两种颌后入路治疗下颌骨髁突骨折方法的研究

目的:探讨两种颌后入路治疗下颌骨髁突颈骨折的治疗方法及效果。方法:64例成人下颌骨中低位髁突颈骨折患者,随机分为A、B两组,经颌后入路,分别采用腮腺前缘入路及横断腮腺入路,解剖复位髁突骨折行坚强内固定术。结果:64例患者均取得良好解剖复位,咬合关系恢复良好,无关节强直出现。A组2例出现面神经麻痹。B组2例出现涎瘘,4例出现面神经麻痹症状。结论:颌后入路可有效治疗髁突骨折,且腮腺前缘入路较横断腮腺入路减少了手术并发症的发生。     

不同类型下颌骨髁突骨折的外科手术治疗探讨

目的分析不同类型下颌骨髁突骨折的手术入路、复位固定方法、疗效及并发症,为外科手术治疗髁突骨折提供参考。方法收集近3年完成的下颌骨髁突骨折切开复位内固定患者的临床资料及随访资料,根据不同骨折类型分别选择耳屏前/内、耳下颌后或口内切口入路,高位骨折采用长螺钉固定,中位和低位骨折选择小型钛板固定,对骨折类型,手术入路,复位固定方式,术后愈合、开口功能恢复及相关并发症进行相关分析。结果 146例共57侧髁突骨折手术后均未出现钛板/螺钉松动及frey's综合征;面神经受损征7例,均为高位和中位骨折治疗组的面神经颞支暂时性损伤,低位骨折组面神经损伤概率低于高位及中位骨折组(P<0.05)。2各治疗组术前术后的张口度均得到显著改善(P<0.05),平均张口度3.5 cm以上。3高位骨折术后张口偏斜11例,占23.91%;中位骨折术后张口偏斜4例,占8.70%,低位骨折5例,占10.87%,患者张口偏斜均在0.5 cm以内。结论髁突骨折应根据不同类型选择手术入路、复位固定方式;外科解剖学复位可实现早期张口功能训练及良好的咬合关系,患者总体满意度高;髁突高位骨折复位时应尽量避免剥离翼外肌附着,注意关节结构保存;耳前切口入路过度牵拉暴露易致面神经颞支损伤。     

耳下切口经腮腺入路治疗髁突低位骨折 21 例临床报道

目的：探讨耳下切口穿腮腺入路行髁突低位骨折坚固内固定术的临床效果。方法：通过耳下切13经腮腺入路,对21例22侧髁突低位骨折病例施行开放复位坚强内固定术。术后对患者开口度,咬合关系,面神经功能等进行临床疗效分析。结果：21例患者术后咬合关系均恢复良好,开口度最大4．7cm,最小3．3cm,无张13偏斜病例。有2例出现暂时陛面瘫,经过治疗后2月内恢复。手术3月后复查CT,显示所有病例髁突骨折均解剖复位。结论：耳下切口经过腮腺入路手术治疗髁突低位骨折,伤口隐蔽,术后瘢痕小,且能达到解剖复位和坚强内固定的求。     

穿腮腺入路治疗髁颈及髁突基底部骨折

目的：探讨穿腮腺入路治疗髁颈及髁突基底部的安全性及有效性。方法：对15例（21侧）髁颈及髁突基底部骨折患者选择穿腮腺入路切开复位内固定术。结果：15例患者,21例侧髁突骨折行手术治疗。19例侧髁突骨折选择2块接骨板固定,2例侧选择1块接骨板固定。所有患者伤口均一期愈合,术后复查全口曲面断层片或三维CT示骨折断端对位良好。除1例患侧后牙暂时性轻度开外,所有患者咬合关系恢复良好。术后1个月复查,张口度32～45mm（平均38mm）。3例侧出现面神经损伤症状,术后3个月内均恢复正常,无1例出现永久性面瘫。所有患者均未出现涎瘘、感染等并发症。结论：相对于髁突骨折的颌后及颌下入路,穿腮腺入路行髁突骨折切开复位内固定术,容易暴露,可直视下完成骨折复位固定,是治疗髁颈和髁突基底部骨折安全有效的手术入路。     

髁状突骨折56例手术治疗临床效果观察

目的 评价髁状突骨折手术治疗的临床效果。方法 选择2009—2013年在大连市中心医院口腔颌面外科收治的髁状突骨折患者56例（64侧）,根据骨折位置不同分别采用耳屏前入路（19侧）、经颌后切口穿腮腺入路（23侧）和颌后颌下入路（22侧）进行手术治疗,观察其临床效果和术后并发症发生情况。结果 3种手术入路治疗髁状突骨折总体临床效果满意,但部分病例合并面神经损伤、张口受限、咬合错乱、髁状突吸收、皮下积液等并发症。结论 髁头骨折可采用耳屏前入路;髁颈部骨折可采用经颌后切口穿腮腺入路;髁颈下骨折可采用颌后颌下入路。髁头骨折一般采用1 ~ 2枚侧向拉力螺钉固定;髁颈和髁颈下骨折可采用1 ~ 2枚微型钛板坚固内固定,但有1枚钛板必须沿张力带放置。     

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目的评价髁状突骨折手术治疗的临床效果。方法选择2009---2013年在大连市中心医院口腔颌面外科收治的髁状突骨折患者56例（64侧）,根据骨折位置不同分别采用耳屏前入路（19侧）、经颌后切口穿腮腺入路（23侧）和颌后颌下入路（22侧）进行手术治疗,观察其临床效果和术后并发症发生情况。结果3种手术入路治疗髁状突骨折总体临床效果满意,但部分病例合并面神经损伤、张口受限、咬合错乱、髁状突吸收、皮下积液等并发症。结论髁头骨折可采用耳屏前入路;髁颈部骨折可采用经颌后切口穿腮腺入路;髁颈下骨折可采用颌后颌下入路。髁头骨折一般采用1—2枚侧向拉力螺钉固定;髁颈和髁颈下骨折可采用1～2枚微型钛板坚固内固定,但有1枚钛板必须沿张力带放置。     

颌后入路治疗髁突颈部骨折

目的:探讨颌后入路治疗下颌骨髁突颈骨折的治疗方法及效果。方法:对23例单侧成人下颌骨中低位髁突颈骨折患者,经颌后入路,术中保护腮腺及面神经,行切开解剖复位坚强内固定术。结果:23例患者均取得良好解剖复位,无1例出现涎瘘,无1例出现面神经麻痹,咬合关系恢复良好,通过早期锻炼张口,均能恢复术前张口度,无关节强直出现。结论:颌后入路治疗下颌骨中低位髁突颈骨折,有术野暴露充分、操作方便、有效保护面神经及腮腺等优点。     

口内入路治疗髁突低位骨折

目的:探讨口内入路治疗髁突低位的安全性及有效性。方法:回顾性研究本院2014年1月~2016年4月所收治8例髁突低位骨折的患者,选择口内入路对髁突低位骨折进行切开复位内固定术。结果:8例患者,10侧髁突低位骨折,其中5例患者合并下颌骨体部骨折。髁突低位骨折患者行内窥镜辅助下穿颊器或侧壁螺丝刀口内入路进行手术治疗。术后患者创口均Ⅰ期愈合,未发现面瘫及涎瘘等并发症,术后复查全口曲面断层片和三维CT示骨折断端对位良好。3个月后复查,面部无明显疤痕,张口度正常,咬合关系良好。结论:利用穿颊器或侧壁螺丝刀口内入路治疗髁突低位骨折,相对于传统的耳前、颌下及颌后入路,手术创伤小,面部无明显瘢痕,外形良好,配合内窥镜的使用,更加便于直视下完成骨折复位固定,是治疗髁突低位骨折安全有效的手术入路。     

成人下颌骨髁突骨折的手术治疗

对成人髁突骨折采用手术与非手术治疗,学术界一直存在着不同程度的分歧。随着各种小型接骨板、坚强内固定技术的成熟应用,许多学者主张对成人双侧髁突颈部以下脱位性骨折,双侧髁突矢状外脱位性骨折,单侧髁突颈部以下脱位性、移位性骨折行积极外科手术治疗。对髁突骨折患者行外科手术、坚强内固定治疗,可以保证骨折固定具备坚固性和稳定性,并尽早行使功能。本文对髁突骨折外科手术治疗的固定方式、手术入路(耳前入路、下颌下入路、颌后入路、除皱手术入路和近年来报道增多的内窥镜辅助下口内入路)的选择进行了阐述。     

应用耳后切口行髁突骨折内固定临床观察

目的　探讨下颌骨髁突骨折内固定术新入路的方法及临床疗效。方法　对25例髁突骨折患者行耳后切口,穿破腮腺组织寻找面神经总干及分支,将分支牵开显露骨折断端直视下复位固定并进行临床分析。结果　25例病例中有24例（96%）术后咬合关系恢复良好,取得了满意的效果。结论　应用耳后切口行髁突骨折内固定术是进行髁突骨折复位内固定的较好方法。     

Use of a temporary screw for alignment and fixation of sagittal mandibular condylar fractures with lateral screws

This study introduced and evaluated the clinical application of a temporary and lateral screw technique for open reduction and internal rigid fixation of sagittal mandibular condylar fractures. A preauricular approach was used to expose the fracture. A temporary screw was used to assist in the anatomical reduction, and a lateral lag screw in combination with a lateral position screw was used for internal rigid fixation. Six adult patients with sagittal condylar fractures and more than 5 mm condylar height shortening were treated. The treatment outcomes were followed up clinically and radiographically for 8–27 months (mean 18 months) postoperatively. There were no complications associated with the operation. All patients recovered favorably with good occlusion, normal movement of the mandible, correct repositioning and rigid fixation of the fragment of the fracture and a good condyle shape on radiographs. The temporary and lateral screw technique is a simple, effective, fast, and minimally invasive surgical treatment for adult sagittal condylar fractures.     

A protocol for the treatment of mandibular condylar fractures

The authors suggest a protocol for the treatment of mandibular condylar fractures classified by fracture level: the condylar head, the condylar neck and subcondylar fractures. The protocol provides a guide to individualizing intervention according to the type of fracture, the patient's age, the degree of restriction of mandible movement and the possible presence of fractured condyle displacement, which is often associated with functional disorders. The age of the patient is a key factor in the choice of treatment. The therapeutic goal in adult patients differs from that in growing patients, since in children the condyle is a major growth center for the mandible. Management may be surgical or nonsurgical; surgical intervention may be conservative with or without immobilization with closed or open reduction and fixation.     

Functional outcomes following surgical treatment of bilateral mandibular condylar fractures

Debate continues regarding unilateral or bilateral treatment for mandibular condylar fractures. This retrospective study evaluates the functional outcomes of bilateral condylar process fractures after surgical intervention. From May 1994 to December 2004, 51 adult patients with bilateral mandibular condylar process fractures were studied. There were 33 cases of bilateral condylar fractures (type I); 12 cases of condylar-subcondylar fractures (type II); and six cases of bilateral subcondylar fractures (type III). All patients underwent open reduction and internal fixation. Four patients had chin deviation, six had malocclusion, three had poor chewing function and eight had limited mouth opening. Type I patients had a significantly higher incidence of limited mouth opening (P = 0.039) and associated maxillary fractures (n = 12) and psychiatric disease (n = 6) which yielded significantly poor functional outcomes. Complications included transient facial paresis (n = 4), fracture and loosening of postoperative plates (n = 3) and surgical wound infections (n = 2). Open reduction with rigid fixation for bilateral condylar fractures provided satisfactory functional outcomes in this study. Concomitant maxillary fractures and underlying psychiatric problems are poor outcome factors. Aggressive rehabilitation in the first 9 months is important for early functional recovery.     

髁突骨折两种手术方法的比较

目的:比较耳前进路行髁突骨折-翼外肌解剖复位与改良颌下进路下颌升支垂直截骨髁突游离体外复位固定回植术的优缺点,为髁突骨折合理选择手术方法、手术进路提供临床依据。方法:回顾我科收治的髁突骨折中采用手术治疗的33例(43侧)病例,按骨折位置高低、类型选择了2种不同的手术方法,其中26侧采用耳屏前切口髁突骨折-翼外肌解剖复位,17侧采用改良颌下切口、下颌升支垂直截骨髁突游离体外复位固定回植术。随访12～24月,对比分析2组病例的疗效。结果:全部切口Ⅰ期愈合,无1例关节强直;所有病人术后面部对称性好。发生下颌骨向健侧侧!运动受限的病例中,经下颌升支垂直截骨髁突游离体外复位固定术者5例(占45%),经耳屏前进路翼外肌解剖复位者3例(占14%);术后发生暂时性面瘫患者中,改良颌下进路术式1例(占9.09%),耳屏前进路4例(占18.18%),术后3～6个月均恢复正常;术后患侧关节区张口疼痛患者中改良颌下进路者2例(占18.18%),耳屏前进路者5例(占22.73%),术后3个月症状明显缓解。结论:从功能上看耳屏前进路髁突骨折-翼外肌解剖复位术明显优于下颌升支垂直截骨术;而从并发症发生看前者多于后者。临床上应根据患者具体情况,合理选择术式,以提高髁突骨折的治疗效果。     

髁突骨折55例治疗体会

目的:探讨髁突骨折的治疗方法。方法:回顾性分析55例髁突骨折患者的资料,其中非手术治疗(保守治疗)40人,手术治疗15人,经随访1～5年,观察髁突骨折后成角和恢复情况与远期临床疗效的关系。结果:行保守和手术治疗者的平均髁突骨折移位角度分别为27°和56°,平均年龄分别为23岁和36岁。结论:根据髁突骨折移位角度和年龄来选择保守治疗或手术治疗,其远期效果较好。     

成人髁突骨折保守治疗与手术治疗的系统评价

目的：评价保守治疗或手术治疗成人髁突骨折的疗效。方法：运用循证医学方法，选用开口度、咬合关系2个结局变量，利用SPSS11．0软件包中R×C列联表的妒检验对不同骨折部位治疗方法的选择是否相同进行假设检验。综合评价国内外已公开发表的关于成人髁突骨折经保守治疗或手术治疗的疗效研究。总样本361例，手术例数共246例，非手术例数115例。其中，高位骨折手术例数49例，非手术例数71例；中位骨折手术例数70例，非手术例数19例；低位骨折手术例数127例；非手术例数25例。结果：（1）高位骨折，手术组开口度恢复情况好于非手术组；中位骨折，手术组开口度恢复情况与非手术组相同；对于低位骨折，手术组开口度恢复情况与非手术组亦相同。（2）高位骨折，手术组咬合关系恢复率高于非手术组：中位骨折，手术组咬合关系恢复情况与非手术组相同：低位骨折．手术组咬合关系恢复情况与非手术组相同。结论：髁突高位骨折经手术治疗后，开15度及咬合关系均优于非手术治疗：中位骨折及低位骨折经手术治疗与非手术治疗后，开口度及咬合关系无显著差异。     

Comparison of various approaches for the treatment of fractures of the mandibular condylar process

Fractures of the mandibular condyle process are the most common fractures of the lower jaw. Unfortunately, the type of treatment is still a matter of debate.PurposeThe aim of this investigation was to compare the outcome of different treatment approaches regarding function and surgical side-effects.Patients and methods111 fractures of the mandibular condyle representing all types according to the classification of Spiessl and Schroll were included. Both closed reduction (CR) and open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF) including the retromandibular/transparotid, submandibular, preauricular and intraoral approach were performed. The clinical examination included functional and aesthetic aspects at least 1 year after the fracture.ResultsThe majority of fractures (45%) were classified into Type II and IV according to Spiessl and Schroll followed by fractures without any displacement or dislocation (29.7%). The submandibular approach showed the worst outcome regarding permanent palsy of the facial nerve and hypertrophic scarring. No significant differences between the various approaches were detected in the functional status in any diagnosis group.ConclusionInferior condylar neck fractures benefit from ORIF by an intraoral approach whereas in high condylar neck fractures the retromandibular/transparotid approach shows the best results. Fractures of the condylar head were almost all treated by CR and our results cannot contribute to the debate of CR vs. ORIF in this type of fracture.     

髁突骨折手术治疗的临床研究

目的：探讨手术治疗髁突骨折的适应证、技术要点和并发症的发生因素。方法：回顾分析5年来采用手术治疗的116例髁突骨折病例的临床资料,分别采取切开复位内固定术和髁突摘除术,随访3个月至3年,复查内容包括患者咬合关系、开口度、开口型、神经损伤、颞下颌关节症状、面型和X线检查。结果：外形和功能均显著恢复,113例咬合关系恢复正常,占97.4%;115例张口度恢复正常,占99.1%;X线复查髁突骨折解剖复位率94.8%;15例儿童患者恢复良好,无下颌骨发育障碍等严重并发症发生。结论：坚强内固定技术是治疗髁突骨折的较好方法,严重移位或脱位的儿童髁颈和髁颈下骨折应采用可吸收接骨板进行内固定。     

髁突骨折手术治疗临床分析

目的:探讨髁突骨折手术治疗的不同术式、适应证、手术治疗程序,为临床治疗提供依据。方法:对112例髁突骨折临床资料进行分析,按照X线诊断、临床表现、骨折部位、移位程度、致伤时间等因素确定不同术式,观察其术后即期与远期效果,其中38例行传统切开复位内固定术,53例行不游离髁突的升支切开解剖复位术,18例行游离髁突和升支骨段倒置关节重建术,3例行游离髁突升支切开复位重建术。结果:各种不同的手术治疗方式均可获得较好的即期效果,但远期效果以不游离髁突的升支切开解剖复位术最佳。结论:对于大多数髁突骨折,尤其是中、低位骨折,脱位,移位或严重成角者以不游离髁突的升支切开解剖复位术效果最好。髁突粉碎骨折和陈旧骨折宜行游离髁突和升支骨段倒置关节重建术。髁突高位骨折宜行游离髁突升支切开复位重建术。