2015至2018年中国25家医院新生儿重症监护室早产儿中心导管相关性血流感染发生率的横断面调查

目的 调查中国25家NICU中早产儿中心导管(CLs)置管率、CLs相关血流感染(CLABSI)的发生率及病原菌分布,为临床防治CLABSI提供基线数据。方法 本研究数据来源于整群随机对照研究“应用以循证为基础的质量改进方法降低新生儿重症监护病房感染发生率(REIN-EPIQ)”建立的早产儿临床数据库。研究人群为2015年5月至2018年4月中国25家医院NICU收治的出生胎龄<34周的所有早产儿(排除自动出院)。结果 共纳入24 884例早产儿,其中9 537例(38.3%)至少留置一根置管,经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管(PICC)7 532例(79.0%)。CLABSI总发生率为2.4/1 000(0.0~9.8/1 000)导管日,CLABSI相关病死率为6.7%(35/526)。CLABSI的发生率随着胎龄和出生体重的上升呈下降趋势。CLABSI的主要病原菌为革兰阴性菌(46.2%),其中肺炎克雷伯菌占49.8%,其次为革兰阳性菌(33.9%),真菌占19.9%。结论 我国NICU早产儿中心静脉导管置管率高,CLABSI发生率存在显著单位间差异,CLABSI病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,真菌占比高。需要采取针对性质量改进措施以缩小单位间差异、降低真菌CLABSI发生率。     

2015至2018年中国25家医院新生儿重症监护室早产儿中心导管相关性血流感染发生率的横断面调查

目的 调查中国25家NICU中早产儿中心导管(CLs)置管率、CLs相关血流感染(CLABSI)的发生率及病原菌分布,为临床防治CLABSI提供基线数据。方法 本研究数据来源于整群随机对照研究“应用以循证为基础的质量改进方法降低新生儿重症监护病房感染发生率(REIN-EPIQ)”建立的早产儿临床数据库。研究人群为2015年5月至2018年4月中国25家医院NICU收治的出生胎龄<34周的所有早产儿(排除自动出院)。结果 共纳入24 884例早产儿,其中9 537例(38.3%)至少留置一根置管,经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管(PICC)7 532例(79.0%)。CLABSI总发生率为2.4/1 000(0.0~9.8/1 000)导管日,CLABSI相关病死率为6.7%(35/526)。CLABSI的发生率随着胎龄和出生体重的上升呈下降趋势。CLABSI的主要病原菌为革兰阴性菌(46.2%),其中肺炎克雷伯菌占49.8%,其次为革兰阳性菌(33.9%),真菌占19.9%。结论 我国NICU早产儿中心静脉导管置管率高,CLABSI发生率存在显著单位间差异,CLABSI病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,真菌占比高。需要采取针对性质量改进措施以缩小单位间差异、降低真菌CLABSI发生率。     

脐静脉联合外周中心静脉置管在极低出生体重儿中的应用

目的：研究脐静脉联合外周中心静脉置管在极低出生体重儿中的应用。方法：回顾性分析新生儿重症监护病房极低出生体重儿脐静脉联合外周中心静脉置管的应用,比较导管组（63例）与非导管组（38例）在院内感染、体重增长情况及住院天数方面的差异。结果：导管组院内感染率（17%）与非导管组感染率（24%）差异无统计学意义;导管组体重增长（11.7±2.0 g/kg?d）明显高于非导管组（10.6±2.3 g/kg?d）;导管组的住院天数（40±11 d）明显短于非导管组（45±14 d）;导管组早产儿相关并发症的发生率与非导管组的差异没有统计学意义。结论：脐静脉联合外周中心静脉置管在极低出生体重儿的应用中,早产儿体重的增长显著优于非导管组,住院天数明显缩短,而且院内感染有下降的趋势。     

新生儿血管内导管相关感染的临床分析

目的探讨新生儿经外周中心静脉置管(PICC)和脐静脉插管(UVC)致血管内导管相关感染(CRBSI)的发生率、危险因素及病原特点。方法 回顾性分析2008年收住我院新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)施行PICC和(或)UVC患儿的临床资料。结果 施行PICC的50例新生儿中有9例发生CRBSI,导管相关血行感染率为6.2/1000血管内导管日(9/1455),施行UVC的111例新生儿中有7例发生CRBSI,导管相关血行感染率为11.6/1000血管内导管日(7/601)。发生CRBSI的危险因素包括出生体重(OR=0.107)、胎龄(OR=0.320)和性别(OR=5.526)(P均<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示出生体重(OR=0.068,95%CI0.009～0.495)、性别(OR=9.665,95%CI1.976～47.263)是患儿发生CRBSI的独立相关危险因素(P均<0.05)。在检出的病原体中,以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主,占54.5%,主要是多重耐药菌,表现为耐甲氧西林和β内酰胺酶阳性。结论 新生儿发生CRBSI的危险因素为出生体重、胎龄和男婴,致病菌大多为多重耐药菌。     

新生儿血管内导管相关感染的临床分析

目的探讨新生儿经外周中心静脉置管（PICC）和脐静脉插管（UVC）致血管内导管相关感染（CRBSI）的发生率、危险因素及病原特点。方法 回顾性分析2008年收住我院新生儿重症监护病房（NICU）施行PICC和（或）UVC患儿的临床资料。结果 施行PICC的50例新生儿中有9例发生CRBSI,导管相关血行感染率为6.2/1000血管内导管日（9/1455）,施行UVC的111例新生儿中有7例发生CRBSI,导管相关血行感染率为11.6/1000血管内导管日（7/601）。发生CRBSI的危险因素包括出生体重（OR=0.107）、胎龄（OR=0.320）和性别（OR=5.526）（P均〈0.05）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示出生体重（OR=0.068,95%CI0.009～0.495）、性别（OR=9.665,95%CI1.976～47.263）是患儿发生CRBSI的独立相关危险因素（P均〈0.05）。在检出的病原体中,以凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主,占54.5%,主要是多重耐药菌,表现为耐甲氧西林和β内酰胺酶阳性。结论 新生儿发生CRBSI的危险因素为出生体重、胎龄和男婴,致病菌大多为多重耐药菌。     

植入性中心静脉通道装置(Port)在肿瘤患儿中的应用

目的 探讨植入性中心静脉通道装置(Port)在肿瘤患儿中应用的疗效.方法 通过对176例安装化疗泵的恶性肿瘤患儿的观察,分析其置管的途径、导管放置的长度、并发症发生的原因及处理.结果本组176例患儿经颈外静脉切开123例,锁骨下静脉穿刺插管38例,经颈内静脉穿刺插管15例.导管应用期间共有46例出现相应的并发症,占26.1%.其中导管相关性感染占15.3%,导管的阻塞占16.8%.结论 化疗泵在肿瘤患儿中有良好的应用价值.导管相关性感染是化疗泵使用过程中最常见的并发症,导管的阻塞多因放置的位置或者长度不当而引起.操作医师的专业化对减少并发症的发生具有相当重要的作用.     

新生儿脐静脉置管相关心包积液3例

回顾性分析2020年12月至2022年4月武汉大学中南医院妇儿医院儿科新生儿重症监护室3例脐静脉置管后发生心包积液的新生儿的临床资料。3例均为早产儿, 胎龄分别为33+4周、31周和27+6周, 出生后24 h内行脐静脉置管, 置管后第1-4天出现呼吸困难、血氧饱和度下降、心率异常、心音低钝遥远等表现, 床旁超声提示心包积液, 予心包穿刺引流, 2例症状缓解且预后良好, 1例死亡。新生儿脐静脉置管可于置管早期并发心包积液, 置管后新生儿出现呼吸困难、发绀和心率异常等突然恶化的临床表现, 应考虑心包积液及压塞可能, 一旦确诊应及时拔出脐静脉导管, 行心包穿刺抽液减压。早期诊断及干预可有效改善预后。     

早产儿经外周穿刺中心静脉导管置管91例次应用分析

目的　探讨早产儿应用外周穿刺中心静脉导管 (PICC)的价值。方法　对 84例早产儿采用 1 9Fr规格导管行置管术。结果　 84例患儿中 7例因导管堵塞等先后 2次施行PICC置入术 ,实际完成 91例次。穿刺贵要静脉 6 0例次、正中静脉 2 2例次、头静脉 7例次 ,导管顶端到达上腔静脉发生率分别为 6 1 6 7%、2 2 2 7%与14 2 9% ,差异有显著意义 (P <0 0 5 ) ;穿刺大隐静脉和前臂静脉各 1例。感染发生率为 4 2 9%。导管留置 3～6 8天 ,平均 (2 1 2 7± 15 14)天。完成治疗按计划拔管 75例次占 82 42 % ,因导管堵塞或脱出拔管各 5例次各占5 49% ,因导管裂拔管 3例次占 3 30 % ,因静脉炎拔管 2例次占 2 2 0 % ,因穿刺部位局部感染拔管 1例次占1 10 %。结论　早产儿应用PICC能有效解决建立通畅静脉通道的问题 ,穿刺血管首选贵要静脉 ;熟练掌握导管使用技术后可降低导管相关感染及因导管堵塞而致拔管的发生率。     

不同尖端位置早产儿脐静脉置管留置时程及其并发症的前瞻性多中心队列研究

目的探讨不同尖端位置新生儿脐静脉置管(UVC)的留置时程及其并发症发生情况。方法前瞻性多中心队列研究, 研究对象为 2019年10月至2021年8月在中国44家医院新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)住院并接受UVC的3 020例早产儿。收集早产儿的人口学资料、临床一般基线数据、UVC留置时程及拔除原因、并发症类型及发生时间, 根据导管尖端位置分为低位组(置入深度3～5 cm)和高位组(处于靠近右心房入口、第8～9胸椎水平)。采用Mann-WhitneyU 检验比较组间UVC留置时程和并发症发生率(例次/导管日表示), 应用独立样本t检验、χ2检验比较组间特征, Cox回归分析并发症发生风险, 应用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析置管时程的最佳截断值。结果 3 020例早产儿中男1 624例(53.8%), 出生胎龄29.9(28.4, 31.6)周, 出生体重(1 264±301)g, 高位组2 172例(71.9%)。高位组与低位组早产儿的性别、出生胎龄及出生体重比较, 差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05);母亲不良孕产史、胎膜早破时间>18 h、绒毛膜羊膜炎发生率和母产前抗...     

经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管在早产儿中的应用

目的探讨经外周静脉置入中心静脉导管(PICC)在早产儿中应用的价值。方法胎龄(31.0±2.17)周、出生体质量为(1430±200)g早产儿41例经肘正中静脉、贵要静脉、头静脉置入中心静脉导管,术后及时X线检查确定和调整导管的位置。结果经右上肢静脉穿刺30例,左上肢静脉穿刺11例,右肘正中静脉穿刺成功率最高(43.9%)。导管顶端到达位置上腔静脉20例,锁骨下静脉12例,右心房2例,颈静脉4例,腋静脉3例。导管置入长度(12.45±2.34)cm,经右侧上肢置入长度(11.87±1.96)cm,经左侧上肢置入长度(14.05±2.63)cm。导管留置时间(17.95±7.92)d,左右侧上肢留置时间无显著差异。穿刺时日龄(7.39±3.79)d,体质量(1320±180)g,拔管时体质量(1720±320)g。24例计划性拔管,其他原因拔管4例导管感染,2例脱管,2例导管折断,3例静脉炎,6例堵管。治愈37例,4例自动出院。结论应用PICC能安全、有效地用于低出生体质量早产儿。提高置管水平,加强导管护理,是减少PICC术后并发症的关键。     

Risk factors associated with umbilical vascular catheter-associated thrombosis in newborn infants

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors associated with umbilical vascular catheter-associated thrombosis. METHODS: All consecutive inborn infants with umbilical arterial (UAC) and/or umbilical venous catheters (UVC) inserted for more than 6 h duration were included in the study. Each infant was screened for thrombosis in the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava by 2-D abdominal ultrasonography within 48-72 h of insertion of umbilical vascular catheters. Subsequent serial scanning was performed at intervals of every 5-7 days, and within 48 h after removal of catheters. RESULTS: Upon removal of umbilical catheters, abdominal aortic thrombi were detected in 32/99 (32.3%) infants with UAC. Small thrombi were detected in the inferior vena cava of 2/49 (4.1%) infants with UVC (one of whom had both UAC and UVC). When compared with those who received only UVC (n = 18), infants who received either UAC alone (n = 68) or both UAC and UVC (n = 31) had significantly higher risk of developing thrombosis (odds ratio (OR): 7.6, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1, 325.5)). Logistic regression analysis of various potential risk factors showed that the only significant risk factor associated with the development of abdominal aortic thrombosis following insertion of UAC was longer duration of UAC in situ (for every additional day of UAC in situ, adjusted OR of developing thrombosis was: 1.2, 95% CI: 1.1, 1.3; P = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Umbilical arterial catheter-associated thrombosis was common. Umbilical arterial catheter should be removed as soon as possible when not needed. Upon removal of UAC, all infants should be screened for abdominal aortic thrombus by 2-D ultrasonography.     

Blood withdrawal and infusion via umbilical catheters: effect on cerebral perfusion and influence of ibuprofen

Withdrawal and infusion of blood via umbilical catheters can affect cerebral blood flow in preterm infants. We compared the effects on cerebral perfusion of 3 ml/kg blood withdrawal and infusion via umbilical arterial (UAC) and venous (UVC) catheters in 16 infants < or =32 weeks gestation, age <24 h, on mechanical ventilation. Near infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor changes in cerebral oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin, total cerebral hemoglobin (an index of cerebral blood volume; CBV) and HbD (an index of cerebral intravascular oxygenation). In 10 infants the study was repeated 1 h after intravenous administration of 10 mg/kg ibuprofen as prophylaxis against PDA. Withdrawal and infusion via the UVC caused significant MABP and concordant HbD and CBV changes. Smaller modifications were seen following blood withdrawal and infusion via the UAC. Ibuprofen attenuated cerebral hemodynamic changes associated with withdrawal, but not infusion, from UAC and UVC.     

外周导入中心静脉置管术在新生儿监护病房的应用

目的 介绍新生儿监护病房开展外周导入中心静脉置管术（ＰＩＣＣ）在４２例的应用经验。方法 选用法国ＶＹＧＯＮ公司生产的Ｅｐｉｃｕｔａｎｅｏ－ｃａｖｅ－ｃａｇｈｅｔｅｒ,从上肢的浅静脉穿刺将导管置于上腔静脉。结果 将ＩＰＣＣ技术用于新生,尤其是早产儿取得了较好的效果。平均留置导和时间１１天,３１例顺利完成治疗。该技术操作较其它中心静脉置管术简单,容易固定和护理,术中无一例出现合并症。本组４例在带管期间     

Nosocomial sepsis in neonates with single lumen vascular catheters

Catheter-related sepsis is commonly encountered in the neonatal intensive care unit. We retrospectively studied infants with vascular catheters at 2 NICUs. Data were obtained from the computerised admission records available at both the hospitals. Our aims were to describe the clinical and microbial profile of nosocomial sepsis in infants with vascular catheters [umbilical artery (UA), umbilical venous (UV), central venous Broviac (CV), percutaneously placed central venous (PC), peripheral artery (PA)], and to determine the association between catheter type, duration and sepsis in a subset of the population. Nosocomial sepsis (positive blood culture after the 3rd postnatal day) occurred in 217 of 2091 (10.4%) infants. Infected infants, in contrast to non-infected, had a significantly (P < 0.001) greater number of multiple catheters (2.3 vs 1.4) had lower birth weights (1.2 vs 2.1 kg), were younger (28 vs 33 weeks) and had lower 1 and 5 minute Apgar scores (4.3 and 6.7 vs 5.5 and 7.4). The most common organism was coagulase negativeStaphylococcus. In a subset population as analyses revealed, longer duration of UA use was associated with higher infection rates [13.6% with UA use for ≥ 8 days vs 1.3% for ≤ 7 days ( P < 0.0001)]. PC use had a lower rate of sepsis than CV use (5.1% vs 15.2%; P < 0.05). Use of intravascular catheters should be balanced between the need for vascular access and the risk of sepsis.     

A new technique for transumbilical insertion of central venous silicone catheters in newborn infants

AIM: A new technique allowing placement of umbilical silicone venous catheters (USVC) is described and compared with percutaneous silicone venous catheters (PSVC). METHODS: Data were retrospectively recorded for 198 infants with USVC and 141 infants with PSVC. RESULTS: Overall rate of complications was low and comparable in both groups: thrombosis 1.2%, catheter-related sepsis 3.5% and mechanical obstruction 5%. CONCLUSION: A new device allows safe introduction of silicone catheters into the umbilical vein.     

Reduction of catheter-related bloodstream infections in preterm infants by the use of catheters with the AgION antimicrobial system

Objective

The present study aims to assess if use of a silver zeolite-impregnated umbilical catheter (AgION technology) can decrease the occurrence of catheter-related bloodstream infection (CRBSIs) in preterm infants.

Study design

Infants with gestational age < 30 weeks were randomized to receive an AgION impregnated or non-impregnated polyurethane umbilical venous catheter (UVC). The primary endpoint was the incidence of CRBSIs during the time the UVC was in place.

Results

We studied 86 infants, 41 of whom received the AgION catheter and 45 the non-impregnated catheter. During umbilical venous catheterization 2% of infants in the AgION group developed CRBSI in comparison with 22% of infants in the control group (p = 0.005). AgION catheters were well tolerated and none of the patients showed signs attributable to silver toxicity.

Conclusions

The AgION-impregnated UVCs were effective in decreasing the development of CRBSIs in preterm infants compared to non-impregnated polyurethane UVCs.