利用稻谷壳水解液培养单细胞蛋白

以树状假丝酵母１．２５７为菌种，稻谷壳酸水解液为碳源，氨水中和水解液产物为氮源，在摇瓶条件下和１０Ｌ气升式发酵罐上进行发酵工艺条件的研究。结果表明，该菌种在初糖质量浓度２．５ｇ／ｄＬ，碳氮比３∶１，ｐＨ４．５～５．０的培养基中培养４８ｈ可获得较高的菌体蛋白量，在１０Ｌ发酵罐中试验，菌体干重为１２．６ｍｇ／ｍＬ，蛋白质含量为６２．８％，总糖利用率为８５．７％。     

培养基及培养条件对普鲁兰酶的影响

从土壤中分离出一株产普鲁兰酶的菌株,初步鉴定为芽孢杆菌．通过优化发酵培养基及发酵培养条件,在２５０ｍＬ的摇瓶中可达到４．５μｍｏｌ／（ｍｉｎ·ｍＬ）的普鲁兰酶酶活．优化后的发酵培养基成分如下：玉米支链淀粉２ｇ／ｄＬ,蛋白胨２ｇ／ｄＬ,牛肉膏１．５ｇ／ｄＬ,ＮａＣｌ０．５ｇ／ｄＬ,ＭｎＳＯ４２μｍｏｌ／Ｌ．摇瓶发酵工艺条件：接种量１７％,温度３７℃,摇瓶转速２２０ｒ／ｍｉｎ,ｐＨ６．０,发酵周期３２ｈ．通过２Ｌ容积的发酵罐批式发酵,酶活可稳定在３．３μｍｏｌ／（ｍｉｎ·ｍＬ）左右     

真养产碱杆菌利用葡萄糖生产聚β-羟基丁酸的摇瓶发酵条件

以葡萄糖为碳源，对真养产碱杆菌生产ＰＨＢ的摇瓶发酵条件进行了探索。研究结果表明，在摇瓶补料条件下，细胞干重和ＰＨＢ质量浓度可分别达到３５．１ｇ／Ｌ和２８．３ｇ／Ｌ，ＰＨＢ对葡萄糖的产率系数为０．３６ｇ／ｇ．     

兽疫链球菌摇瓶发酵法生产透明质酸

∶研究了Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｃｏｃｃｕｓｚｏｏｅｐｉｄｅｍ ｉｃｓＨ２３ 摇瓶发酵生产透明质酸的条件，并对发酵机制进行了初步探讨．研究发现，Ｈ２３ 在通风和厌氧条件下都能生产透明质酸．透明质酸的合成和菌体生长是偶联的，对不同的碳源质量浓度显示出不同的规律．酵母膏、葡萄糖是合适的氮源和碳源，初始质量浓度应分别为２ ｇ／ｄＬ、４ ｇ／ｄＬ． Ｍｇ２＋ 对发酵有很大的影响，ＭｇＳＯ４·７Ｈ２Ｏ 最佳质量浓度为０．２ ｇ／ｄＬ． 摇瓶条件如温度、通风等也影响透明质酸的形成，温度３３ ℃，摇瓶装液量４０ ｍ Ｌ时最有利于透明质酸合成．在较适合的条件下，透明质酸产量可以达到０．４７ ｇ／Ｌ，产物对碳源的转化率为２．１％ ．     

L-异亮氨酸的发酵条件

从黄色短杆菌（Ｂｒｅｖｉｂａｃｔｅｒｉｕｍｆｌａｖｕｍ）ＡＴＣＣ１４０６７出发，选育获得一株Ｌ－异亮氨酸高产菌ＺＱ－４．试验结果证明，生物素是ＺＱ－４菌株唯一必需生长因子，生物素或玉米浆用量分别为５０μｇ／Ｌ和２０ｍＬ／Ｌ时可得到较高的产酸率。为了获得较高的Ｌ－异亮氨酸积累量，培养基中葡萄糖质量浓度为１４０ｇ／Ｌ，硫酸铵用量为４０ｇ／Ｌ时较为适宜；以适当的摇瓶装液量改善通风状况可明显提高产酸率。在适宜的发酵条件下，ＺＱ－４经摇瓶发酵培养３ｄ，Ｌ－异亮氨酸积累量可达２８～３０ｇ／Ｌ．     

发酵生产谷氨酰胺转胺酶的摇瓶条件

在摇瓶条件下， 以淀粉为碳源，蛋白胨及酵母膏为氮源，对Ｓｔｒｅｐｔｏｖｅｒｔｉｃｉｌｌｉｕｍｍ ｏｂａｒａｅｎｓｅ生产谷氨酰胺转胺酶（ＭＴＧ）的摇瓶发酵条件进行了探索．研究结果表明，发酵法生产谷氨酰转胺酶的适宜初始ｐＨ 值、淀粉质量浓度、接种量分别为６．１，２ ｇ／ｄＬ，１０％ ；ＭＴＧ酶活最高可达１．８３ ｕｍ ｏｌ／（ｍ ｉｎ·ｍ Ｌ）．初始加入硫酸铵对菌体生长影响不大，但对ＭＴＧ 的合成却产生抑制作用；初始加入纯氨基酸及胱氨酸母液不利于ＭＴＧ 酶活的提高．     

胆固醇氧化酶发酵研究

对从土壤中筛选到的菌株ＤＧＣ－００７进行ＵＶ诱变,选育到菌株ＤＧＣ－０４８．对影响突变株产酶的条件进行了优化,初步确定了ＤＧＣ－０４８合适的产酶摇瓶培养基组成．在发酵温度为３０℃,培养基起始ｐＨ７．５～８．０的条件下,接种量１０％,发酵４８ｈ,产酶可达３５０μｍｏｌ／（ｍｉｎ·Ｌ）     

β-葡萄糖苷酶产生菌的选育

对β－葡萄糖苷酶活力为０．４９７μｍｏｌ／（ｓ·ｇ）的无花果曲霉１０１菌株进行Ｃｏ６０及ＵＶ和ＮＴＧ诱变，得到一株产酶提高１．７２倍的Ｌ２菌株；再经发酵培养基及培养条件，包括碳源、氮源、有机酸、表面活性剂、金属离子、产酶诱导剂、培养温度、水分、初始ｐＨ值、通风量、接种形式及接种量等的优化，以优化得到的最佳条件固态发酵６ｄ，产酶稳定在４．１７～４．６７μｍｏｌ／（ｓ·ｇ）．     

前体氨基酸和三磷酸腺苷对重组大肠杆菌生产谷胱甘肽的影响

在摇瓶培养中考察了谷胱甘肽的前体氨基酸及三磷酸腺苷对重组大肠杆菌生产谷胱甘肽的影响，发现两者均能显著促进胞内谷胱甘肽的积累。利用正交试验得出了谷胱甘肽产量最大的较优发酵条件组合∶初始ｐＨ６．７；酵母膏８ｇ／Ｌ；混合前体氨基酸５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ和三磷酸腺苷２．０ｇ／Ｌ，并进行了实验验证。初步考察了在重组大肠杆菌流加培养中连续流加前体氨基酸、三磷酸腺苷和氨苄青霉素的影响，发现胞内谷胱甘肽含量虽有所提高，但菌体生长却受到明显抑制。     

大剂量升压药抢救大出血一例报告

患者．男，６８岁，体重５８ｋｇ，因脑膜瘤入院。术前检查：血压１６／１０ｋＰａ，血红蛋白１５２ｇ／Ｌ；ＥＣＧ示窦性心律，心率８０次／分，Ｓ－Ｔ在Ⅱ、Ⅲ、ａｖＦ、Ｖ３～６导联中均下移；血清钾３．８ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、钠１２４．４ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、氯９５．６ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ；头颅ＣＴ示：大脑镰左侧脑膜瘤。麻醉经过术前肌注阿托品０．４ｍｇ，入室行ＥＣＧ及生命体征监测，血压２２／１２ｋＰａ、心率１００次／分。开放两条液路，安定１０ｍｇ、冬眠Ⅰ号２ｍｌ、２５％－ＯＨ１４．５ｍｌ、２．５％硫喷妥钠９ｍｌ分别分次静脉滴入，咽…     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.