国人铝日允许摄入量的初步研究

本研究系通过铝盐的急性、亚急性、慢性实验、细胞遗传毒理实验、城乡人群环境铝暴露来源和水平及机体铝负荷水平的流行病学调查,初步建议国人铝日允许摄入量为40mg/日,其中饮水铝不超过0.2mg/L。     

铝作业工人神经行为功能的研究

目的 探讨铝作业工人神经行为功能的改变及其接触水平－效应关系。方法 采用WHO推荐的神经行为核心测试组合（NCTB）对某铝厂65名电解工人和52名对照工人进行测试分析，同时测定其血清铝、尿铝浓度。结果 血清铝、尿铝浓度接触组明显高于对照组。除视觉保留外，铝接触工人的大部分测试标准分均低于对照组，提示其在情感状态、注意力、听记忆、运动每捷度与准确性方面已有显著改变。且血清铝浓度与数字跨度、提转敏捷度及情感状态标准分间均存在负相关。结论 职业性铝接触可影响工人正常的神经行为功能，血清铝浓度与神经行为功能间可能存在一定接触水平－效应关系。NCTB测试可考虑作为铝作业工人健康监护的早期敏感指标。     

余杭市售油条中铝含量检测

在油条加工过程中，明矾（硫酸钾铝）作为发泡剂被广泛使用，经常食用加入大量明矾的油条，会致人体铝摄入量过大，严重影响脑细胞功能，不仅会导致老年性痴呆，也会影响到儿童的智力。据文献报道，铝的生物学需要性表现在脑的发育与活动以及神经传导上，目前认为至少有10种神经疾病和铝的蓄积有关[川。而人们将明矾用作发泡剂，常常忽视或者根本不了解铝对人体的危害，从而对健康造成潜在威胁。     

铝致阿尔茨海默病的分子机制(一)

大量研究表明，铝与阿尔茨海默病有关。动物摄入铝可产生类似阿尔茨海默病的症状和脑损害，但动物铝中毒模型不能代表人。这些研究并不强调慢性铝暴露的重要性。如果铝是阿尔茨海默病的病因，在日常铝暴露水平，就会产生低水平的铝饱和性脑损害。每日铝暴露量不同导致脑生理改变差异与个体对铝的易感性共同起作用。脑对铝可产生化学、生化和生理性反应。然而存在的问题是脑铝的平衡是否影响脑功能。通过回顾最近有关铝神经毒性和脑铝平衡可能机制方面的研究，认为长期铝暴露导致细微、持久神经传导改变并促使有关因素共同作用形成阿尔茨海默病的机制。这个机制与脑中Al—ATP对5'—三磷酸腺苷(ATP)受体作用从而增强神经递质的活性有关。     

职业性铝接触对作业工人心理及行为功能的影响

目的探索铝的神经毒性和职业性铝作业工人的心理和神经行为功能改变。方法采用ＷＨＯ推荐的神经行为测试组合，对１０３名铝作业工人和６４名对照工人进行心理状况调查和神经行为功能测试，同时对作业环境空气中铝浓度和作业工人尿铝水平进行测定。结果铝作业工人尿铝含量明显高于对照组工人，两组差异有显著性。铝接触工龄＞１０年的工人紧张、忧郁、愤怒、疲劳和困惑情感得分均高于对照组工人；手提转捷度、数字译码和目标追踪得分显著降低。而铝接触工龄≤１０年的工人除目标追踪得分明显降低外，未发现其他行为功能和心理指标改变。结论长期职业性铝接触可以引起作业工人出现明显的心理状态、神经运动速度和准确性以及运动协调能力的改变。     

不同年龄铝作业工人神经行为功能的研究

目的探索铝的神经毒性和职业性铝作业工人神经行为功能的年龄依赖性差异。方法采用ＷＨＯ推荐的神经行为测试组合（ＮＣＴＢ）对１０３名铝作业工人和６４名对照工人进行了神经行为功能测试,同时测定车间空气中铝的浓度和铝作业工人每天铝吸入量及尿铝水平。结果中老年铝作业工人的紧张焦虑、忧郁沮丧和愤怒敌意情绪明显强于同年龄对照组工人;青年铝作业工人的数字跨度得分、中年铝作业工人的数字译码得分和中老年铝作业工人的目标追踪打点数均明显低于同年龄对照组工人。结论职业性铝接触可影响工人正常的神经行为功能,而且存在年龄依赖性差异。年青工人主要表现为记忆力衰退,中老年工人主要表现为情感状态的变化及运动速度和精确度下降     

亚慢性染铝对断乳大鼠神经行为学的影响

目的研究亚慢性染铝对断乳大鼠神经行为学和神经细胞形态学的影响,以明确铝对发育中的中枢神经系统的毒性作用,为机制研究提供理论依据和实验资料。方法对刚断乳Wistar大鼠通过饮水亚慢性连续染毒12周,采用原子吸收石墨炉法进行血铝和脑铝含量的测定;跳台试验法观察大鼠学习、记忆行为学的改变;HE染色和尼氏染色后,光镜观察海马形态学改变。结果高剂量染铝组脑组织系数显著低于对照组;随着染铝剂量的增加,染铝组血铝和脑铝浓度显著升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),低、高剂量组之间脑铝差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);大鼠跳台试验的潜伏期随铝暴露剂量增加逐渐缩短,而错误次数逐渐增加,有明显的剂量-效应关系(P<0.01)。海马HE和尼氏染色后光镜观察表明,各染铝组与对照组相比均未发现明显差异。结论亚慢性铝暴露可以引起发育中大鼠学习记忆能力下降,但其形态学观察未见器质性病变。 更多还原     

铝的毒性作用研究进展

目的 了解铝对人体各系统的影响,为控制其毒性作用提供一定参考依据。方法 检索PubMed数据库,纵览国外关于铝暴露致体内、体外危害及相关机制的文献,进一步选择如亚慢性铝暴露60天对小鼠唾液腺的影响等文献,提炼其相关结果结论进行综述。结果 铝摄入剂量和暴露时间可能对各系统有消极作用,对神经系统的作用尤为明显。结论 铝对人体各系统均有毒性作用,可能是各系统相关疾病发生因素之一,尤其是导致阿尔兹海默病等神经退行性疾病发生的重要原因之一。     

注意缺陷多动障碍儿童父母养育压力研究进展

注意缺陷多动障碍(ADHD)是儿童期常见的慢性神经发育障碍之一，特征是与年龄发育不匹配的注意力不集中、多动/冲动，对儿童的学业水平、人际交往、社会功能以及家庭生活质量、社会发展都有不可忽视的影响。ADHD儿童的父母在养育子女及亲子互动过程中产生的养育压力较正常发育儿童高。本文就ADHD儿童父母的养育压力评估及现状进行综述，以期提高临床医生及社会对ADHD儿童父母的养育压力的关注及重视。     

会宁县2～4岁儿童膳食营养与神经心理发育状况分析

目的 了解会宁县2～4岁儿童膳食营养及神经心理发育状况,探讨儿童营养状况与神经心理发育的关联程度.方法 随机整群抽取会宁县362名2～4岁儿童,采用24 h膳食回顾法及称重法调查儿童随机1 d膳食,运用营养软件评价其营养状况;神经心理发育采用0～6岁,小儿神经心理发育诊断量表进行测验,并计算发育商,以评价儿童神经心理发育状况.结果 儿童膳食能量、蛋白质及碳水化合物基本满足其营养需求,动物性食品摄人较少,脂肪供能偏低.膳食钙、锌、维生素A、维生素C、叶酸、碘摄入普遍不足,其低下率分别为87.8%,97.0%,97.8%.92.0%,96.7%和99.4%;多数儿童神经心理发育正常,处于低下水平的儿童为2.4%.儿童不同神经心理水平间膳食锌、硒、碘摄人量差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).结论 会宁县2～4岁儿童膳食营养状况有待改善,神经心理发育与其营养状况存在一定关联.     

Parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis in neonates: the role of aluminum

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is an essential component in the care of premature and ill infants. The incidence of parenteral nutrition-associated cholestasis (PNAC) ranges from 7.4 to 84%. One substance in PN solutions that has been implicated in PNAC is aluminum. Aluminum loading in animals and humans causes hepatic accumulation and damage. The degree of aluminum contamination of PN solutions has decreased over time, but contamination still significantly exceeds levels that are safe for human neonates. Further study into the relationship between aluminum contamination in neonatal PN solutions and the development of PNAC is necessary.     

Aluminum exposure from pediatric parenteral nutrition: meeting the new FDA regulation

BACKGROUND: Aluminum toxicity can cause serious central nervous system and bone toxicities. Aluminum is a contaminant of parenteral nutrition (PN) solution components. Premature neonates requiring high doses of calcium and phosphate to mineralize their bones, children with impaired renal function, and children on PN therapy for prolonged duration are at the highest risk. Effective in July 2004, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) mandated labeling requirements for aluminum content in all PN solution components. To assess the aluminum exposure in neonatal and pediatric populations, this study aims to determine patients' daily aluminum load (mug/kg/d) delivered from PN solutions. METHODS: The study included all inpatients who received PN during calendar year 2006 (13,384 PN patient days). The calculated parameters of mug/kg/d and mug/L of parentally administered aluminum were stratified according to patient age and weight. Aluminum content by product and manufacturer were tabulated. RESULTS: Forty-nine percent of the PN patient days were in patients weighing < 3 kg. These patients also received the largest amounts of aluminum (range, 30-60 mug/kg/d). Meeting the FDA regulation was possible only in patients weighing > 50 kg. CONCLUSIONS: Currently available parenteral products used to make PN solutions contain amounts of aluminum that make it impossible to meet the new FDA rule of <5 mug/kg/d of aluminum exposure. Manufacturers must identify, develop, and adopt new methods to reduce the aluminum contamination in their products. Health care professionals should calculate aluminum loads in patients and make informed decisions when choosing PN products.     

铝的生物学作用研究概况

除茶叶等某些天然食品中铝含量较高外 ,大多数主要食品中铝含量较低 ,一般不超过 10mg kg。而在加有含铝添加剂的食品中铝含量较高。经含铝混凝剂处理后的饮用水铝浓度升高。我国居民从铝制炊具摄入的铝为 4mg (capit·d)。成人一般摄铝量在 10mg (capit·d)左右 ,而摄入高铝性食品或含铝药品摄铝量可增至每人每天数十至数百毫克。铝主要在十二指肠吸收 ,主要经肾排出。铝的蓄积与中枢神经系统损害、骨损害和造血系统损害有关 ,尤其与阿尔茨海默氏病关系密切。本文就铝在食品中的含量、铝在体内代谢、铝的生物毒性及其某些未解决的问题等进行综述     

氟、铝联合对红细胞膜三磷酸腺苷酶活性的影响

目的研究氟铝联合对红细胞膜酶活力的影响.方法制备红细胞膜,体外染氟、铝,钼铵酸法测定磷,计算酶活力.结果铝(1mmol/L、40mmol/L)可导致红细胞膜钠、钾三磷酸腺苷酶(Na -K -ATPase)、钙三磷酸腺苷酶(Ca2 -ATPase)活力下降,在研究剂量范围内加入不同剂量的氟(0.1mol/L、4.4mol/L)并未对铝的损伤作用产生明显的影响.结论铝可导致红细胞膜损伤,但本研究剂量的氟、铝不存在拮抗或协同作用.     

Updated aluminum pharmacokinetics following infant exposures through diet and vaccination

Aluminum is a ubiquitous element that is released naturally into the environment via volcanic activity and the breakdown of rocks on the earth's surface. Exposure of the general population to aluminum occurs primarily through the consumption of food, antacids, and buffered analgesics. Exposure to aluminum in the general population can also occur through vaccination, since vaccines often contain aluminum salts (frequently aluminum hydroxide or aluminum phosphate) as adjuvants. Because concerns have been expressed by the public that aluminum in vaccines may pose a risk to infants, we developed an up-to-date analysis of the safety of aluminum adjuvants. Keith et al. [1] previously analyzed the pharmacokinetics of aluminum for infant dietary and vaccine exposures and compared the resulting body burdens to those based on the minimal risk levels (MRLs) established by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. We updated the analysis of Keith et al. [1] with a current pediatric vaccination schedule [2]; baseline aluminum levels at birth; an aluminum retention function that reflects changing glomerular filtration rates in infants; an adjustment for the kinetics of aluminum efflux at the site of injection; contemporaneous MRLs; and the most recent infant body weight data for children 0-60 months of age [3]. Using these updated parameters we found that the body burden of aluminum from vaccines and diet throughout an infant's first year of life is significantly less than the corresponding safe body burden of aluminum modeled using the regulatory MRL. We conclude that episodic exposures to vaccines that contain aluminum adjuvant continue to be extremely low risk to infants and that the benefits of using vaccines containing aluminum adjuvant outweigh any theoretical concerns.     

天津市常用食物的铝含量及居民铝摄入量初探

Aluminum content of 64 kinds of foods in Tianjin was determined. The results showed that the aluminum levels in different kinds of food varied greatly, and most foodstuffs from natural sources (including contamination from food processing) contained less than 10 mg/kg. Aluminum content was higher in foodstuffs of plant origin, especially dry beans contained larger amounts of aluminum naturally. It was estimated that most Tianjin inhabitants would consume 3-10 mg aluminum daily from natural sources, there being no significant difference between urban and rural inhabitants.     

Elevated serum aluminum levels in hemodialysis patients associated with use of electric pumps--Wyoming, 2007

Aluminum toxicity can cause osteomalacia, anemia, and dementia in hemodialysis patients and has historically been associated with exposure to contaminated water or dialysate preparations or ingestion of aluminum-containing phosphate binders. Since 2002, improvements in water treatment methods and use of non-aluminum-containing phosphate binders have resulted in low prevalence (<1%) of aluminum toxicity among hemodialysis patients. In the United States, reported cases of aluminum toxicosis are rare, and no outbreak has been reported since 1992. This report describes 10 patients treated at a hemodialysis unit in a Wyoming hospital (hospital A) in 2007 who had elevated serum aluminum levels that were detected through routine serum aluminum screening. An investigation was conducted by the Wyoming Department of Health, which determined that the source of exposure was dialysate acid concentrate that became contaminated with aluminum as it passed through two electric drum pumps. The drum pumps had been used to transfer dialysate acid concentrate from 55-gallon storage drums to 1-gallon jugs for use on individual hemodialysis machines. Removal of the pumps from service resulted in a rapid reduction in patient serum aluminum levels. The findings suggest that regular assessment of machine compatibility with dialysate fluid is needed.     

Neuropsychological function among workers exposed to aluminum – a mini-review

Aluminum (Al) is the most common element in nature after oxygen and silicon. Aluminum has been proposed to be a causative agent in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Aluminum made available via the lungs, as it is in occupational settings, is probably better absorbed than that entering the body via the gastrointestinal tract. Neuropsychological tests are sensitive methods for detecting subtle functional impairment of the nervous system. This minireview is based on a systematic literature search for studies on workers occupationally exposed to aluminum. The tests were categorized as belonging to one of 12 different neuropsychological functions. The level of significance was set at p<0.05. Among the 559 papers identified, 24 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. There were no clear, consistent findings of occupational aluminum exposure being correlated with neuropsychological deficits. However, there was a weak tendency toward worse performances on tests related to information processing speed and a slight tendency toward weaker performances on memory tests for workers exposed to aluminum. The limited number of studies in this field makes it difficult to draw a clear conclusion regarding whether occupational exposure to aluminum increases the risk of altered neuropsychological function.     

长期摄铝对大鼠海马铝、铁、锌含量和脂质过氧化的影响

为研究长期摄铝对大鼠海马铝、铁、锌、铜含量和脂质过氧化的影响 ,进一步探明铝的神经毒作用机理 ,选择雄性SD大鼠 ,按体重随机分为对照组和 3个实验组 (低铝、中铝、高铝组 ) ,实验组在基础饲料中添加氯化铝 ,使Al3+ 剂量分别为 11 2、5 5 9和 111 9mg kgBW ,连续染毒 90天。采用旷场行为实验和被动回避实验观察神经行为学改变 ;原子吸收法测定铝、铁、锌、铜含量 ;分光光度法测定超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶 (GSH Px)活性及丙二醛 (MDA)含量。结果显示 :与对照组比较 ,实验组大鼠自发活动能力下降 ,被动回避潜伏期缩短 ;大鼠海马铝含量升高 ,铁、锌含量下降 ;SOD和GSH Px活性下降 ,MDA含量升高。提示长期摄铝可致大鼠海马铝富集并干扰铁、锌的正常分布 ,抗氧化酶活性降低 ,脂质过氧化水平升高。海马富集铝以及铁、锌含量的变化和海马氧化损伤可能是导致铝的神经毒性的重要原因之一。     

Aluminum as a toxicant

Although aluminum is the most abundant metal in nature, it has no known biological function. However, it is known that there is a causal role for aluminum in dialysis encephalopathy, microcytic anemia, and osteomalacia. Aluminum has also been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) even though this issue is controversial. The exact mechanism of aluminum toxicity is not known but accumulating evidence suggests that the metal can potentiate oxidative and inflammatory events, eventually leading to tissue damage. This review encompasses the general toxicology of aluminum with emphasis on the potential mechanisms by which it may accelerate the progression of chronic age-related neurodegenerative disorders.