儿童Gitelman综合征6例

目的探讨儿童Gitelman综合征的临床特点及其与Bartter综合征的鉴别。方法总结本院住院的6例儿童Gitelman综合征的临床表现、实验室检查、治疗方法及效果,回顾分析Gitelman综合征及Bartter综合征相关文献。分析二者发病机制、临床表现治疗等不同点。结果6例均起病早,婴幼儿期起病,以生长迟缓、无力及抽搐为主要表现,血压正常。实验室检查主要表现低血钾、低血镁,代谢性碱中毒,血浆肾素、血管紧张素明显升高,醛固酮升高不明显或正常。治疗需补钾、补镁症状才能改善。结论Gitelman综合征与Bartter综合征临床表现及发病机制均有不同,相应治疗也不同。     

Bartter综合征分子遗传学研究进展

Bartter综合征是一组以低钾性代谢性碱中毒为主要特征的遗传性肾小管疾病。近期的分子遗传学研究表明,六个编码肾小管离子通道或转运蛋白的基因突变可引起Bartter综合征,根据这些致病基因的不同。Banter综合征进一步分为六个亚型,即Ⅰ-Ⅴ型Bartter综合征和Gitelman综合征。该文从分子遗传学角度阐述了各种类型Bamer综合征的临床特点和可能的发病机制。     

呋塞米/ 氢氯噻嗪负荷试验在儿童Bartter 综合征和Gitelman 综合征鉴别诊断中的应用

目的探讨呋塞米/氢氯噻嗪负荷试验对Bartter综合征和Gitelman综合征临床分型和选择目标基因检查的意义。方法回顾性分析2012年至2014年5例临床诊断为Bartter综合征和Gitelman综合征患儿的临床表现、生化指标、呋塞米/氢氯噻嗪负荷试验和基因检测结果。结果 5例患儿均表现为低钾血症、代谢性碱中毒,基础肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮升高,血压正常。大部分患儿有多饮、多尿,并伴有不同程度的生长迟缓。5例患儿基因诊断均与临床上根据呋塞米/氢氯噻嗪负荷试验作出的诊断吻合。结论呋塞米/氢氯噻嗪负荷试验,能较好地将Bartter综合征和Gitelman综合征相鉴别,进行初步分型,并指导选择较有针对性的目标基因检测。     

Expanding the spectrum of genetic mutations in antenatal Bartter syndrome type II

Bartter syndrome (BS) is a group of genetic disorders characterized by hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis, hyponatremia and elevated renin and aldosterone plasma concentrations. BS type II is caused by mutations in the KCNJ1 gene and usually presents with transient hyperkalemia. We report here a novel KCNJ1 mutation in a male neonate, prematurely born after a pregnancy complicated by polyhydramnios. The infant presented with typical clinical and laboratory findings of BS type II, such as hyponatremia, hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis, severe weight loss, elevated renin and aldosterone levels and transient hyperkalemia in the early postnatal period, which were later normalized. Molecular analysis revealed a compound heterozygous mutation in the KCNJ1 gene, consisting of a novel K76E and an already described V315G mutation, both affecting functional domains of the channel protein. Typical manifestations of antenatal BS in combination with hyperkalemia should prompt the clinician to search for mutations in the KCNJ1 gene first.     

Two Japanese Patients with Gitelman Syndrome

Gitelman syndrome (GS) is a renal tubular disorder characterized by hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, metabolic alkalosis and hypocalciuria due to defective tubular reabsorption of magnesium and potassium. This disease is caused by mutations of the thiazide-sensitive Na-Cl cotransporter (NCCT) gene, SLC12A3. Manifestations of GS are heterogeneous, from asymptomatic to mild symptoms of cramps and easy fatigue, to tetany and paralysis. Polydipsia, polyuria, and nocturia are also frequent in GS patients. Here we describe two Japanese patients with GS followed as nocturnal enuresis. In the first patient, occasional muscle cramps, easy fatigue and headache led to the diagnosis of GS. The parents of this patient reported that he had been affected by polydipsia and polyuria, especially nocturnal enuresis from early childhood. The second patient was referred to our clinic because of muscular weakness and cramps. He had a past history of transient muscle weakness and muscle cramps. He had also suffered from nocturnal enuresis since 3 yr of age. Laboratory findings of these patients were consistent with those of GS. Sequencing analysis of the SLC12A3 gene from two patients showed four mutations, which were previously reported. In our two patients, their manifestations had been underestimated and the correct diagnosis was delayed. GS is generally likely to be benign, however signs of GS are found in early childhood. Especially, we must recognize that nocturnal enuresis is frequent in symptoms of GS.     

儿童遗传性肾小管碱中毒诊疗进展

儿童遗传性肾小管碱中毒为临床罕见的肾小管疾病,是肾小管上皮细胞离子通道基因变异导致蛋白质功能异常引起的临床综合征。Bartter综合征、Gitelman综合征和Liddle综合征属于其中较常见的几种类型,均是以肾小管碱中毒为临床特征的遗传性失钾性疾病。文章综述上述三者的发病机制、临床表现及诊断和治疗的最新进展。     

Simultaneous Occurrence of Viral-Associated Hemophagocytic Syndrome and Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis: A Case Report

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a class I histiocytosis characterized by the presence of the pathologic Langerhans cell, an unique histiocyte. In contrast to LCH, class II histiocytosis is characterized by the proliferation of mononuclear phagocytes other than Langerhans cells and includes sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy, viral-associated hemophagocytic syndrome, and familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocylosis. Until now, these two classes have been considered separate, if related, entities. We report a 10-month-old girl who presented with pyrexia, hepatosplenomegaly, an edematous skin rash, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and a markedly elevated serum IgG and IgM antibody level to cytomegalovirus. Histologic proof of both hemophagocytosis in the liver and bone marrow and LCH in the skin was obtained at presentation. The clinical course and response to treatment over 6.5 years is recorded. Although the etiology of both class I and class II histiocytosis remains unknown, we speculate that the monocytic/macrophage disorder, as well as the LCH, were both triggered by virus or viral-related monokines secreted by activated macrophages.     

Hemophagocytic Syndrome with Restricted Organ Involvement: Excessive Hemosiderosis and Fibrosis of the Spleen

We report the case history of a 6 1/2-month-old girl with a hemophagocytic syndrome, pancytopenia, and excessive hepatosplenomegaly. Some extraordinary histological features present in this case—restricted organ involvement, excessive hemosiderosis, and fibrosis of the spleen—further contributed to the well-known problem of distinguishing between infection-associated hemophagocytic syndrome and familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.     

Clinicopathologic and Molecular-pathologic Approaches to Lowe's Syndrome

The oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe (OCRL), an X-linked disorder involving several organ systems, including the eyes, nervous system, and kidneys, is often difficult to diagnose because few pathologic data of diagnostic features about OCRL are available, and its rarity has hampered comprehensive investigations into its clinical spectrum. Recently, the genetic and biochemical abnormalities responsible for this syndrome have been reported. We have synthesized a cDNA probe of the OCRL locus using a polymerase chain reaction, in which there is no homology of cDNA sequence with human inositol polyphosphate-5-phosphatase (HUMINP5P); we have taken a genetic approach to diagnose this disorder in a 10-year-old male by using Northern blotting and have demonstrated the expression of mRNA in human tissues of a 17-week fetus by in situ hybridization. This paper presents a new method that should be an easy and helpful tool for diagnosing OCRL and that contributes a new aspect of this syndrome through in situ hybridization histochemical staining of normal fetal tissues.     

Therapeutic Efficacy and Safety of GH in Japanese Children with Down Syndrome Short Stature Accompanied by GH Deficiency

In this study, we investigated the effects of GH treatment in children with Down syndrome who had been diagnosed with GH deficiency (GHD). A total of 20 subjects were investigated in this study. Fourteen Down syndrome children (5 boys and 9 girls) with short stature due to GHD were treated with GH at Okayama Red Cross General Hospital, and 6 Down syndrome children (4 boys and 2 girls) with short stature due to GHD were registered in the Pfizer International Growth Database (KIGS). Height SD score (SDS) increased throughout the three-year GH treatment period. The overall mean height SDS increased from –3.5 at baseline to –2.5 after 3 yr of treatment. The mean change in height SDS during these 3 yr was 1.1. In addition, height assessment of SD score based on Down syndrome-specific growth data in the Japanese population revealed that the height SDS (Down syndrome) also increased across the 3-yr GH treatment period. The mean change in height SDS (Down syndrome) during these three years was 1.3. GH therapy was effective for Down syndrome short stature accompanied by GHD, and no new safety concerns were found in this study.