美拉德反应产物抑制冷冻甘薯片的褐变

氨基酸与葡萄糖形成的美拉德反应产物（MRPs）对甘薯中的多酚氧化酶（PPO）以及冷冻甘薯片的褐变均具有一定的抑制作用.氨基酸与葡萄糖在不同的反应条件下（氨基酸的种类、pH值、反应时间以及氨基酸与葡萄糖之比）所形成的美拉德反应产物对甘薯中多酚氧化酶的抑制作用不同.其最佳的美拉德反应条件是反应pH值为3.0,L-半胱氨酸,氨基酸与葡萄糖的质量比为1：2,反应时间为5 h.     

病毒感染与新生儿肾损害的临床研究

目的：研究新生儿巨细胞病毒（CMV）,单纯疱疹病毒（HSV）,柯萨奇病毒（COXV）对肾脏影响。方法：用荧光定量聚合酶链反应（FQ－PCR）检测CMV,HSV,COXV,用尿N－乙酰β-D－氨基葡萄糖苷酶（NAG）,尿补体C3,α2巨球蛋白（α2－M）,尿分析,血尿素氨（BUN）,肌酐（Cr)指标检测肾功能,对76例病毒感染（感染组）,20例非病毒感染（对照组）进行比较分析。结果：感染组尿NAG酶显高于对照组（P＜0．01）,尿NAG酶变化与血基因拷贝数呈正相关（P＜0．01）,19例尿FQ－CMV－PCR阳性血基因拷贝数显高于阴性（P＜0．01）,前尿NAG酶显高于后（P＜0．01）,尿C3,α2－M,尿分析,血BUN,Cr两组对比无显差异（P＞0．05）,结论：新生儿病毒感染可引起肾损害,早期以肾小管功能损害为主,临床上应予重视。     

2型糖尿病患者微量白蛋白尿危险因素分析

目的：研究2型糖尿病微量白蛋白尿（MAU）的危险因素。方法：对47例2型糖尿病合并MAU的患者和56例2型糖尿病非合并MAU的患者的病程、年龄、血脂、血糖、血压、空腹胰岛素（FINS）和空腹C肽（F-CP）水平等因素进行分析比较，同时将微量白蛋白排泄率（UAER）与各指标进行相关分析和多元逐步回归分析。结果：2型糖尿病合并微量白蛋白尿组的、舒张压（DBP）、甘油三酯（TG）、载脂蛋白B(APOB)显著高于非合并微量白蛋白尿组，而高密度脂蛋白（HDL-C）则明显低于后者；UAER与年龄、病程、血压、空腹C肽（F-CP）、糖化血红蛋白（HbAlC）、TG、低密度脂蛋白（LDL-C）、APOB呈正相关，与HDL-C呈负相关；经多元逐步回归分析后得出：UAER与HbAlC、F-CP、TG、SBP、病程、APOB呈正相关，与HDL-C呈负相关。结论：2型糖尿病的病程长和以高TG、高APOB和低HDL为特征的脂代谢紊乱是糖尿病肾病的危险因素，高血压、HbAlC、高F-CP水平也是糖尿病的危险因子。     

精子琥珀酸脱氢酶与精子活率关系的研究

本文对２０例精子活率正常和２０例精子活率低下的男子进行了精子琥珀酸脱氢酶的研究。实验结果表明：琥珀酸脱氢酶位于精子尾部中段、其着色面积大小不一。精子活率正常组，琥珀酸脱氢酶着色面积为２９７．６９±４３．２６μｍ２／１００个精子；精子活率低下组为１６５．４４±６８．１２μｍ２／１００个精子，两组有极显著性差异（ｐ＜０．０００１）。相关分析表明，琥珀酸脱氢酶的活力与精子活率呈正相关（ｒ＝０．８１３），本文认为，琥珀酸脱氢酶活力减弱可能是精子活率低的原因之一。     

青春发育期男孩尿液中睾酮及精子的检查

本文对１６４例１０～１４岁中小学生进行两年纵向随访，调查晨尿中出现精子（精尿）的阳性率（６１％），及连续６天精尿的阳性频数（１～４次）。又以放射免疫法测定同期晨尿中睾酮含量，结果其浓度与相同个体同日的血清睾酮浓度呈正相关（ｒ＝０．６，Ｐ＜０．０５）。１６４例的尿睾酮水平随年龄而升高，呈显著性差异。精尿阳性与精尿阴性的标本，尿睾酮亦以前者显著高于后者。连续６日晨尿中阳性精尿频数与其尿睾酮水平比较，则以高频数（３～４次）者大于低频数者（１～２次）。     

尿视黄醇结合蛋白与糖尿病肾病

为了探讨尿视黄醇结合蛋白（ＲＢＰ）与糖尿病肾病的关系。方法用酶联免疫法测定了８７例非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病（ＮＩＤＤＭ）患者的尿ＲＢＰ，同时测定尿Ｎ乙酰βＤ氨基葡萄糖苷酶（ＮＡＧ）、β２微球蛋白（β２ｍ）。结果糖尿病患者尿ＲＢＰ均较正常对照组增高，尿ＲＢＰ与尿Ａｌｂ、尿ＮＡＧ和β２ｍ呈正相关。结论在糖尿病早期阶段，肾小管功能会受到损害，尿ＲＢＰ可作为诊断早期糖尿病肾病的敏感指标。     

内脏脂肪素与糖尿病肾脏病hsCRP及UAER的关系

目的探讨血清内脏脂肪素（visfatin）与糖尿病肾脏病患者高敏C反应蛋白（hsCRP）及尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）的关系。方法将90例2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者分为单纯T2DM组（A组）46例,糖尿病肾脏病（DKD）组（B组）44例;另设50例健康体检者为正常对照组（C组）。测定身高、体重、腰围（WC）、血压（BP）,计算体重指数（BMI）。检测3组血清visfatin、hsCRP及血糖、血脂、肾功能等各项生化指标。血清visfatin与hsCRP、UAER行相关性分析。结果A、B组血清visfatin水平和hsCRP均明显高于C组（P〈0．01）。B组中血清visfatin水平和hsCRP均明显高于A组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。相关性分析中,B组血清visfatin水平与UAER呈正相关（r=0．479,P〈0．01）,与hsCRP亦呈正相关（r=0.376,P〈0．05）。结论血清visfatin与DKD的炎症状态以及尿白蛋白排泄有关,可能在其发病机制中发挥一定作用。     

乳腺癌淋巴管生成与血管内皮生长因子-C、环氧化酶-2表达的关系

目的探讨血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）-C、环氧化酶（COX）-2在乳腺癌组织中的相互表达关系及与淋巴管生成和预后的关系。方法应用免疫组织化学法检测70例乳腺癌组织COX-2与VEGF-C蛋白的表达，并用淋巴管内皮细胞特异性抗体D2-40标记淋巴管，计数肿瘤淋巴管密度（LVD），结合临床病理特征和随访资料进行分析。结果（1）乳腺癌组织COX-2、VEGF-C高表达率分别为65．7％（46／70）和42．8％（30／70）。COX-2与VEGF-C蛋白表达之间存在显著相关（r=0．529，P〈0．01）。（2）COX-2蛋白的高表达与淋巴结转移、LVD和淋巴管浸润呈正相关（P〈0．05），与雌激素受体状态、无病生存率和总生存率呈负相关（P〈0．05）。VEGF-C蛋白的高表达与淋巴结转移、LVD、淋巴管浸润呈正相关（P〈0．05），与组织学分化、无病生存率和总生存率呈负相关（P〈0．05）。结论COX-2可能通过上调VEGF-C表达来促进乳腺癌淋巴管生成，从而导致淋巴结转移的发生。COX-2和VEGF-C的高表达提示乳腺癌患者容易出现淋巴结转移和预后不良。     

尿微量白蛋白检测在Ⅱ型糖尿病治疗中的应用

目的观察Ⅱ型糖尿病患者在治疗前后尿微量白蛋白（mAlb）的变化,探究其与糖尿病治疗疗效的相关性。方法选取一批尿mAlb适度偏高（20～150mg/L）的患者,在系统治疗前和治疗3～4个月后,同时作尿mAlb与糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）检测。选取尿mAlb明显降低者共96例,分析比较前后两组数据,探究其相关性。结果治疗前后比较,尿mAlb明显降低的患者组,mAlb与HbAlc结果均显著性降低（呈正相关）,P〈0.05。结论尿mAlb能有效的反应治疗效果,在预防控制糖尿病肾病变中是直观的实验室指标之一。     

短肠综合征患者血清瓜氨酸水平与小肠吸收面积和功能的相关性

目的研究短肠综合征患者血清瓜氨酸水平的变化及其与肠道面积及吸收功能的相关性。方法采用高效液相色谱法测定22例短肠患者（短肠组）和33例健康人（对照组）血清瓜氨酸水平。短肠患者残存小肠长度及直径采用X线造影检测，并测定短肠患者尿D-木糖排泄率和肠道蛋白吸收度。分析短肠患者血清瓜氨酸与残存小肠长度、面积、蛋白及D-木糖吸收的相关性。6例行肠康复治疗的患者测定康复治疗前后瓜氨酸、D-木糖及蛋白吸收水平的变化。结果短肠组血清瓜氨酸水平显著低于健康对照组[（5．94±2．65）比（16．87±5．97）μmol／L，P〈0．01]。短肠组患者血清瓜氨酸水平与残存小肠长度（r=0.82）及表面积（r=0.86）呈正相关，与尿D-木糖排泄（r=0.56）及肠道蛋白吸收（r=0.48）也呈正相关。6例行肠康复治疗的患者治疗后血清瓜氨酸水平、蛋白及D-木糖吸收均显著增加，但3者增加百分比之间并无相关。结论血清瓜氨酸水平与短肠患者的小肠吸收面积和吸收功能呈正相关，能反映短肠患者小肠功能和衰竭程度，是康复疗效的良好指标。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Immunomodulation in Transplantation with Photopheresis

Abstract: Photopheresis is a technique in which peripheral blood mononuclear cells, in the presence of a photoacti-vatable compound, are exposed extracorporeally to ultraviolet A light and reinfused, inducing a host autoregula-tory immune response. Experimental work and ongoing clinical studies are helping to define the role of this novel, safe, and non-toxic immunomodulating technology in the field of transplantation.