儿童B族链球菌脑膜炎研究进展

B族链球菌(group B streptococcus,GBS),又称无乳链球菌,是一种可定植在健康人体中的革兰阳性条件致病球菌。GBS为3月龄以内婴儿细菌性脑膜炎的常见病原菌。GBS血清型Ⅲ及序列型ST 17最常见,毒力强,且血清型Ⅲ和ST 17之间存在明显相关性,对红霉素高度耐药。青霉素或氨苄西林为国内一线用药。GBS脑膜炎患儿预后不良风险高。新生儿存在GBS侵袭的特定高危因素时可给予产时抗生素预防,可降低GBS早发型发病率,但并没有显著降低早发型病死率及晚发型发病率。     

新生儿化脓性脑膜炎的临床特点与早期诊断

目的探讨新生儿化脓性脑膜炎的临床特点与早期诊断方法。方法选择2010年3月-2011年12月就诊于本院新生儿科疑似化脓性脑膜炎患儿100例,均于本院应用抗生素前行腰椎穿刺术,留取脑脊液(CSF)标本行常规、生化检测及培养,同时留取CSF 1 mL行PCR检测16 S rRNA。结果临床诊断为化脓性脑膜炎者40例,其中发热36例(90%),惊厥29例(72.5%),呼吸暂停5例(12.5%),前囟饱满23例(57.5%)。临床诊断为化脓性脑膜炎40例患儿,其CSF PCR检测均为阳性。CSF培养阳性5例,该5例CSF参数异常,PCR检测均呈阳性。PCR检测16 S rRNA阳性58例,PCR阳性率明显高于CSF培养、CSF参数(χ2=65.09,P=0.00;χ2=6.48,P=0.01)。结论新生儿化脓性脑膜炎临床特点不典型,CSF检查存在一定局限性,CSF培养阳性率低,结合PCR检测能提高阳性率。     

脑室腹膜分流术治疗小儿结核性脑膜炎脑积水

目的总结小儿结核性脑膜炎后脑积水（TBMH）行脑室腹膜分流术（VPS）的效果，分析其影响因素，探讨VPS的适应证和时机。方法总结我院经VPS治疗小儿TBMH病例56例，部分病例VPS手术前行脑室外引流（EVD）。结果手术后GOS分级，效果较好（恢复良好和中度致残）33例，占58．9％；效果较差（重度致残、植物生存和死亡）23例，占41．1％。手术后COS与手术前GCS分级、TBM分级、手术前抗结核治疗时间等有关，而与患儿的年龄、手术前是否有癫痫发作、脑积水的类型和程度、手术前CSF细胞计数和蛋白含量等无关。发生非感染性堵管4例，分流管感染2例，腹部伤口感染1例，腹部CSF囊肿1例。结论VPS治疗TBMH可以取得较好的效果，手术前GCS和TBM分级是影响TBMH患儿行VPS治疗预后最重要的因素。     

儿童化脓性脑膜炎并发症的 CT 诊断

本文报告15例化脓性脑膜炎并发症的CT 诊断,其中并发硬膜下积液6例,脑脓肿7例,既有硬膜下积液又有脑脓肿2例。15例中脑室系统扩大9例(60%),脑室受压4例。CT 检查易于显示脓肿的部位、大小、数目、形状和硬膜下积液的部位,且有助于治疗方案的选择。大多数病例CT 表现典型,经抗生素和穿刺治疗,痊愈6例,好转7例,无变化1例,死亡1例。     

儿童肺炎链球菌所致化脓性脑膜炎12例临床分析

目的 探讨肺炎链球菌所致的小儿化脓性脑膜炎的临床特点.方法 对我院2007年1月至2011年10月收治的12例肺炎链球菌所致的化脓性脑膜炎患儿的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 12例均为青霉素耐药肺炎链球菌,年龄2个月～9岁9个月,其中5岁以下占75％ (9/12),2岁以下41.6％(5/12),临床表现均有发热,并伴有神经系统受累症状.12例患儿均有合并症,9例合并脓毒症(75％),8例合并肺炎(66.7％),其中5例同时合并脓毒症及肺炎.实验室检查外周血白细胞计数、C反应蛋白、降钙素原、红细胞沉降率及脑脊液白细胞计数、蛋白多明显增高,脑脊液糖下降明显.12例患儿中有11例患儿最终均使用万古霉素联合三、四代头孢或其他抗生素治疗,8例治愈,2例留有严重后遗症,2例死亡.结论 应重视肺炎链球菌所致的脑膜炎,对临床怀疑肺炎链球菌所致的化脓性脑膜炎,要尽早给予包括万古霉素在内的抗生素联合治疗.     

新生儿B族链球菌败血症33例临床分析

目的：探讨新生儿B族链球菌(group B streptococcus,GBS)败血症的临床特点。方法收集2011年3月至2014年10月泉州市儿童医院NICU收治的GBS败血症患儿的资料,回顾性分析GB S败血症患儿的围产因素、临床表现、实验室检查、治疗与转归。结果 GB S 败血症33例,占住院患儿的2.0‰(33/16448)。其中早发型败血症21例,均为足月儿,呼吸窘迫13例、气促11例、青紫10例。晚发型败血症12例,足月儿8例,早产儿4例,以高热为首发症状入院10例,6例合并化脓性脑膜炎。33例血GB S阳性标本均对万古霉素敏感,青霉素联合美罗培南治疗有效,其中18例治愈出院,临床好转后自动出院9例,死亡2例,放弃治疗死亡4例,总病死率18.2%。结论新生儿GB S败血症临床症状明显,早发型病例以呼吸系统症状为主,晚发型病例以高热为首发症状。母孕后期应常规筛查,重视新生儿早期临床表现,尽早行病原学检测,合理足疗程使用敏感抗生素治疗。     

侧脑室注射治疗婴儿化脓性脑膜炎并发脑室膜炎：附8例分析

婴儿化脓性脑膜炎自抗生素应用以来,病死率有所下降,但并发脑室膜炎者病死率仍较高。我科自1989～1991年共收治婴儿化脓性脑膜炎78例,其中并发脑室膜炎8例,采用脑室内联合注射抗生素和激素等综合治疗,取得较满意疗效,现报告如下。 临床资料 一、一般资料 男6例,女2例;年龄:1个月～1 1/2岁,<6个月6例。发病时间:6天～18天,平均     

新生儿无乳链球菌败血症合并脑膜炎12例临床分析

目的探讨无乳链球菌(GBS)败血症合并脑膜炎新生儿的临床表现、治疗及预后情况。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2015年5月收治的12例无乳链球菌脑膜炎新生儿的临床资料。结果 12例患儿中,男女各6例,均为足月儿,早发型4例、晚发型8例,顺产7例、剖宫产5例,母亲均无明显感染病史,亦未行常规GBS筛查。新生儿血降钙素原均升高。头颅磁共振(MRI)可见脑膜强化,5例硬膜下积液,3例脑实质受累。1例单用青霉素,1例应用美罗培南之后降阶梯单用青霉素效果良好,大部分患儿需联合用药。随访20~29个月,1例语言发育落后,2例运动发育落后,其余9例发育正常。结论新生儿无乳链球菌败血症合并脑膜炎病情危重,需及时应用敏感抗生素,必要时联合用药。建议完善产前筛查。     

2001年至2011年沈阳地区肺炎链球菌感染分布及耐药性变迁

目的 了解肺炎链球菌对青霉素等10种抗生素耐药性的动态变迁、感染病例的科室分布及耐药现状,为临床治疗肺炎链球菌感染提供参考依据.方法 采用法国生物梅里埃API鉴定系统、VITEK 2-COMPACT鉴定系统以及Optochin试验、胆汁溶解试验进行细菌鉴定;用K-B纸片扩散法联合浓度梯度法对青霉素、头孢噻肟等10种抗生素进行体外药敏试验,对2001年至2011年各年药敏结果进行分析.结果 11年来肺炎链球菌对临床常用抗生素的耐药率逐年上升,特别是青霉素的耐药率和不敏感率明显上升,已从2001年的8.3％上升至2011年的72.7％(脑膜炎86.4％,非脑膜炎59.0％);3代头孢菌素头孢噻肟的耐药率已占54.0％(脑膜炎64.0％,非脑膜炎44.0％);大环内酯类抗菌药物的耐药率为100％;未检测到万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药菌株.结论 青霉素不敏感的肺炎链球菌已占很高的比例,肺炎链球菌青霉素、头孢菌素、大环内酯类抗菌药物耐药情况严重.临床在治疗肺炎链球菌引起的重症感染病例中应首选万古霉素和利奈唑胺或根据分离菌体外药敏结果选择合适的抗菌药物.     

基于8篇病例系列报告和10篇病例报告的儿童新型冠状病毒肺炎流行病学、临床特征和出院结局的系统综述

目的总结儿童严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2 (SARS-CoV-2)感染病例的流行病学、临床特征和出院结局,为指导SARS-CoV-2感染的防治提供证据。方法纳入确诊的新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）年龄1个月至18岁儿童病例。排除SARS-CoV-2核酸检测试剂、分子诊断等文献,成人文献中无法单独提取儿科数据的文献。在PubMed、CBM和中国知网数据库检索,并在WHO COVID-19文献数据库和纳入文献的参考文献中进行补充检索,检索起止时间：2000年1月1日至2020年3月11日。由感染传染专业副主任医师提取文献数据并行文献偏倚风险评价,临床实践指南制作和评价专业人员行文献偏倚风险评价培训和审核。结果共18篇文献进入系统评价,中、英文文献分别为13篇和5篇,病例报告10篇,3/8篇病例系列报告为可接受偏倚风险。127例儿童COVID-19均为SARS-CoV-2核酸检测阳性,年龄1 d至 17岁,男性66例（52%）。有湖北疫区的居留史、或旅游史、或与湖北人士接触史占58%（74/127）,家庭聚集性病例占75%（79/105）。9/11篇文献描述确诊时间1~3 d。72例有发热和具体体温值,37.3~39℃ 43例,＞39℃ 6例。7/10篇文献描述热程为1 d。11篇文献中描述有咳嗽症状（47例）;6篇文献描述有鼻塞/流涕/喷嚏症状（14例）,4篇文献中描述了腹泻、呕吐症状（10例）,其中4例为首发症状,包括1例危重症;7篇文献中有26例无明显症状（20%,26/127）,其中有15例影像学提示肺炎。16篇文献（105例）报告了血常规,WBC （3.2~16.71）×109·L-1,淋巴细胞绝对值减少2例;17篇文献（126例）行影像学检查,11例胸部X线检查4例表现为单侧炎性渗出,115例进行了胸部CT检查：有和无肺炎征象分别为80例（70%）和35例。80例CT有肺炎征象的患儿中,磨玻璃影57例（71%）,小结节/实变影（可与磨玻璃影共存）42例（52%）,网格影4例,类支气管肺炎改变3例。轻型47例,普通型78例,危重型2例。73例（57%）行抗病毒治疗,包括干扰素、帕拉米韦/奥司他韦、利巴韦林、克力芝（洛匹那韦/利托那韦）、阿比多尔、达芦那韦/考比司他等, 11例应用了中成药,3例未接受任何治疗。46例出院或鼻咽拭子SARS-CoV-2核酸转阴时间5~22 d。最长观察到30 d粪便SARS-CoV-2核酸检测仍然阳性。结论儿童COVID-19病例以家庭聚集性发病多见;多为轻型和普通型病例,热程短,呼吸道症状轻微,出现症状至确诊时间短,预后良好。     

激活素A在细菌性脑膜炎新生儿脑脊液中的变化及其对预后评估的价值

目的研究新生儿细菌性脑膜炎(BM)脑脊液(CSF)中激活素A(ACT A)水平的变化及其对预后判断的意义。方法对2010年3月-2011年6月在本院新生儿病房住院的48例确诊BM患儿,进行3～18个月的随访及回顾性分析,分为有并发症和后遗症组(A组)和无并发症和后遗症组(B组)。另收集同期住院的非颅内疾病患儿作为对照组(C组)。应用ELISA法动态监测3组患儿CSF中ACT A水平。结果 A组患儿急性期CSF中ACT A水平为(544.39±149.62)ng·L-1,B组CSF中ACT A水平为(480.82±128.24)ng·L-1,二组间差异无统计学意义,但2组均高于C组[(181.06±45.20)ng·L-1](Pa<0.01)。治疗1周,A组CSF中ACT A水平为(315.84±86.35)ng·L-1、B组为(338.25±99.43)ng·L-1,2组较治疗前显著下降(Pa<0.05),但2组间差异无统计学意义(P=0.432)。治疗2周,A组CSF中ACT A水平为(188.19±43.38)ng·L-1,B组为(203.86±50.73)ng·L-1,2组差异无统计学意义(P=0.281)。治疗3周,A组CSF中ACT A水平为(107.65±17.65)ng·L-1,B组为(169.36±28.90)ng·L-1,A组明显低于B组(P=0.000)。治疗4周,A组CSF中ACT A水平为(98.54±28.54)ng·L-1,B组为(181.84±35.01)ng·L-1,A组显著低于B组(P=0.000)。结论 ACT A参与新生儿BM的发病过程,动态检测CSF中ACT A水平,对评估新生儿BM的预后,可能具有重要价值。     

Neonatal Staphylococcus epidermidis meningitis with unremarkable CSF examination results

We identified 10 infants (mean +/- SD birth weight, 1000 +/- 500 g; gestation, 29 +/- 3 weeks; postnatal age, 24 +/- 19 days) who had Staphylococcus epidermidis meningitis despite unremarkable cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) blood cell counts and glucose and protein levels. Staphylococcus epidermidis meningitis was diagnosed if all the following criteria were satisfied: (1) a CSF culture positive for S epidermidis within 48 hours, (2) a blood culture positive for S epidermidis with antibiotic sensitivities identical to those of the CSF isolate, and (3) clinical symptomatology. Lumbar puncture yielded white blood cell counts lower than 10 x 10(6)/L in 8 infants. Two subjects had CSF white blood cell counts of 11 x 10(6)/L and 14 x 10(6)/L. Cerebrospinal fluid glucose (2.8 +/- 0.9 mmol/L) and protein (1.15 +/- 0.32 g/L) concentrations were also unremarkable. Infants were treated with parenteral antibiotics for 19 +/- 5 days. There was no mortality or short-term morbidity. Staphylococcus epidermidis is a recognized cause of nosocomial meningitis in low-birth-weight infants and frequently occurs without CSF abnormalities.     

Cellulitis in childhood invasive pneumococcal disease: a population-based study

AIM: There are few detailed data on the age-specific incidence and clinical pattern of pneumococcal cellulitis in children. We conducted a retrospective review of cellulitis as a subset of prospectively collected laboratory-identified invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) and performed a systematic review of published literature. METHODS: Prospective laboratory surveillance in urban regions of New South Wales, Australia, 1 June 1997-31 December 2001. Medical notes reviewed for each identified case and defined literature search strategy applied. RESULTS: There were 1067 cases of IPD in children aged 0-17 years; 38 (3.3%) were cellulitis (32 periorbital, 6 buccal). Compared with other types of IPD, a greater proportion of cellulitis cases occur in children<2 years (30/38, 79% vs. 617/1029, 60.0%; P=0.004) in whom underlying illness was less common (0/30, 0% vs. 53/590, 9%; P=0.06). Initially, another diagnosis was made in 13 (34%) of cases; only five had a lumbar puncture, all normal. Of the 239 cases of pneumococcal cellulitis documented in the literature, 28 (11.7%) had the diagnosis made by means other than positive blood culture and 95% were facial or orbital with underlying illness (6%) and associated meningitis (1.9%) uncommon. CONCLUSION: Cellulitis is an uncommon focus in IPD in children, and is almost always facial. Most cases occur under 2 years of age, are seldom associated with meningitis or other complications, and are frequently not recognised on admission.     

Comparison of cerebrospinal fluid in newborns and in infants ≤2 months old with or without meningitis

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the characteristics and accuracy of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) parameters for neonatal meningitis, by comparing CSF data in newborns and in infants ≤2 months of age, with or without meningitis. Methods: This case–control study was performed on 120 newborns and infants ≤2 months old. 60 patients with meningitis were considered as the case group and 60 ill patients without meningitis were defined as the control group. Each of the two groups was divided into 0–1 months and 1–2 months old. CSF characteristics were compared in newborns in the case and control groups; in infants ≤2 months old in the case and control groups; and in healthy newborns and healthy infants ≤2 months old. Results: The mortality rate was 16.7% in the case group. The differences of CSF parameters in the case and control groups were mostly not significant, except for CSF glucose only in term newborns <7 days old (P= 0.04), and white cell count (WBC) only in 0–7‐day‐old term and preterm neonates (P= 0.04 and P= 0.01, respectively). Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) level in the case group was significantly higher than in the control group (P= 0.02). CSF characteristics in healthy newborns were nearly the same as in healthy infants ≤2 months old. Prevalence of positive CSF culture was 31.7% in the case group. The most common pathogen was Neisseria meningitidis in the two age groups. The concomitant positive blood culture in the case group was 26.3%. Conclusion: In the case of meningitis with negative CSF culture and Gram stain, diagnosis can be made on CSF parameters, clinical and laboratory findings and suspicion of meningitis. Therefore, a clinical prediction rule to classify risk for bacterial meningitis on evaluation of CSF parameters in any region should be established. More regional trials are needed to enhance the probability of diagnosis according to CSF parameters.     

Absent or minimal cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities in Haemophilus influenzae meningitis

A case of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) meningitis in which the diagnosis and treatment were delayed because of normal cerebrospinal fluid analysis is presented. A retrospective review was conducted at two children's hospitals to determine the frequency and clinical characteristics of patients with Hib meningitis whose spinal fluid had a normal total white blood cell count, normal chemistries, and negative Gram stain, but subsequent growth of Hib in culture. Of 379 cases of Hib meningitis, two had completely normal CSF, and two had CSF containing small numbers of polymorphonuclear cells as the sole abnormality. In three of the four cases, the duration of symptoms was less than 24 hours, and appropriate therapy was significantly delayed because of benign-appearing CSF. Normal CSF cell counts, chemistries, and Gram stain do not exclude the possibility of bacterial meningitis, and one should remain suspicious when a child has clinical findings suggesting meningitis.     

早产儿真菌性脑膜炎的临床及随访分析

目的 分析早产儿真菌性脑膜炎的临床特点及随访情况,为合理诊治及随访提供依据.方法 选择2008年9月至2012年8月我院早产新生儿病房收治的真菌性脑膜炎早产儿临床资料进行回顾性分析,总结患儿一般资料、临床表现、辅助检查、治疗、转归和随访情况.结果 研究期间共收治7例真菌性脑膜炎早产儿,患儿胎龄均＜32周,其中极低出生体重儿4例.7例患儿感染前全部应用胃肠外营养,接受了三代以上头孢类抗生素治疗.诊断日龄9 ～ 30天,表现为呼吸暂停、发热、惊厥、反应低下.6例有血常规改变,4例C反应蛋白明显升高,5例血培养为白色念珠菌,对氟康唑及两性霉素B均敏感,2例为白色念珠菌生物变种,仅对两性霉素B敏感,脑脊液检查均有白细胞数和总蛋白的增高,2例脑脊液培养阳性,5例患儿有明显颅内影像学改变.5例给予氟康唑治疗,2例给予两性霉素B治疗,疗程21～50天,5例治愈出院,1例好转出院,1例放弃治疗.治疗过程中未见严重药物不良反应.7例患儿除1例放弃治疗外,余均随访,4例患儿神经发育情况基本正常,头颅影像学正常;其余2例神经发育严重落后的患儿,均于起病2周左右头颅影像学证实形成了脑软化灶或液化区.结论 早产儿真菌性脑膜炎多见于胎龄＜32周的早产儿,以白色念珠菌感染多见,呼吸暂停为早期主要临床表现,可能与长期接受胃肠外营养和应用广谱抗生素等因素有关,头颅B超是经济有效的检查方法,颅内形成软化灶或液化区可能提示其预后不佳.     

Streptococcus bovis Infection in young Infants

BACKGROUND: Sporadic cases of invasive Streptococcus bovis disease have been reported in young infants. However, little is known about the clinical manifestations or the conditions that predispose to S. bovis infection in this population. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this case series and review of the literature was to describe cases of S. bovis infection treated at 2 children's hospitals and compare patients evaluated at our institutions with those reported in the literature. RESULTS: Seven infants with S. bovis infection were treated at our institutions; 4 of the patients had S. bovis meningitis and 3 of these also had S. bovis bacteremia. Five of the patients had signs of gastrointestinal disturbance at presentation. None of the 7 patients died. Twenty-three patients with S. bovis infection reported in the literature had meningitis with concurrent bacteremia (n = 9), bacteremia alone (n = 9), meningitis alone (n = 4), and pneumonia with overwhelming sepsis (n = 1). Six (26%) of the patients reported in the literature died as a consequence of S. bovis infection. The difference in median age between our patients (14 days; range, 1-43 days) and those reported in the literature (3 days; range, 1-60 days) was not statistically significant (P = 0.49). Abdominal distention was more commonly noted among patients in our series (71%) than among patients reported in the literature (10%; odds ratio = 21.3; 95% confidence interval = 1.7-319.0). CONCLUSIONS: Bacteremia and meningitis were the most common manifestations. Gastrointestinal disturbance was common among patients in our series. The mortality rate from S. bovis infection appears to be lower than suggested by previous reports.     

Cost analysis of enteroviral polymerase chain reaction in infants with fever and cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis

BACKGROUND: Infants with fever and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis are routinely admitted to the hospital for parenteral antibiotic therapy for potential bacterial meningitis pending results of CSF culture. Published estimates suggest that 90% of all episodes of meningitis are caused by enterovirus. Enteroviral polymerase chain reaction (ePCR) has a sensitivity of 92% to 100% and a specificity of 97% to 100% in CSF. OBJECTIVE: To compare a management strategy using ePCR with current practice to determine potential savings by allowing earlier discharge. METHODS: Decision analysis comparing 2 strategies for the care of a retrospective cohort of infants with fever and CSF pleocytosis: standard practice vs ePCR testing of all CSF samples. Model assumptions include the following: (1) standard practice patients continue parenteral antibiotic therapy until CSF cultures are negative at 48 hours, (2) patients with positive ePCR results would be discharged after 24 hours, (3) patients with positive ePCR results have a negative CSF culture, and (4) costs are calculated from actual patient charges with a cost-to-charge ratio of 0.65. SUBJECTS: All infants aged 28 days to 12 months admitted to an urban teaching hospital with fever, CSF pleocytosis, and a negative CSF Gram stain from January 1996 through December 1997. OUTCOME MEASURE: Total cost of hospitalization. RESULTS: A total of 126 infants were identified. One hundred twelve (89%) were discharged with a diagnosis of aseptic meningitis; 72% of these cases occurred during the peak enterovirus season (June to October). Three of 3 patients with positive CSF cultures had bacterial growth within 24 hours of admission. Mean length of stay for patients with aseptic meningitis was 2.3 days (SD, +/-1.4 days). Total cost of hospital care for all 126 infants was $381,145. In our patient population, total patient costs would be reduced by the ePCR strategy if enterovirus accounts for more than 5. 9% of all meningitis cases. Varying the sensitivity of the ePCR assay from 100% to 90% changes the "break-even" prevalence from 5.8% to 6.5%. Total cost savings of 10%, 20%, and 30% would occur at an enteroviral meningitis prevalence of 36.3%, 66.7%, and 97.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Enteroviral PCR analysis of CSF for infants admitted to the hospital with meningitis can result in cost savings when the prevalence of enteroviral meningitis exceeds 5.9%. Limiting use of ePCR to the enterovirus season would increase cost savings. A prospective study is needed to validate these results. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2000;154:817-821     

更昔洛韦治疗111例婴儿巨细胞病毒感染不良反应分析

目的 了解更昔洛韦(GCV)治疗巨细胞病毒（CMV）感染婴儿时的安全性。 方法 收集2011年1月至2014年2月重庆医科大学附属儿童医院出院诊断CMV感染、住院期间有GCV治疗指征且规范使用GCV治疗3个疗程的患儿,界定GCV的不良反应,回顾性采集病史,分析不良反应的发生情况。 结果 符合本文纳入和剔除标准的111份病历进入本文分析,男70例,女41例,平均年龄2个月29 d。在完成GCV规范治疗后均临床好转。60例诊断CMV肝炎,38例诊断CMV肝炎伴听力损害,10例诊断CMV感染并发听力损害,2例诊断CMV脑炎,1例诊断CMV感染并发间质性肺炎、听力损害。GCV用药前血常规（1例）、肝功能（2例）、DB（4例）和肾功能（14例）数据缺失者,用药后除2例（1例用药后ALT 270 U·L－１、1例用药后直接胆红素 35.3 μmol·L－１）外均在正常范围; GCV用药前2例PLT减少症和5例肾功能异常者用药后均在正常范围。111例婴儿用药后发生21例ANC减少症,完成当次疗程后1周随访,其中15例患儿ANC恢复正常,其余6例患儿ANC减少症发生在第3疗程未获得后续随访数据;15例贫血,完成当次疗程后1周随访,其中13例Hb上升,1例Hb降低,1例贫血发生在第3疗程未获得后续随访数据;27例GCV所致肝功能损害的患儿中,除3例ALT、AST上升发生在第3疗程无法获得后续随访数据外,其余患儿ALT和AST值均有所下降。用药后部分患儿ALT［49.6%（54/109）］、AST［37.6%（41/109）］和直接胆红素［18.7%(20/107）］一过性升高;18例出现以皮疹为表现的过敏反应;未发现WBC减少和PLT减少等不良反应,用药过程中肾功能均在正常范围,未记载神经系统和胃肠道不良反应。用药前以ANC 2.00×109·L－１ 为界值,用药后ANC减少症发生率（11/30 vs 10/80, χ2=10.17,R=0.291,P=0.001）差异有统计学意义; 以Hb 100 g·L－１ 为界值,用药后贫血发生率（11/52 vs 4/58, χ2=4.73,R=0.207,P=0.030）差异有统计学意义。 结论 GCV在治疗婴儿CMV感染时可引起骨髓抑制、肝功能损害和皮疹等不良反应,多发生在诱导治疗期间,程度较轻且可逆。     

Childhood bacterial meningitis in Pondicherry, South India

Objective: To identify causative bacteria from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of children with miningits and analyse various clinical and laboratory parameters.Methods: Over a 20 month period, September 1994 to April 1996, one hundred episodes of acute bacterial meningitis in children aged 1 month–12 years were studied in a tertiary urban hospital in South India. Organisms were isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 35% of cases. Among infants and children, the two major pathogens wereH. influenzae (17%) andS.pneumoniae (12%).Results: The illness at presentation was mild in 13% and severe in 36% of cases. The association of subdural effusion in children with Salmonella Gp B meningitis merits attention. The overall case fatality rate was 25%.S.pneumoniae had a higher case fatality rate than Salmonella Gp B andH.influenzae (50% vs 17% vs 12%). All the three infants below 3 months of age withS.pneumoniae meningitis died. On analysis of selected clinical and laboratory features by discriminant analysis, CSF culture was the significant (P=0.02) variable in relation to outcome. In pneumococcal meningitis, CSF WBC count was a highly significant variable in relation to outcome (Wilk’s Lambda 0.15, F=24.64, P=0.0002).Conclusion: Prevention of infections due toH.influenzae andS.pneumoniae should be given higher priority.