手术后加速康复的历史启示与现实思考

近年来,手术后加速康复(ERAS)受到外科领域的关注。ERAS是患者围术期处理的新模式,其更加关注患者自身对医疗的感受,而不同于以往完全由医疗实施者主导的医疗模式。因此,ERAS更加人性化,更加合理。在保证医疗安全的前提下,ERAS通过一系列措施,特别是循证医学手段优化围术期管理,促进患者康复,并伴有一定的经济和社会效益。笔者系统回顾ERAS的发展历史,对ERAS的由来和历程有了更清楚的认识,并追溯20世纪60年代我国外科学界提出的"两减一保"和"革除两管一禁"的围术期处理模式变革。医学前辈们当年追求的目标和具体措施与现今ERAS惊人的相似,堪称"ERAS的启蒙者"。在ERAS广泛开展的今天,人们应该客观地评价ERAS这一新医疗模式,建立一个以患者为核心的医疗体系,从学术的角度推进ERAS的发展,实现"没有危险和疼痛手术"的最终目标。     

312名贵州省骨科护士加速康复外科认知现状调查

目的调查分析贵州省骨科护士对加速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)的认知现状。方法采用便利抽样方法,于2018年6月至7月使用四川大学华西医院骨科张馨予等编制的ERAS知信行调查问卷对贵州省7家医疗单位的骨科护士进行问卷调查,统计ERAS的认可度和各维度得分。结果共发放问卷322份,回收有效问卷312份(96.89%)。312名骨科护士ERAS知识维度总分为(30.44±12.54)分;98.40%的护士认为ERAS对病人术后恢复有帮助且愿意参加ERAS培训,96.47%愿意参与ERAS相关的科研工作,15.06%的护士经常在临床工作中实施ERAS措施。结论312名贵州省骨科护士的ERAS知识处于中等偏下水平,态度和行为高度不匹配。建议护理管理者应寻找原因,在选择合适的教育模式的同时制定完善的考核体制,促进护士ERAS相关知识的提高,提高ERAS临床实施率,以便更好地为病人服务。     

加速康复外科在胰腺外科中的应用

加速康复外科(ERAS)包括术前对患者进行宣传教育,术中有效的麻醉、镇痛及精确的外科技术以及术后早期康复治疗.由于胰腺解剖位置的特殊和胰腺手术本身技术难度高,学习曲线长,患者术后并发症发生率高,加速康复的实践在胰腺外科的应用始终不广泛.但ERAS能减少手术应激,降低术后并发症发生率,加速患者术后康复,缩短术后住院时间,降低住院费用的优势已被许多临床研究证实,也是胰腺外科发展的方向.如何在追求最佳预后与加速康复上找到最佳平衡点是胰腺外科医师应该重视和思考的问题.     

Enhanced recovery programmes in hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery: a systematic review

INTRODUCTION

The terms ‘enhanced recovery after surgery’, ‘enhanced recovery programme’ (ERP) and ‘fast track surgery’ refer to multimodal strategies aiming to streamline peri-operative care pathways, to maximise effectiveness and minimise costs. While the results of ERP in colorectal surgery are well reported, there have been no reviews examining if these concepts could be applied safely to hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) surgery. The aim of this systematic review was to appraise the current evidence for ERP in HPB surgery.

METHODS

A MEDLINE® literature search was undertaken using the keywords ‘enhanced recovery’, ‘fast-track’, ‘peri-operative’, ‘surgery’, ‘pancreas’ and ‘liver’ and their derivatives such as ‘pancreatic’ or ‘hepatic’. The primary endpoint was length of post-operative hospital stay. Secondary endpoints were morbidity, mortality and readmission rate.

RESULTS

Ten articles were retrieved describing an ERP. ERP protocols varied slightly between studies. A reduction in length of stay was a consistent finding following the incorporation of ERP when compared with historical controls. This was not at the expense of increased rates of readmission, morbidity or mortality in any study.

CONCLUSIONS

The introduction of an ERP in HPB surgery appears safe and feasible. Currently, many of the principles of the multimodal pathway are derived from the colorectal ERP and distinct differences exist, which may impede its implementation in HPB surgery.     

加速康复外科的麻醉管理

加速康复外科(ERAS)强调在围术期通过应用一系列完善的治疗措施,加以优化组合而产生协同作用,以尽量减少手术患者各种生理及心理应激反应.ERAS目的在于加快患者术后的恢复、缩短住院总时间、减少住院总费用、提高术后患者生命质量等.ERAS包括微创外科、麻醉管理、合理的术后管理等措施,其中麻醉管理非常重要.     

加速康复外科在精准肝脏外科中的应用

加速康复外科(ERAS)在肝切除术中应用具有安全性和可行性,但相关研究只是沿袭ERAS在结直肠手术中应用的临床策略,并没有涉及肝脏基础疾病的临床处理,更没有突出乙型病毒性肝炎肝硬化对ERAS的影响.安徽省立医院肝脏外科传承ERAS在结直肠手术中临床策略的基础上,聚焦于肝脏基础疾病和特征,经过系统临床探索,提出精准肝脏外科时代ERAS的临床策略.通过多学科团队和医护患的共同努力,在循证医学指导下积极开展多中心临床研究,可能是建立精准肝脏外科时代ERAS临床策略的发展方向.     

加速康复外科在妇科腔镜手术中的应用体会

目的:探讨加速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)策略用于妇科腔镜手术中的安全性与有效性。方法:将拟行腹腔镜妇科手术的200例患者随机分为ERAS组与对照组。ERAS组围手术期采用ERAS策略处理,对照组采用传统围手术期方案处理。术后2 h、6 h、12 h、24 h采用视觉模拟评分法观察两组患者疼痛程度,对比分析两组术后肛门首次排气时间、术后恶心呕吐发生率、术后住院时间、住院总花费及其他并发症发生情况。结果:与对照组相比,ERAS组术后2 h、6 h、12 h疼痛评分及术后恶心呕吐发生率明显降低(P0.05);术后肛门首次排气时间缩短(P0.05);术后住院时间、住院总费用减少(P0.05)。两组患者术后其他并发症发生率差异无统计学意义。结论:ERAS策略可安全地用于妇科腔镜手术,能有效促进术后恢复、缩短住院时间、降低医疗费用。     

Compliance with enhanced recovery after surgery predicts long-term outcome after hepatectomy for cholangiocarcinoma

BACKGROUND Enhanced recovery after surgery(ERAS) program has been proved to improve postoperative outcome for many surgical procedures, including liver resection. There was limited evidence regarding the feasibility and benefit of ERAS in patients who underwent liver resection for cholangiocarcinoma.AIM To evaluate the feasibility of ERAS in patients who underwent liver resection for cholangiocarcinoma and its association with patient outcomes.METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 116 cholangiocar...     

加速康复外科技术应用于小儿咽部手术临床分析

目的 探讨加速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)技术在小儿咽部手术中的应用效果. 方法 择期接受咽部手术的6～12岁患儿60例,按随机数字表法分为ERAS组和传统方法(conservative treatment surgery,CTS)组(每组30例).其中ERAS组在术前宣教、麻醉处理、术后镇痛等方面给予具有循证医学证据支持的优化措施,CTS组采用常规围麻醉期处理.观察术后清醒时及术后2、8、24h时两组患儿血流动力学的变化、躁动评分、镇痛效果(VAS评分)、术后24 h内是否需要补救镇痛、术后24h内恶心呕吐并发症的发生率、住院天数. 结果 两组患儿各时点的生命体征、手术时间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);ERAS组各时点的躁动评分[(2.41±0.50)、(2.48±0.67)、(2.39±0.81)、(2.33±0.51)分]、VAS评分[(3.3±0.5)、(3.2±0.5)、(3.0±0.6)、(2.6±0.9)分]、术后补救镇痛率(30％)和术后恶心呕吐发生率(33.3％)均低于CTS组的躁动评分[(3.54±1.01)、(3.63±0.92)、(3.42±0.32)、(3.38±0.20)分]、VAS评分[(5.3±0.4)、(4.9±0.3)、(4.8±0.4)、(3.9±0.5)分]、术后补救镇痛率(50％)和术后恶心呕吐发生率(66.7％)(P＜0.05).ERAS组住院时间[(5.5±0.8)d]也明显短于CTS组[(7.1±0.5)d](P＜0.05).结论 ERAS技术能减轻咽部手术患儿的术后躁动与疼痛,缩短住院时间,促进患儿康复.     

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol in spine surgery

Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols are a set of interventions which are carried out in the preoperative and perioperative period. They are aimed to decrease the harmful effects of surgery on the body and help the patient recover better post-surgery. The effectiveness of ERAS has been well established in various other surgical specialities. Earlier spine surgery was thought to be very complex for application of ERAS protocols. However, this has changed over the last decade with (ERAS) protocols gaining widespread popularity in spine surgery. Initial studies involving ERAS in spine surgery were limited to lumbar spine. However, over the years the horizon of ERAS has expanded to include anterior cervical surgeries, spine deformity, spinal tumors and spine surgery in the elderly. ERAS has been shown to reduce the length of hospital stay, overall hospital costs, opioid consumption in perioperative and postoperative period and to lower complication rates in spine surgery. In this narrative review, we discuss various aspects of ERAS in spine surgery including the benefits of ERAS in spine surgery, the various components of preoperative, intraoperative and postoperative measures of ERAS protocol.     

多模式围术期处理在小儿加速康复外科中的应用

目的通过术前心理干预,采用合理的禁食禁饮方案,适当的麻醉前用药,优化麻醉方式,术后早期进食等一系列措施,研究多模式围术期处理在小儿加速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)中的应用。方法择期腹腔镜下行腹股沟区手术患儿127例,男111例,女16例,年龄1~3岁,ASAⅠ级。随机分为对照组(C组,n=59)和多模式组(M组,n=68)。C组常规术前访视,予以一般麻醉处理。M组进行术前亲善宣教、细致访视,术前禁食4~6h,术前2h予以5%葡萄糖5ml/kg,术前1h在以手术切口处皮肤为中心2cm范围内涂抹一层厚约2mm的复方利多卡因乳膏,上盖密封敷膜,术前30 min静脉注射咪达唑仑0.02 mg/kg,缝皮时切口局部浸润0.25%罗哌卡因2ml,术后PACU内安慰,术后2h根据患儿恢复情况早期进食。记录患儿与父母分离时的镇静评分、诱导时的面罩接受程度评分,术中全麻药的用量、拔喉罩时间、意识恢复时间、麻醉恢复时间,术后Ramsay镇静评分、苏醒期躁动评分,术后随访并记录患儿家长的满意度以及患儿不良反应发生情况。结果 M组患儿与父母分离时的镇静评分、诱导时面罩接受程度评分明显高于C组(P0.05),术中丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼总量明显少于C组(P0.05或P0.01),拔喉罩时间、意识恢复时间以及麻醉恢复时间明显短于C组(P0.05或P0.01),术后Ramsay镇静评分明显高于C组(P0.01),苏醒期躁动评分明显低于C组(P0.01),术后家长满意度评分明显高于C组(P0.05)。结论多模式围术期处理在小儿ERAS中有应用价值且安全可行。     

影响机器人肺癌手术患者术后加速康复的危险因素分析

目的:探究影响机器人肺癌手术患者术后加速康复的危险因素。方法:收集2014~2019年在浙江大学医学院附属第一医院普胸外科行机器人手术的肺癌患者的临床资料,根据患者住院时间将接受机器人手术的肺癌患者分成加速康复组和常规康复组。采用Logistic回归分析影响术后加速康复的危险因素。结果:除年龄外,两组患者基线资料差异无统计学意义。Logistic回归分析结果提示,年龄是肺癌患者行机器人手术后加速康复的重要影响因素。随着年龄不断增加,肺癌患者在机器人手术后的住院时间呈显著的上升趋势。结论:年龄是肺癌患者行机器人手术后加速康复的危险因素。     

加速康复外科理念应用于老年髋部骨折的短期疗效分析

目的探讨应用加速康复外科(ERAS)理念治疗老年髋部骨折的短期临床疗效。方法2016年10月至2019年3月首都医科大学石景山教学医院骨科诊断为股骨颈骨折、股骨转子间骨折患者共205例,采用随机对照研究。将患者分为ERAS组(100例)及常规组(105例),分别采用ERAS治疗流程及目前治疗流程,比较两组患者满意率、围手术期并发症发生率、平均住院时间、日常生活能力Bathel指数评分及Harris髋关节功能评分、疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS)、住院花费、疼痛评分。结果ERAS组与常规组相比,能提高患者满意率(P=0.003),缩短平均住院时间(P=0.000),减少住院花费(P=0.034),减轻术后早期疼痛(P=0.001),且不增加并发症发生率(P=1.000)。结论ERAS治疗模式较常规治疗模式能显著促进患者康复,且不增加并发症发生率。     

加速康复外科在老年心脏瓣膜手术患者的应用

目的:探讨加速康复外科(enhanced recovery after surgery,ERAS)方案应用于CPB下老年心脏瓣膜手术患者的安全性和有效性。方法:前瞻性入组因心脏瓣膜病择期行CPB下瓣膜成形或置换手术的老年住院患者,按随机数字表法分为ERAS组(22例)和对照组(28例),ERAS组患者接受ERAS方案进行围手术期管理,对照组患者接受常规围手术期处理。对比两组患者住院时间、ICU停留时间、术后气管导管带管时间、舒芬太尼用量、苏醒时间、术后红细胞悬液用量、术后Hb、术后首次通便时间、术后血管活性药物使用时间以及术后引流管拔除时间、术后VAS评分、住院费用和术后不良事件发生情况。结果:与对照组比较,ERAS组患者住院时间、ICU停留时间、术后气管导管带管时间、苏醒时间、术后首次通便时间、术后血管活性药物使用时间和术后引流管拔除时间均较短,其中ICU停留时间、术后气管导管带管时间、苏醒时间、术后首次通便时间和术后引流管拔除时间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。ERAS组患者舒芬太尼用量少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。ERAS组患者术后不良事件发生情况较对照组低(P<0.05)。两组患者术后红细胞悬液用量、术后Hb、术后VAS评分、住院费用差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)结论:ERAS方案可以安全、有效地应用于实施CPB手术的老年心脏瓣膜手术患者。     

加速康复外科在肾移植术后静脉补液中的应用

目的探讨加速康复外科(ERAS)在肾移植术后静脉补液中的应用。 方法回顾性分析陆军军医大学第一附属医院124例肾移植受者临床资料。根据肾移植术后多尿期每24小时静脉补液量分为3组,A组每24小时静脉补液量2 500～<4 000 mL,术后6 h进食流质;B组每24小时补液量4 000～6 000 mL,肛门排气后进食;C组每24小时补液量>6 000 mL,肛门排气后进食。采用单因素方差分析比较3组受者术后1周中心静脉压(CVP)、心率、血压、尿量和血糖以及平均特护时间、平均住院日和术后1个月血清肌酐。采用χ²检验比较3组受者性别、供肾类型以及术后高血糖、伤口延迟愈合和移植肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)发生率。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果A、B和C组受者术后1个月血清肌酐分别为(110±23)、(114±22)和(118±22)μmol/L,差异无统计学意义(F＝1.19,P>0.05)。A组受者术后1周CVP、收缩压、尿量和血糖均低于B、C组(P均<0.05),平均特护时间和平均住院日均短于B、C组(P均<0.05)。3组受者术后高血糖和DGF发生率差异均无统计学意义(χ²＝4.581和0.404,P均>0.05),A组受者伤口愈合延迟发生率低于C组(χ²＝7.303,P<0.017)。仅C组1例受者因心力衰竭和肺水肿死亡。 结论ERAS适用于肾移植受者术后静脉补液策略,鼓励受者尽早饮水进食,在保证血压正常或偏高的情况下,适当减少静脉补液量,有利于减少并发症,促进受者恢复。     

Enhanced recovery after surgery programs hasten recovery after colorectal resections

Colorectal resection was traditionally associated with significant morbidity and prolonged stay in hospital.Laparoscopic colorectal resection was first described in 1991 as a minimally invasive form of colorectal surgery.It was later on assessed by multiple randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis and was found to be associated with a faster recovery,lower complication rates and a shorter stay in hospital compared with open resection.To assess the effect of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program on postoperative length of stay after elective colorectal resections,a literature review was conducted,supplemented by the results of 111 ERAS colorectal resections at regional NWS Hospital using a protocol based on the Fast Track approach described by Kehlet in 1999.ERAS has been shown to improve postoperative recovery,reduce length of stay and enhance early return to normal function when compared with traditional colorectal surgical protocols.The role of laparoscopic surgery in colorectal resections within a fast-track (ERAS) program is controversial.The current evidence suggests that within such a program,there is no difference between laparoscopic and open colorectal surgery in terms of postoperative recovery rates or length of hospital stay.