四肢脊柱交通伤的救治

四肢和脊柱是交通伤中最常见的致伤部位之一。交通伤的院前救治是我国交通伤救治中最薄弱的环节,为此,应该逐步增设院前急救网点,建立院前-院内一体化创伤救治服务体系,加强院前急救员的培养训练工作。在四肢脊柱交通伤的救治中,首先应抢救危及生命的严重创伤,但同时也要兼顾骨折的及时处理。详细了解致伤机制和全面查体是防止交通伤漏诊的重要方法。在四肢交通伤骨折的救治中,特别是对多发伤伤员的急救,外固定器技术具有明显的优越性。带锁髓内钉技术治疗四肢长管状骨骨折也可取得满意疗效。骨盆骨折的早期可采用外固定器稳定骨折,同时采用髂内动脉栓塞等技术积极处理骨盆骨折所导致的大出血。在脊柱交通伤的治疗中,应考虑到脊柱的稳定性和迟发性截瘫等因素,适当确定手术适应证。椎管环形减压术可充分地解除对脊髓的压迫。颈椎骨折常可采用颈椎前路钢板螺钉固定颈椎融合手术。胸腰椎骨折脱位可实施经椎弓根后路短节段内固定手术治疗。     

Injury patterns of seniors in traffic accidents: A technical and medical analysis

AIM: To investigate the actual injury situation of seniors in traffic accidents and to evaluate the different injury patterns.METHODS: Injury data, environmental circumstances and crash circumstances of accidents were collected shortly after the accident event at the scene. With these data, a technical and medical analysis was performed, including Injury Severity Score, Abbreviated Injury Scale and Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale. The method of data collection is named the German In-Depth Accident Study and can be seen as representative.RESULTS: A total of 4430 injured seniors in traffic accidents were evaluated. The incidence of sustaining severe injuries to extremities, head and maxillofacial region was significantly higher in the group of elderly people compared to a younger age (P < 0.05). The number of accident-related injuries was higher in the group of seniors compared to other groups.CONCLUSION: Seniors are more likely to be involved in traffic injuries and to sustain serious to severe injuries compared to other groups.     

LC术中胆道损伤的危险因素及预防分析

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)胆管损伤的危险因素及患者的预后。方法:回顾分析4 532例腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者的临床资料,对出现胆管损伤患者相关影响因素进行单因素分析,并分析胆管损伤的独立危险因素。结果:4 532例腹腔镜胆囊切除术患者中发生术后并发胆管损伤者19例,发生率为0.42%,单因素分析结果显示观察组患者处于急性期、胆囊壁增厚、解剖变异和术者经验少的比例均明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。经回归分析,解剖变异和术者经验是发生胆管损伤的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论:胆管损伤是严重的LC后并发症,解剖变异和术者经验少是影响其发生的独立危险因素。     

交通伤致四肢脊柱骨折的治疗

道路交通伤中四肢脊柱骨折的发生率较高,可由多种致伤机制所致,其中以碰撞最为常见。道路交通伤中的骨折病例呈“离心”分布,多发性骨折、同侧肢体损伤和传导暴力损伤多见。交通伤的急救,首先应处理危及生命的严重合并伤与并发症,在全身情况稳定的情况下,积极处理开放性损伤与骨折。交通伤所致的骨折患者,特别是全身情况差及老年患者,采用外固定器、特别是单侧外固定器治疗是较理想的选择;应用带锁髓内钉治疗长管状骨骨折也取得了较满意的疗效。交通伤所致的骨盆骨折,早期可采用外固定器治疗,同时积极处理骨盆骨折所引起的大出血,对C型骨盆骨折待生命体征稳定后应尽早改用内固定。交通伤所致的脊柱脊髓损伤,钛合金是首选的置入材料,通常颈椎骨折宜采用颈前路钢板螺钉固定融合术,胸腰椎骨折脱位多主张经椎弓根螺钉后路固定术。