Preparing the health professional for community health.

An assessment is made of an initial experience of undergraduate and postgraduate preparation increasingly directed to priority areas in community health. It is measured against set objectives, interrelated factors and a WHO viewpoint of target areas.     

男性婚前保健人群生殖健康现状调查

目的探索男性婚前保健人群生殖健康现状,为提供优质婚前保健服务作参考。方法采用横断面调查,对2011年8月至12月间到即墨和黄岛婚前保健中心进行婚检的初婚男性1,680人进行了自填式问卷调查。结果共回收合格问卷1,589份,平均年龄为(26.33±3.18)岁。生殖健康综合知识得分为(57.30±20.12)分,多因素分析显示地区(OR=0.559)和学历(OR=1.429)与知识得分有关。首次性行为年龄的中位数为22岁,90.97%的首次性行为对象为当时的性伴侣。69.73%的报告在最近的一次性行为中采取了避孕措施,55.04%的报告在过去的6个月中不能够做到一直坚持使用避孕措施,各种避孕措施中避孕套的使用比例最高。34.21%的报告曾使女伴意外妊娠。结论婚前保健男性的生殖健康相关知识水平不高,避孕措施的使用程度处于中等水平,而曾经致使女伴意外妊娠的比例非常高。     

Addressing equitable health of vulnerable groups in international health documents

To reach equity, health policies need to incorporate particular strategies to reach the most vulnerable groups (VGs). International policies and strategies for health are important to frame and facilitate reaching this goal in low-income countries. In order to gain a better understanding of how current international policies address equity in health services for VGs, EquiFrame was developed as an analytical framework. Based on a comprehensive development and validation process, EquiFrame comprises 21 core concepts (CCs), 12 VGs, and a qualitative scoring system. Ten international health policies were selected for analyses. The analyses showed that the international health policies included did mention many of the VGs, with the more general and systems oriented terms being the most frequent. The link between CCs and the VGs was low across the policy documents, and the overall quality of the documents, using the EquiFrame scoring system, was low. Lack of specificity regarding CCs of human rights and limited inclusion of VGs in international health policy documents is problematic and may reduce possibilities for up-scaling and implementing health services in low-income countries that can promote health for all, and particularly the most VGs. EquiFrame offers a tool for evaluating health policies, benchmarking and identifying best practice, and for revising and developing more inclusive policies that can address the challenge of achieving the health-related MDGs and health for all.     

Agenda for women's health research. Improving women's musculoskeletal health

Increased attention and resources focused on women's health during the past decade have resulted in new offices, policies, and programs of the Federal government. The Office of Research on Women's Health, established by the National Institutes of Health in 1990, is a focal point for all National Institutes of Health-supported efforts to improve women's health through biomedical and behavioral research. The Office of Research on Women's Health ensures women's appropriate inclusion in research studies supported by the National Institutes of Health. Through the development of a comprehensive agenda for research on women's health, the Office of Research on Women's Health encourages the consideration of gender issues and gender differences in health and disease in research sponsored by the National Institutes of Health. The importance of research to study and improve women's musculoskeletal health has become increasingly recognized. Clinicians, researchers, and representatives of professional and advocacy organizations concerned with women's musculoskeletal health participated in the development of the initial research agenda on women's health in 1991 and participated in the meetings to update and revise the agenda in 1996 and 1997. As a result of meetings convened to review and revise the agenda on women's health for the twenty-first century, many recommendations for additional research on women's musculoskeletal health have been developed and now are being implemented across the National Institutes of Health.     

妊娠期妇女的健康信念与健康行为调查

目的了解妊娠期妇女的健康信念水平与健康行为,为制定有针对性的干预措施提供参考。方法采用以"健康信念模式"为基础自行设计的调查问卷及孕期身体活动问卷对江门市612名孕妇进行调查,分析其运动状况及健康信念水平。结果妊娠妇女健康信念总分为(70.66±8.46)分,条目均分(3.53±0.42)分,其中感知到的易感性和自我效能水平最高,分别为(4.02±0.78)分、(4.10±0.70)分,感知到的严重性和行为效益认知分别为(3.81±0.68)分、(3.83±0.60)分,感知到的行为障碍认知得分(3.12±0.59)分。运动量达标组健康信念总分、易感性认知、行为障碍认知及自我效能得分显著高于未达标组(均P0.05)。结论妊娠期妇女的健康信念处于中上水平,运动量越大的孕妇健康信念水平越高。围生保健工作者应围绕妊娠期妇女的健康信念水平加强教育和指导,并设计可行的干预方案以促进和提高妇女妊娠期间的运动水平。     

Stress and health dysfunctions: The importance of health education

Stress, especially of a chronic nature, poses problems for the health of people in contemporary societies. In consequence, there is an increasing need for emphasis on health education as a means of controlling and reducing stress in everyday life. To accomplish this, the importance of predisposing and mediating factors must be considered and a number of stress intervention programs are possible. Amongst these are various means to modify life style and knowledge of various social and environmental factors can contribute to this. As complete avoidance from stress is not possible, the public and particularly the high at-risk segment of the population, should have the means to obtain education concerning stress and health dysfunctions.