Biomechanical Analysis of the Kirschner-Wire Depth of the Modified Tension Band Wiring Technique in Transverse Patellar Fractures: An Experimental Study Using the Finite-Element Method

BackgroudModified tension band wiring is one of the most preferred surgical methods for transverse patellar fractures. However, the optimal depth or sagittal position of a Kirschner wire (K-wire) in modified tension band wiring has yet to be determined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the depth of a K-wire affects the biomechanical characteristics of modified tension band wiring using the finite-element method.MethodsA patella model was designed with a cuboid shape (length, 34.3 mm; width, 44.8 mm; and thickness, 22.4 mm) and divided into the cortical and cancellous bone parts. A transverse fracture line was formed on the midline of the cuboid shape model. The cuboidal model was applied to modified tension band wiring. The depth or sagittal position of the K-wire was divided into superficial, center, and deep. With the Abaqus v2017 program (Dassault System Inc.), the distal part of the model was fixed, and a tensile load of 850 N was applied to the proximal part of the model at an angle of 45°. The maximum pressures of the cortical and cancellous bones at the fracture plane were measured. The largest von Mises values of the K-wire and stainless steel wire were also measured. The fracture gap on the distracted or anterior side was measured.ResultsIn deep K-wire placement, the highest peak von Mises values of the cortical and cancellous bones were observed. The K-wire and stainless steel wire showed the highest von Mises values in deep K-wire placement. The fracture gap was also largest in deep K-wire placement.ConclusionsThe depth of the K-wire affects the biomechanical characteristics of modified tension band wiring. Deep placement of the K-wire will be more favorable for bone union than the empirically known 5-mm anterior or center placement of the K-wire.     

A novel technique of patella fracture fixation facilitating early mobilization and reducing re-operation rates

Objective

Fractures of patella constitute 1% of all fractures. Various techniques have been described for internal fixation of patella fractures. Superiority of one technique over the other has long been debated. We reviewed a series of fifty-one patients with transverse or comminuted fractures of patella treated with a novel technique to assess if it had any advantages over the existing methods of fixation.

Design

Retrospective.

Setting

A tertiary care centre.

Patients & methods

Fifty-one patients with patella fracture OTA 34C, with a mean age of 39 years (range 18–61) were treated with technique of cerclage and two tension bands at our institute. Forty-eight patients completed the study.

Main outcome measurements

Range of Motion and evidence of radiological union were assessed at regular follow-ups.

Results

Forty-four out of forty-eight patients had gained up-to 90 degrees of active flexion at the end of 1 week. Two patients (4.2%) developed superficial infection. All fractures had united at the end of 12 weeks. Five patients (10.3%) underwent a second surgery; four (8.3%) due to implant related complications. Malunion or non-union was not noted in any of the cases.

Conclusion

The advantages of the described method are early mobilization, elimination of k-wire related complications, and ease of use in comminuted fracture pattern as well and a lower reoperation rates as compared to the available literature. We strongly recommend its use in cases of displaced comminuted/transverse fractures of patella as an alternate method of treatment.

Level of evidence

Level III.     

经皮穿刺张力带固定术治疗髌骨骨折的探讨

目的　探讨经皮穿刺张力带固定术治疗髌骨骨折治疗效果。　方法　回顾分析 1999年 4月以来用经皮穿刺张力带固定术治疗 19例髌骨骨折的疗效。　结果　根据胥少汀[1] 的综合评分法 ,对骨折复位、愈合、膝关节活动行走功能几个方面进行评定 ,优 13例 ,良 6例。　结论　经皮穿刺张力带固定术治疗髌骨骨折符合生物力学要求 ,具有创伤小 ,操作简单 ,疗效确切 ,病人康复快等优点。     

经皮穿刺与切开复位张力带固定治疗横断型髌骨骨折的比较

目的比较经皮穿刺与切开复位张力带固定治疗横断型髌骨骨折的临床疗效. 方法采用前瞻性研究,将1997年～2003年收治的62例髌骨骨折患者随意分为两组,一组采用经皮穿刺张力带固定治疗(27例,其中克氏针钢丝张力带23例,空心钉张力带4例),另一组采用切开复位克氏针钢丝张力带固定治疗(35例).比较两组骨折愈合时间、骨折复位、关节活动度及膝关节功能. 结果所有病例随访6～48个月,两组均达到骨性愈合,膝关节功能优良率经皮组为88.9%(24/27),切开组为88.6%(31/35),无显著差异(χ2=0.000,P=1.000).骨折愈合时间经皮组早于切开组(χ2=6.581,P=0.037). 结论经皮穿刺张力带固定法治疗横断型髌骨骨折能够满足骨折愈合及功能恢复所需要的解剖复位和固定强度,损伤小,骨折愈合快,临床效果良好.     

张力带钢丝固定治疗髌骨骨折：附64例报告

我院自１９８５年应用张力带钢丝固定治疗６４例髌骨骨折。固定效果及功能恢复极其满意。经生物力学分析、证实此法优越于其它方法。文中介绍了手术方法并讨论了优点及适应征。     

钢丝张力带治疗Bennett骨折

目的探讨以钢丝张力带固定Bennett骨折的手术方法及临床疗效。方法对28例Bennett骨折患者行钢丝张力带内固定术,术后对第一腕掌关节功能、疼痛及拇指的捏力、握力进行评估。结果本组28例,全部得到随访,随访时间13-18个月,影像学显示均达到骨性愈合,愈合平均时间为5周。第一腕掌关节屈伸平均达到48°,拇指外展平均达到80°,捏力及握力平均达到7．3kg和41．0kg。结论采用钢丝张力带固定Bennett骨折．是一种有效的内固定手术方法。     

Tension band wiring for olecranon fractures

Surgical Principles Anatomical reduction of fragments and internal fixation with 2 Kirschner wires and a tension band wire stable enough to allow early exercises. This technique permits dynamic compression of fragments and a speedy consolidation of the fractures.     

重建钢板联合张力带治疗尺骨上段合并鹰嘴骨折

目的 探讨重建钢板联合张力带治疗尺骨上段合并鹰嘴骨折的临床疗效.方法 2004年11月-2009年9月,采用重建钢板联合张力带治疗10例尺骨上段合并鹰嘴骨折患者.男6例,女4例;年龄21～75岁,平均45.3岁.致伤原因:交通事故伤5例,高处坠落伤2例,摔伤2例,机器绞榨伤1例.左侧5例,右侧5例.其中开放骨折1例,为...     

髌骨骨折空心拉力螺钉组合张力带固定的生物力学

目的：比较空心拉力螺钉组合张力带与常用AO,改良张力带及松质骨螺钉固定髓骨骨折的生物力学强度。方法：取20具膝关节标本,随机分为4组,制成骨折模型,用四种方法固定,用WD－10E电子力学实验机测定四种内固定的抗张强度,骨折端分离1．0mm为固定失效,结果：四种固定方法均能满足420N股四头肌收缩力,但与其它三种内固定方法相比,空心拉力螺钉抗张强度最大（P＜0．05）,AO张力带抗张强度最小,松质骨加压螺丝钉固定欠可靠,结论：治疗髌骨骨折应首选空心拉力螺钉加张力带钢丝固定。     

锚钉结合张力带钢丝治疗髌骨下极骨折

目的 研究锚钉结合张力带钢丝治疗髌骨下极骨折的疗效.方法 我院于2008年3月至2009年9月采用锚钉结合张力带钢丝方法治疗髌骨下极骨折34例.术中以锚钉固定修补髌骨下极骨折块及髌韧带,并辅以胫骨结节至髌骨中上部的张力带钢丝.结果 34例患者均获12～25个月,平均17个月随访,所有骨折均愈合,2例术后出现局部浅表感染,经换药及相应抗炎治疗后愈合.陆裕朴膝关节功能评定标准评价显示,优27例,良6例,可1例,优良率为97.1％.结论 锚钉结合张力带钢丝治疗髌骨下极骨折固定牢靠,并发症少,效果确切.     

Patellar fractures: contemporary approach to operative treatment, using different types of the tension band principles

Summary Patellar fractures are relatively common accounting to approximately 1% of all skeletal injuries. The subcutaneous anterior location of the patella makes it prone to injury, and fractures may occur as a result of direct or indirect trauma. Traffic accidents and falls are the most common causes. Patellar fractures are a diverse group of injuries, and fracture types vary considerably. The method of treatment is chosen on the basis of patients factors {age, bone quality, activity level and compliance} and fracture type. The surgical goals are anatomic reduction of the articular surface and stable fixation. Contemporary methods of treatment include screws, the tension band and a combination of the two. Frequently these injuries associated with concomitants injuries as fracture of the femur, subtrochanteric fracture, traumatic dislocation of the hip and lesions of the knee ligaments.      

A double button adjustable loop device is biomechanically equivalent to tension band wire in the fixation of transverse patellar fractures—A cadaveric study

IntroductionTension-band wire fixation of patellar fractures is associated with significant hardware-related complications and infection. Braided polyester suture fixation is an alternative option. However, these suture fixations have higher failure rates due to the difficulty in achieving rigid suture knot fixation. The Arthrex syndesmotic TightRope, which is a double-button adjustable loop fixation device utilizing a 4-point locking system using FibreWire, may not only offer stiff rigid fixation using a knotless system, but may also obviate the need for implant removal due to hardware related problems. The aim of our study is to compare the fixation rigidity of patella fractures using Tightrope versus conventional tension-band wiring (TBW) in a cadaveric model.Materials and methodsTBW fixation was compared to TightRope fixation of transverse patella fractures in 5 matched pairs of cadaveric knees. The knees were cyclically brought through 0–90° of motion for a total of 500 cycles. Fracture gapping was measured before the start of the cycling, and at 50, 100, 200 and 500 cycles using an extensometer. The mean maximum fracture gapping was derived. Failure of the construct was defined as a displacement of more than 3 mm, patella fracture or implant breakage.ResultsAll but one knee from each group survived 500 cycles. The two failures were due to a fracture gap of more than 3 mm during cycling. There was no significant difference in the mean number of cycles tolerated. There was no implant breakage. There was no statistical significant difference in mean maximum fracture gap between the TBW and TightRope group at all cyclical milestones after 500 cycles (0.3026 ± 0.4091 mm vs 0.3558 ± 0.7173 mm, p = 0.388).ConclusionsWe found no difference between the TBW and Tightrope fixation in terms of fracture gapping and failure. With possible lower risk of complications such as implant migration and soft tissue irritation, we believe tightrope fixation is a feasible alternative in fracture management of transverse patella fractures.     

微创张力带固定治疗横断型髌骨骨折

目的探讨微创张力带固定治疗横断型髌骨骨折的适应征和临床效果。方法回顾性分析1997年6月～2005年6月间应用微创张力带法治疗横断型髌骨骨折(闭合性或污染较轻的开放性骨折)38例,其中经皮穿刺克氏针钢丝张力带固定26例,经皮穿刺空心钉张力带固定12例。对骨折复位程度、关节活动度及膝关节功能进行分析。结果所有手术操作顺利。所有患者获6个月～6．5年(平均32个月)的随访。骨折愈合时间6～12周,平均7．7周；无内固定失败及创伤性关节炎等并发症发生。临床效果评定采用胥少汀式髌骨张力带固定术后评价标准,骨折复位程度：优21例,良11例,中6例,优良率为84．2%。全部病例膝关节活动度均在正常范围内,膝关节功能评价均为优良,其中优34例,良4例。结论微创张力带固定治疗横断型髌骨骨折临床效果优良。该技术主要适用于闭合性横断型髌骨骨折和创口较小且污染较轻的髌骨骨折,对于骨折块不超过3个且位置尚可的粉碎骨折也可酌情使用。     

The results of tension band rotator cuff suture fixation of locked plating of displaced proximal humerus fractures

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to assess 1-year outcomes of patients with displaced proximal humerus fractures who underwent treatment with locked plate fixation with rotator cuff suture augmentation.MethodsA total of 86 patients who had sustained 2, 3 and 4-part displaced proximal humerus fractures underwent locked plate fixation with multiple sutures placed in the cuff tendons. Clinical outcome variables included active forward elevation (AFE), active external rotation (AER), and Constant and American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) scores. Post-operative variables included the following complications: varus re-collapse, loss of fixation, osteonecrosis of the humeral head (AVN), screw cut out, hardware failure and infection.ResultsForty-one patients were available with minimum of 1-year follow-up. Mean AFE was 142 ± 17.0° and AER was 41 ± 13.0°. The overall complication rate was 14.6%, with osteonecrosis being the most common (12.2%). Of the 21 patients (51.2%) that initially had varus displacement, all but one maintained anatomic reduction and fixation. Mean ASES score was 78.2 ± 20.0 and average Constant score was 72.7 ± 17.6. Bivariate analyses demonstrated that pre-operative medial comminution (p = 0.297) or varus collapse (p = 0.95) were not associated with an increased likelihood of sustaining a complication.ConclusionsFollow-up of patients in this series demonstrated a low overall complication rate and excellent functional outcomes. We believe suture augmentation of the rotator cuff can counteract varus forces on proximal humerus fractures fixed with locked plates, and should be performed routinely in displaced 2, 3 and 4 part fractures.     

Double fixation of displaced patella fractures using bioabsorbable cannulated lag screws and braided polyester suture tension bands

Purpose

To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of a new double fixation technique for displaced patellar fractures using bioabsorbable cannulated lag screws and braided polyester suture tension bands.

Methods

Fifteen patients (mean age of 46.2 years) with displaced transverse or comminuted patella fractures were enrolled in this prospective study. All of the patients were treated via the open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) procedure using bioabsorbable cannulated lag screws and braided polyester suture tension bands. The patients were followed post-surgery to evaluate (1) the time required for radiographic bone union, (2) the knee joint range of motion at the time of radiographic bone union, (3) the degree of pain assessed using the visual analogue scale (VAS), (4) the function of the knee using the Lysholm score and (5) the presence of any additional complications from the surgery.

Results

All of the patients were followed post-treatment for more than 1 year (range, 12–19 months; mean post-treatment follow up time, 14 months). The bone union of the fractures as seen radiographically occurred approximately 3 months from surgery in all cases without implant failure or redisplacement of the fractured site. The mean knee joint range of motion was from 0 to 134.6°, and the mean VAS score was 0.7 at the time of bone union. The mean Lysholm scores at the time of bone union and 12 months post-surgery were 86.7 and 95.7, respectively. No postoperative complications, such as infection, dislocation or breakage of the implants, were observed. Moreover, all of the patients returned to their previous activity level.

Conclusion

This new double fixation technique using bioabsorbable cannulated lag screws and braided polyester suture tension bands resulted in satisfactory outcomes for patella fractures without any obvious complications.     

应用张力带固定法治疗锁骨远端骨折

目的：评价张力带固定法治疗锁骨远端骨折的临床效果。方法：对20例锁骨远端骨折行切开复位后张力带固定法治疗。术后随诊分析。结果：所有骨折均在半年内愈合。患侧肩关节功能恢复良好。无一例出现伤口感染。结论：张力带固定治疗锁骨远端骨折是一种简单可靠的手术方法。     

Management of heterotopic ossification and restricted forearm rotation after tension band wiring for olecranon fracture

A 32-year-old lady presented to our clinic with persistent painful restriction of her dominant forearm movements for three months after tension band wiring of olecranon. She had full elbow flexion and extension; however, her forearm rotations were restricted and painful. Investigations revealed prominent tips of the wire, eroding the radial tuberosity with heterotopic ossification between the radius and ulna. As there was no synostosis, the patient had implant exit. During surgery, before implant removal, examination under anaesthesia revealed a mechanical block of the rotation beyond 30° on pronation and supination from neutral. However, after the removal of implant, the mechanical block eased off and with gentle manipulation, full pronation and supination were achieved. At the final follow-up at 6 months, the patient had full pain-free forearm rotation with regression of heterotopic ossification. Our case report highlights the importance of intra-operative assessment of wire tips at full supination and pronation, and in patients with restricted forearm rotation, CT scan may be needed to assess the position of the hardware is essential as it can progress to synostosis. In cases with prominent hardware, removal of the implant may suffice if performed before the development of synostosis     

髂骨移植合并张力带固定治疗粉碎性尺骨鹰嘴骨折

2001年3月～2010年5月,我院采用髂骨移植合并张力带固定治疗10例严重粉碎性尺骨鹰嘴骨折患者,取得良好效果。1材料与方法1.1病例资料本组10例,均为男性,年龄21～48岁。2例为闭合骨折,8例