Papillomavirus and head and neck cancer

Tobacco and alcohol consumption are the main risk factors for head and neck cancers. Papillomavirus (HPV) infection was recently associated with the development of malignant tumors of the oropharynx, according to molecular and biological arguments. We describe the oncogenic mechanisms of HPV infections, the epidemiological and clinical aspects of associated head and neck cancers, their prognosis, and issues of specific therapeutic strategies.     

Nutrition and taste and smell dysfunction

Food selection plays a pivotal role in maintaining adequate nutrient intake, thus elucidating drivers of food choice is a meaningful strategy to maintain health and manage disease. Taste and smell are key determinants of food choice and warrant careful consideration. In this review, we first discuss how sensory stimulation influences food selection and metabolism. We then review the evidence regarding the relationship between taste and smell dysfunction and food preferences and selection, with attention given to contexts of certain chronic diseases. We conclude with brief recommendations for the management of chemosensory disorders. While sensory abilities influence food selection, the effect of taste and smell dysfunction on long-term consumption patterns and health status must be considered in light of environment, exposure, and culture.     

紫杉醇与头颈部肿瘤

为了解紫杉醇治疗鼻咽癌、喉癌及其他头颈部肿瘤的疗效及作用机理，本文分析了近年来的文献27篇。紫杉醇通过稳定微管、阻断细胞的有丝分裂和增殖，从而显著地抑制肿瘤细胞的生长并促进细胞调亡，在头颈部肿瘤同期放化疗中能起到放疗增敏作用，单独或联合其他抗癌药物治疗亦有较佳的疗效。紫杉酵是一种具有良好抗癌活性的药物，随着研究的深入，将会在头颈部肿瘤的治疗中发挥更大的作用。     

Pepsin and Laryngeal and Hypopharyngeal Carcinomas

Laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinomas are common malignant tumors of the head and neck, and the incidence of both is increasing. Laryngopharyngeal reflux refers to the retrograde flow of gastric contents into the larynx, oropharynx, and/or nasopharynx. It remains controversial whether laryngopharyngeal reflux is a risk factor for laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers. The refluxing substances mainly include hydrochloric acid, pepsin, and occasionally bile acids and bile salts, as well as bacteria that colonize the gastrointestinal tract. Loss of epithelium in the mucous membrane of the larynx and hypopharynx is thought to be caused by pepsin. Here, we review the relationships between laryngopharyngeal reflux and both laryngeal and hypopharyngeal carcinomas, as well as the significance of pepsin, methods of clinical detection, and the mechanism of carcinogenesis.     

Head and neck anatomy and ultrasound correlation

Thorough knowledge of the complex anatomy of the head and neck is essential to understanding the ultrasonographic appearance of this region. The intimate familiarity with anatomic structures obtained by performing surgical procedures makes active radiographic imaging modalities like ultrasound especially suited for use by surgeons. An understanding of the normal sonographic appearance of head and neck structures is critical to recognizing abnormal pathology.     

Tobacco and otorhinolaryngology: Epic and disaster

More than 500 papers are retrieved from the PubMed database by the keywords “Tobacco” and “Otorhinolaryngology”, none of which, however, is devoted to the history of a plant that has a major impact on our specialty and practice. The present report describes and analyzes how tobacco conquered the world, the conflicts it triggered and the impact it has had in our field over the past centuries.     

鼻窦解剖及其变异与鼻窦炎和手术的关系

目的 探讨鼻窦解剖及其变异对鼻窦炎和手术的治疗。方法 观察１００具颅骨、１０个尸头,复习７５０例鼻窦炎鼻窦冠状ＣＴ和１０００例内窥镜鼻窦手术记录,研究中鼻甲、钩突、上颌窦自然口和鼻囟门（含上颌窦骨性裂口）、前鼻颅底、筛蝶区域和鼻中隔的解剖学和影像解剖学,分析解剖、变异与鼻窦炎和手术的关系。结果 ①中鼻甲、钩突、前鼻颅底、筛蝶区域和鼻中隔均存在解剖变异;②中鼻甲、钩突和鼻中隔的变异在有鼻窦炎侧明显多     

口腔颌面囊肿及囊性病变行开窗引流术治疗的效果

目的分析和研究在口腔颌面囊肿及囊性病变的治疗过程中,采用开窗引流术治疗的效果。方法选择的研究对象为我院2018年12月到2019年12月期间内所收治的68例口腔颌面囊肿及囊性病变患者,按照抽签的方式分为观察组和对照组,其中对照组采用传统开放性手术治疗,观察组采用开窗引流术治疗,分析和对比两组的手术治疗情况(手术时间、术中出血量以及住院时间)、手术成功率、术后感染率、疾病复发率。结果两组患者治疗完成之后,观察组的手术治疗情况、手术成功率、术后感染率、疾病复发率均明显优于对照组,并且将所有数据指标进行相关对比,差异十分明显,有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论在口腔颌面囊肿及囊性病变的治疗过程中,采用开窗引流术治疗具有较好的临床疗效,值得推广使用。     

Nutritional and immunological investigations in head and neck cancer patients before and after therapy

Summary We studied the nutritional and immunological states of 20 patients with advanced head and neck carcinomas. Treatment included chemotherapy with methotrexate, cis-platinum and bleomycin prior to operation and radiotherapy. Nutritional and immunological parameters were examined before and after each therapy given. Most of these parameters decreased during chemotherapy. However, while we found that nutrition improved or normalized by the end of the primary tumor treatment, immunologie parameters failed to change significantly.     

Orbital and paraorbital tumors-clinicopathological profile and surgical management

A total number of 31 cases of proptosis caused by primary orbital tumors, paranasal tumor extensions and nasapharyngeal tumors werte analysed in a retrospective study in relation to their age, sex, clinical and histological profile. Surgical management of this group of tumors depends on the anatomical location of the tumor and CT scan was considered as the primary modality of investigation. Different modalities of surgical treatment like lateral orbitotomy, medial orbitotomy, lateral rhinotomy, etc., have been adopted according to location of tumor. Surgical approaches and histopathological profile of the lesions causing proptosis are discussed in details.     

HPV and head and neck cancer

Head and neck cancer is frequent worldwide and oropharyngeal locations are presently sharply on the increase, in relation with an increasing incidence of oropharyngeal infection by oncogenic type-16 human papillomavirus (HPV). The clinical and biologic profile of these patients is distinct from that of other oropharyngeal carcinoma patients, with earlier onset, cystic cervical nodes and basaloid carcinoma histopathology. Detection of intratumoral viral DNA is essential to confirm the role of HPV, and E6/E7 mRNA expression is the most relevant indicator for stratification. Several methods can reveal intratumoral oncogenic HPV DNA, but PCR with hybridization is the most sensitive and most widely used. According to several reports, prognosis in terms of survival and locoregional control is better in HPV-positive oropharyngeal carcinoma than in oropharyngeal carcinoma associated with smoking and alcohol consumption. The future lies in vaccination, but further studies will determine whether the rate of oropharyngeal carcinoma falls in women vaccinated against cervical cancer.     

Aging and olfactory and taste function

This article focuses on the change in olfaction and taste with aging. It discusses histopathology with an emphasis on age-related changes, causes of chemosensory dysfunction in the elderly, how to evaluate a patient with dysfunction, useful tests and imaging, clinical consequences of chemosensory impairments, and available treatment options.     

头颈部岛状肌皮瓣和皮瓣的改良设计及临床应用

目的　探讨制作单一血管为蒂的头颈部局部带蒂肌皮瓣或皮瓣的安全性。方法　解剖学观察20例胸肩峰动脉分支,观察最远入肌点走行特征。通过术前超声观察和术中透视法观察定位最远入肌点,在最远入肌点上方1～2 cm断离肌肉,形成单纯动静脉血管为蒂的胸大肌岛状肌肌皮瓣。利用同样的技术方法,设计岛状的胸锁乳突肌、下位斜方肌的岛状肌皮瓣。结果　解剖学观察胸肩峰动脉分支分为单支型12.5%（5/40）,双支型67.5%（27/40）,多支型20%（8/40）。术前超声定位胸大肌皮瓣的最远入肌点成功率为29.1%（14/48）,DSA成功显影乳内动脉穿支66.7%（12/18）,共完成胸大肌岛状肌皮瓣48例,乳内动脉岛状皮瓣12例,颏瓣18例,下位斜方肌岛状肌皮瓣4例,胸锁乳突肌岛状肌皮瓣4例,颈横血管岛状皮瓣3例,胸肩峰动脉穿支的岛状皮瓣3例。失败2例,1例为胸大肌肌皮瓣的岛状设计中电刀误伤胸肩峰动脉胸肌支;1例为颈横血管浅支,术中修复扁桃体癌咽侧壁缺损。3例胸大肌部分坏死,清理完坏死组织,换药后痊愈。结论　在头颈部设计单一血管为蒂的岛状肌皮瓣（皮瓣）的改良设计安全可行,在受区皮瓣容易塑形固定,供区不仅外形美观且功能保全。