时能有效恢复部分关节间力的分布,且能缓解部分关节局部应力集中现象。     

The effect of foot arch on plantar pressure distribution during standing

Abstract

The aim of this study was to explore how foot type affects plantar pressure distribution during standing. In this study, 32 healthy subjects voluntarily participated and the subject feet were classified as: normal feet (n?=?23), flat feet (n?=?14) and high arch feet (n?=?27) according to arch index (AI) values obtained from foot pressure intensity image analysis. Foot pressure intensity images were acquired by a pedopowergraph system to obtain a foot pressure distribution parameter-power ratio (PR) during standing in eight different regions of the foot. Contact area and mean PR were analysed in hind foot, mid-foot and fore foot regions. One-way analysis of variance was used to determine statistical differences between groups. The contact area and mean PR value beneath the mid-foot was significantly increased in the low arch foot when compared to the normal arch foot and high arch foot (p?<?0.001) in both feet. However, subjects with low-arch feet had significantly higher body mass index (BMI) compared to subjects with high-arch feet (p?<?0.05) and subjects with normal arch feet (p?<?0.05) in both feet. In addition, subjects with low-arch feet had significant differences in arch index (AI) value as compared to subjects with high-arch feet (p?<?0.001) and subjects with normal arch feet (p?<?0.05) in both feet. Mean mid-foot PR value were positively (r?=?0.54) correlated with increased arch index (AI) value. A significant (p?<?0.05) change was obtained in PR value beneath the mid-foot of low arch feet when compared with other groups in both feet. The findings suggest that there is an increased mid-foot PR value in the low arch foot as compared to the normal arch foot and high arch foot during standing. Therefore, individuals with low arch feet could be at high risk for mid-foot collapse and Charcot foot problems, indicating that foot type should be assessed when determining an individual’s risk for foot injury.     

An explorative investigation of functional differences in plantar center of pressure of four foot types using sample entropy method

In the study of biomechanics of different foot types, temporal or spatial parameters derived from plantar pressure are often used. However, there is no comparative study of complexity and regularity of the center of pressure (CoP) during the stance phase among pes valgus, pes cavus, hallux valgus and normal foot. We aim to analyze whether CoP sample entropy characteristics differ among these four foot types. In our experiment participated 40 subjects with normal feet, 40 with pes cavus, 19 with pes valgus and 36 with hallux valgus. A Footscan^® system was used to collect CoP data. We used sample entropy to quantify several parameters of the investigated four foot types. These are the displacement in medial–lateral (M/L) and anterior–posterior (A/P) directions, as well as the vertical ground reaction force of CoP during the stance phase. To fully examine the potential of the sample entropy method for quantification of CoP components, we provide results for two cases: calculating the sample entropy of normalized CoP components, as well as calculating it using the raw data of CoP components. We also explored what are the optimal values of parameters m (the matching length) and r (the tolerance range) when calculating the sample entropy of CoP data obtained during the stance phases. According to statistical results, some factors significantly influenced the sample entropy of CoP components. The sample entropies of non-normalized A/P values for the left foot, as well as for the right foot, were different between the normal foot and pes valgus, and between the normal foot and hallux valgus. The sample entropy of normalized M/L displacement of the right foot was different between the normal foot and pes cavus. The measured variable for A/P and M/L displacements could serve for the study of foot function.     

Swift and sure-footed on the Savanna: A study of Hadzabe gaits and feet in Northern Tanzania

Data on footprints and gait of 54 Hadzabe, 6-70 years of age expand understanding of pedal morphology of unshod people and assist the development of ideas about the evolution of hominid bipedality and upright posture. Contrary to published data on gaits and pedal morphology of unshod populations, Hadzabe (also known as Hadza) from northern Tanzania exhibit values of stride length, relative stride length, and walking speeds that exceed those of rural and small-town populations. In all observable plantar features, including foot indices, an interdigital space between the hallux and second toe, fanning of the foot anteriorly, and foot angles (in-toeing and out-toeing), Hadzabe feet are comparable with those of never-shod Machiguengas in Perú. On average, Hadzabe hallucal gaps and ball widths are narrower than those of Machiguengas and other unshod short people. Hadzabe feet are also characterized by valgus halluces versus the varus halluces of never-shod Machiguengas and certain West Africans. Although characterized by a valgus toe, Hadzabe hallucal angles, which do not exceed 20°, are lower than those of Northern Hemispheric urbanites and shod rural populations of the Southern and Northern Hemispheres. Hadzabe also exhibit less medial and lateral rotation of the hip joint than Machiguengas do. The heel and the longitudinal arch impressions of the Hadzabe footprints closely resemble those of the Laetoli bipeds in the manner of weight distribution during locomotion. The striking similarity of footprint impressions, especially the heel and the longitudinal arch, between Hadzabe and Laetoli hominid footprints clearly imply that the pedal features of the Laetoli printmakers are remarkably humanoid. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 9:303–321, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

基于足负重位CT影像应用Mimics软件测量拇外翻相关指标

目的 探讨基于足负重位CT图像应用Mimics软件测量拇外翻相关角度的准确性及可靠性。方法 前瞻性选择昆明医科大学第一附属医院2016年7月—2017年3月收治的30例(36足)拇外翻患者,应用Mimics软件对患者足负重位CT图像行拇外翻3D重建。应用Mimics软件拟合区域功能自动分析计算生成近节趾骨轴线和第一、二跖骨轴线,并重建第一跖骨远端实际关节面,通过近节趾骨与第一跖骨3D模型进行修正;采用以上解剖学参数实现对拇外翻角(HVA)、跖骨间角(IMA)、跖骨远端关节面夹角(DMAA)的精确测量。由4名测量者分别使用上述计算机辅助CT建模测量法与常规X线测量法对30例拇外翻患者进行测量,比较各组观察指标测量结果的统计学差异,并行Bland-Altman分析一致性。结果 4名测量者采用常规X线法和CT建模重建法测量结果的ICC值分别为0.89和0.91,可靠性优。传统X线测量法测量患者HVA、IMA分别为29.10°±10.04°、13.98°±4.38°,CT建模法测量患者HVA、IMA分别为30.02°±10.62°、13.83°±4.29°,差异均无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05);传统X线测量法测量患者DMAA为12.57°±3.96°,CT建模法测量患者DMAA为16.21°±3.65°,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);Bland-Altman结果显示对于HVA、IMA角的两种测量方法一致性较好,DMAA的测量结果一致性较差。结论 基于足部模拟负重CT图像应用Mimics软件测量拇外翻HVA、IMA、DMAA可以精准生成上述3个角的边线,进而实现角度的精确测量;重建第一跖骨远端关节面,使DMAA测量的准确度和可靠性明显优于常规X线测量法。该方法是一种可行、可靠并且精准的测量方法,为拇外翻精准化、个体化治疗提供了可靠的基础。     

中国南方人股骨干形态特征及其对股骨外翻角的影响

目的　基于中国南方人群股骨外翻角（femoral valgus angle,FVA）和股骨弯曲角（femoral bending angel,FBA）的定量分析,探究下肢旋转体位改变对不同形态股骨的FVA测量值的影响,提高膝关节置换手术的安全性。 方法　收集我院75位（113侧）无膝关节骨性关节炎患者的下肢全长CTA扫描数据。通过三维重建和定位,测量FBA和FVA。根据FBA分为4组：严重内翻畸形组：FBA＞4°;轻度内翻畸形组：1°＜FBA≤4°;无畸形组：-1°≤FBA＜1°;外翻畸形组：FBA≤-1°,对比各组的FVA,确定FBA与FVA之间的相关性。应用三维模拟技术,以股骨后髁连线与X轴平行时作为股骨中立位,每10°为一个档位,调节股骨轴向旋转角度从内旋20°至外旋40°,记录FBA与FVA测量值,并作相关统计分析。 结果　总体FVA平均值为（5.3±1.4）°,4组FVA分别为（7.2±1.1）°,（3.4±0.8）°,（5.6±0.87）°及（4.7±1.0）°,各组间存在统计学差异（P<0.05）;FBA与FVA存在显著相关性（R2＝0.6,P<0.001）。下肢从内旋20°至外旋40°,各组的FVA呈增大趋势,各组间无统计学差异（P>0.05）。 结论　股骨干形态存在内翻或外翻畸形时,直接影响股骨外翻角的大小。股骨外翻角的测量需综合考虑股骨干形态及下肢旋转体位的影响。     

经腹部超声与经阴道超声诊断早期异位妊娠对比分析

【摘要】目的:探讨经腹部超声与经阴道超声在早期异位妊娠诊断中的临床价值。方法:对80例早期异位妊娠患者的临床资料进行统计分析,依据诊断方法分为经阴道超声组（n=40）和经腹部超声组（n=40）两组,对两组患者的诊断阳性情况、典型影像学表现检出情况进行统计分析。结果:经阴道超声组患者诊断阳性率为92.5%（37/40）,显著高于经腹部超声组的77.5%（31/40）（P<0.05）,经阴道超声组附件区团块、盆腔积液、子宫内假孕囊、胚芽反射、原始心血管搏跳检出率分别为95.0%（38/40）、92.5%（37/40）、17.5%（7/40）、22.5%（9/40）、10.0%（4/40）,均显著高于经腹部超声组的82.5%（33/40）、67.5%（27/40）、5.0%（2/40）、5.0%（2/40）、2.5%（1/40）（P<0.05）。结论:经阴道超声在早期异位妊娠诊断中的临床价值较经腹部超声高。