内窥镜在眼眶手术中的应用进展

介绍内窥镜在眼眶手术中的应用进展及存在问题.同顾近年来国内、外关于内窥镜眼眶手术的文献报道.(1)应用:①眼眶肿瘤:借助内镜技术通过筛窦入路、重睑人路、结膜入路.②眼眶减压治疗甲状腺相火眼病.③骨折整复:内壁、下壁.④视神经减压.⑤内镜下泪囊鼻腔吻合.⑥眉下垂矫正.⑦教学应用等.(2)存在问题:①眶内腔隙的局限性.②并发症的问题,如感染、非专科医生操作引起的误伤等.由于于微创技术是当今科学的潮流,内窥镜在眼眶手术中的应用任重而道远.     

内窥镜在眼眶手术中的应用进展

介绍内窥镜在眼眶手术中的应用进展及存在问题.同顾近年来国内、外关于内窥镜眼眶手术的文献报道.(1)应用:①眼眶肿瘤:借助内镜技术通过筛窦入路、重睑人路、结膜入路.②眼眶减压治疗甲状腺相火眼病.③骨折整复:内壁、下壁.④视神经减压.⑤内镜下泪囊鼻腔吻合.⑥眉下垂矫正.⑦教学应用等.(2)存在问题:①眶内腔隙的局限性.②并发症的问题,如感染、非专科医生操作引起的误伤等.由于于微创技术是当今科学的潮流,内窥镜在眼眶手术中的应用任重而道远.     

眼眶减压术治疗甲状腺相关性眼病的研究进展

甲状腺相关性眼病是一种与甲状腺关系密切、以眼球突出等眼部症状为临床表现的自身免疫性疾病.眼眶减压术是其外科治疗的重要方法之一,根据该病的分级及活动程度,可通过外部入路、微创入路、内窥镜入路或联合入路进行眶骨壁减压或眶脂肪减压,随着科学技术的进步及眼科医生不断的经验积累,手术方法不断得到改进,且更科学,疗效更满意.本文对眼眶减压术的各种方法及手术入路的研究进展进行总结,为手术方式的恰当选择提供参考.     

眼眶减压术治疗甲状腺相关性眼病的研究进展

甲状腺相关性眼病是一种与甲状腺关系密切、以眼球突出等眼部症状为临床表现的自身免疫性疾病.眼眶减压术是其外科治疗的重要方法之一,根据该病的分级及活动程度,可通过外部入路、微创入路、内窥镜入路或联合入路进行眶骨壁减压或眶脂肪减压,随着科学技术的进步及眼科医生不断的经验积累,手术方法不断得到改进,且更科学,疗效更满意.本文对...     

改良三壁眶减压术治疗重症甲状腺相关性眼病的疗效观察

目的观察改良三壁眶减压术治疗重症甲状腺相关性眼病的效果。方法对我院收治的3例(6眼)经内科治疗无效的重症甲状腺相关性眼病患者实施改良三壁眶减压术,观察患者术后视力、眼球突出度及外观情况。结果术后4眼视力轻度提高,2眼保持不变;眼球后退5.3～12.6mm,平均9.5mm;睑裂闭合不全者术后均闭合良好,外观满意;1眼出现少量眶内血肿,治疗后吸收;4眼出现双眼复视,均于1个月内消失;术后CT显示眼眶减压良好。结论改良三壁眶减压术可有效扩大眼眶容积,降低眶内压,还纳眼球,减少眼球突出,改善外观,对内科保守治疗、常规眶减压术无效的重症甲状腺相关性眼病患者安全有效。     

眼眶减压术治疗甲状腺功能障碍性视神经病变

甲状腺功能障碍性视神经病变(dysthyroid optic neuropathy,DON)是甲状腺相关眼病的严重并发症之一。DON由于多病因导致眶内容物增多、眶内压增高,如延误治疗会造成不可逆性视力丧失。及时行眼眶减压术降低眶内压、减弱疾病活动性是治疗DON抢救视力、改善眼突度等的关键。眼眶减压术包括眼眶眶壁去除减压术、眶内脂肪切除减压术等。近年术式有所改进,包括深外侧壁减压术、内外壁平衡减压术、三壁最大化眶减压术、微创硬膜外眼眶减压术、鼻内镜下不同入路眶壁减压术、计算机辅助减压术、多种术式联合减压等,以期得到更好的治疗效果。(国际眼科纵览,2020,44:431-437)     

改良结膜入路眼眶内下壁减压术治疗轻中度甲状腺相关眼病的临床效果

目的　评价改良结膜入路眼眶内下壁减压术治疗轻中度甲状腺相关眼病的疗效。方法　回顾性分析2017年1月至2018年8月在云南省第二人民医院行改良结膜入路眼眶内下壁减压术治疗的10例（11眼）轻中度甲状腺相关眼病患者。所有患者在术前均给予眼眶水平位、冠状位和矢状位CT检查，测量视力、眼球突出度、复视情况，检查眼外观进行眼前段照相等。将手术前、后眼球突出度，视力以及复视的改善情况作为效果评价指标，对相关数据进行统计和分析。结果　本组11眼术前眼球突出度为（18.94±1.40）mm，术后（15.22±1.46）mm；术后与术前比较，眼球突出度降低（3.72±0.64）mm，差异有统计学意义（t=18.379，P＜0.001）。术前视力为 0.53±0.29，术后为0.62±0.32；术后与术前比较，视力提高0.08±0.10，差异有统计学意义（t=-2.733，P=0.021）。术前复视2例；术后新发生复视2例，均为轻度复视。术前已存在复视的患者，术后复视程度无加重。结论　改良结膜入路眼眶内下壁减压术能有效改善甲状腺相关眼病患者的眼球突出度与视力，术后复视发生概率低，手术切口隐蔽美观，是一种可靠且有效的眶减压术式。     

眼眶减压术20眼临床分析

目的：探讨眼眶减压术对经保守治疗无效的甲状腺相关性眼病的临床疗效与合并症。方法：对12例20眼的术前临床表现、术后的疗效与并发症进行随访并统计。结果：三壁减压使眼球后退6－8mm,外下壁减压后退4－6mm,内下壁减压后退3－5mm。14／16眼（87．5％）角膜损害痊愈,2／16眼（12．5％）好转。17／20眼（85％）视力提高,3／20眼（15％）无改善。并发症包括2眼复视,5眼眶下神经损害,1眼眶继发出血。结论：眼眶减压术对保守治疗无效的甲状腺相关眼病是一种有效、安全、并发症少的治疗手段。可用于继发角膜损害,压迫视神经与要求美容 的病例。     

生长抑素类似物眼眶显像在甲状腺相关性眼病诊疗中的应用

⁹⁹Tc^m-生长抑素类似物眼眶显像在甲状腺相关性眼病患者诊疗中发挥着重要作用,其不仅可用于判断患者眶周炎性活动度、早期诊断疾病、决定是否需要治疗以及选择治疗方案,同时也为该病评价疗效、判断预后和相关研究提供重要的客观依据。因此,⁹⁹Tc^m-生长抑素类似物眼眶显像在甲状腺相关性眼病中的应用有助于规范该病诊疗行为,有效提高诊疗水平和效率。（眼科, 2016, 25： 361-364）     

眼眶平衡减压术治疗甲状腺相关眼病

目的 探讨平衡眼眶减压术治疗甲状腺相关眼病的疗效和手术方法。方法 采用内外壁眼眶减压术治疗20例35眼甲状腺相关眼病患者。术后随访平均14个月。观察术后视力、眼球突出度和眼球运动等情况。结果 20例35眼中除1例行眶外壁减压外，其余均行内外壁平衡眼眶减压术。眼球突出度缓解3～11mm，其中3～4mm者5眼，5～9mm者28眼，10～11mm者2眼，平均6．32mm。视力从术前数指提高至0．1者6眼，提高2行以上者8眼，无变化21眼。术后眼球运动明显好转者9眼，运动障碍加重2眼。无视力丧失及术后感染。结论 平衡眼眶减压术是治疗甲状腺相关眼病的有效方法。     

Combined endoscopic medial and inferior orbital decompression with transcutaneous lateral orbital decompression in Graves' orbitopathy

PURPOSE: To determine the clinical efficacy and morbidity of combined endoscopic transnasal medial and inferior wall orbital decompression performed in conjunction with transcutaneous lateral orbital decompression. DESIGN: Retrospective noncomparative case series. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-four subjects (64 orbits) underwent combined orbital decompression procedures for treatment of Graves' orbitopathy. INTERVENTION: Transnasal endoscopic medial wall and floor with simultaneous transcutaneous lateral orbital decompression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Ocular motility, visual acuity, and exophthalmometry. RESULTS: No new ocular motility disturbances occurred. There was a mean gain of 0.7 Snellen lines in acuity (range +9 to -10 lines). A mean proptosis reduction of 4.2 mm was observed (range 1-9 mm). CONCLUSIONS: Combined endoscopic transnasal medial and inferior orbital wall decompression done in conjunction with transcutaneous lateral orbital decompression carries a low risk of morbidity, including new onset motility disorders, and yields anatomic retropulsion of the globe that is comparable to other methods.     

Balanced orbital decompression in Graves' orbitopathy: Upper eyelid crease incision for extended lateral wall decompression

INTRODUCTION . This study reports on the results and complications detected in patients with Graves' orbitopathy who underwent balanced medial and lateral wall orbital decompression through concealed incisions. MATERIALS AND METHODS . The medial and lateral orbital walls of nine consecutive patients (14 eyes) were removed. A transnasal endoscopic spheno-ethmoidectomy was performed for the medial wall decompression. A lateral wall decompression was performed via an upper eyelid crease incision which was extended laterally in a relaxed skin tension line. The lateral aspect of the orbit was sculpted with a high-speed surgical drill from the inferior orbital fissure inferiorly and frontal bone of the lacrimal fossa superiorly to the orbital apex posteriorly, including the thick bone of the greater wing of the sphenoid. RESULTS . The decompression was performed for cosmetic purposes in seven patients (10 orbits) and for exposure keratopathy and restrictive myopathy in the remaining two patients (4 orbits). The average follow-up period was 13.6 months. The mean reduction of proptosis was 4.8 mm. The preoperative diplopia in two cases demonstrating restrictive myopathy worsened during the postoperative period. New onset diplopia was not detected in seven cases operated on for cosmetic purposes. All patients were satisfied with their eye status, visual rehabilitation and cosmetic appearance. CONCLUSIONS . The transnasal endoscopic approach for medial wall and extended lateral wall decompression with hidden eyelid crease incision provides a favorable cosmetic and physiologic outcome with proper retroplacement of the globe.     

Delayed orbital infection after endoscopic orbital decompression for dysthyroid orbitopathy

OBJECTIVE: To present a delayed complication of endoscopic orbital decompression that has not been reported previously in the literature. DESIGN: Retrospective non-comparative small case series. PARTICIPANTS: Three patients with dysthyroid orbitopathy. INTERVENTION: The medical records of patients with dysthyroid orbitopathy who underwent endoscopic orbital decompression and subsequently developed orbital infection were reviewed. RESULTS: Three patients with dysthyroid orbitopathy developed orbital infection (cellulitis or abscess) originating from the frontal sinus more than 2 years after their endoscopic orbital decompression surgery. Management required drainage of the abscess, administration of antibiotics, and creation of adequate frontal sinus drainage. CONCLUSIONS: Delayed orbital infection can occur after endoscopic orbital decompression for dysthyroid orbitopathy when the frontal sinus ostium is obstructed by orbital fat or scar tissue. Infection within the frontal sinus can cause secondary orbital cellulitis or abscess. Early signs and symptoms of a frontal sinus infection can be easily misdiagnosed as progression of the patient's thyroid eye disease. Awareness of this possible complication followed by appropriate early intervention will prevent a potentially blinding condition. Furthermore, ever since this complication was observed, the authors' surgical technique of endoscopic decompression has been modified to leave the most anterosuperior portion of the lamina papyracea to prevent fat prolapse and scar formation into the region of the frontal recess.     

Balanced orbital decompression in Graves' orbitopathy: Upper eyelid crease incision for extended lateral wall decompression

INTRODUCTION. This study reports on the results and complications detected in patients with Graves' orbitopathy who underwent balanced medial and lateral wall orbital decompression through concealed incisions. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The medial and lateral orbital walls of nine consecutive patients (14 eyes) were removed. A transnasal endoscopic spheno-ethmoidectomy was performed for the medial wall decompression. A lateral wall decompression was performed via an upper eyelid crease incision which was extended laterally in a relaxed skin tension line. The lateral aspect of the orbit was sculpted with a high-speed surgical drill from the inferior orbital fissure inferiorly and frontal bone of the lacrimal fossa superiorly to the orbital apex posteriorly, including the thick bone of the greater wing of the sphenoid. RESULTS. The decompression was performed for cosmetic purposes in seven patients (10 orbits) and for exposure keratopathy and restrictive myopathy in the remaining two patients (4 orbits). The average follow-up period was 13.6 months. The mean reduction of proptosis was 4.8 mm. The preoperative diplopia in two cases demonstrating restrictive myopathy worsened during the postoperative period. New onset diplopia was not detected in seven cases operated on for cosmetic purposes. All patients were satisfied with their eye status, visual rehabilitation and cosmetic appearance. CONCLUSIONS. The transnasal endoscopic approach for medial wall and extended lateral wall decompression with hidden eyelid crease incision provides a favorable cosmetic and physiologic outcome with proper retroplacement of the globe.     

Balanced orbital decompression combined with fat removal in Graves ophthalmopathy: do we really need to remove the third wall?

PURPOSE: To compare the reduction of proptosis and the incidence of new-onset diplopia after 3-wall (medial, lateral, and inferior) orbital decompression versus balanced medial and lateral wall decompression combined with orbital fat excision in patients with Graves ophthalmopathy. METHODS: Three-wall orbital decompression including medial, inferior, and lateral walls was performed in 13 eyes of 7 patients (group 1), and balanced medial and lateral wall decompression combined with fat removal was performed in 18 eyes of 11 patients (group 2). A transnasal endoscopic approach was used for medial wall removal. A lateral canthotomy incision combined with a short upper eyelid incision was used for extended lateral wall removal, and this was combined with an inferior conjunctival fornix incision when floor decompression was performed. RESULTS: The mean reduction of proptosis was 6.9+/-1.6 mm and 6.5+/-1.3 mm in the first and second groups, respectively; the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.37). After 3-wall decompression, 57.1% of the patients had permanent new-onset diplopia (group 1), whereas none of the patients had permanent postoperative diplopia after balanced medial and lateral wall decompression combined with fat removal (group 2). The difference in permanent new-onset postoperative diplopia between two groups was statistically significant (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Balanced medial and lateral wall decompression combined with orbital fat removal provides an effective reduction in proptosis and reduces the incidence of postoperative permanent diplopia when compared with 3-wall decompression. This technique may eliminate the need for orbital floor excision.     

Decompression of benign orbital apex lesion via medial endoscopic approach

The use of endoscopic orbital and optic nerve decompression for traumatic optic neuropathy and dysthyroid orbitopathy have been well documented; however, reports on endoscopic decompression for benign orbital apex lesions are scarce. The records of two patients who underwent endoscopic decompression of the bony orbit for progressive visual loss were reviewed. Patient 1 had fibrous dysplasia and presented with headache and visual field defects. Patient 2 had sphenoid wing meningioma and multiple previous attempts of transcranial tumor resection and orbital decompression. Both had progressive visual deterioration and ultimately underwent transnasal endoscopic orbital decompression. Post-operatively, both patients had subjective and objective improvement in visual function and compressive symptoms. No complications from the endoscopic decompression were observed in both patients. Transnasal endoscopic approach may be a viable option for decompression of benign orbital apex lesions.     

眼科内镜微创技术存在的问题与规范化发展

随着内镜医学的发展,内镜微创技术在眼科迅速拓展,内镜下经鼻视神经管减压术、经蝶筛径路眶减压术等相继被开发和不断完善,赋予了视神经、眼眶及泪道疾病全新的诊疗理念与内涵.但随着该项技术的推广,亦暴露出不少问题,如未经严格培训即在“自学”中摸索开展、手术适应证选择不当、缺乏统一诊疗规范与客观疗效评价体系等.因此,建立一套科学、先进的专业技术规范化培训、考核管理与准入制度,积极开展该领域的基础与应用基础研究,对促进该项技术的良性、快速、健康、规范、可持续发展具有重要意义.     

Strabismus after balanced medial plus lateral wall versus lateral wall only orbital decompression for dysthyroid orbitopathy

PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the relative incidence and time course of new-onset strabismus after balanced medial plus lateral wall orbital decompression versus decompression of the lateral wall alone for dysthyroid orbitopathy. METHODS: The study design was a retrospective nonrandomized comparative case series. Thirty-two consecutive patients underwent balanced medial plus lateral wall orbital decompression or lateral wall orbital decompression for dysthyroid orbitopathy. The incidence, duration, and treatment of postoperative strabismus was recorded for each patient. RESULTS: Significant preoperative strabismus was present in 31% (4/13 patients) of the balanced decompression group and in 26% (5/19 patients) of the lateral wall decompression group. Only 25% (1/4) of cases of preexisting strabismus in the balanced decompression group resolved postoperatively without muscle surgery, whereas 60% (3/5) of cases in the lateral wall decompression group resolved postoperatively without surgery. Preoperative strabismus was absent in 69% (9/13) of patients in the balanced decompression group and in 74% (14/19) of patients in the lateral wall decompression group. New-onset, persistent postoperative strabismus developed in 33% (3/9) of patients in the balanced decompression group and in 7% (1/14) of patients in the lateral wall decompression group. CONCLUSION: Lateral wall orbital decompression may produce less new-onset, persistent postoperative strabismus than balanced medial plus lateral wall orbital decompression for dysthyroid orbitopathy.