Prognostic value of N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide on all-cause mortality in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction

<正>Objective To investigate the prognostic value of Nterminal B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) on allcause mortality in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) at real world scenarios.Methods Patients who met the diagnostic criteria of HFpEF in the China National Heart Failure Registration Study (CNHF) were divided into death and survival groups.The     

贫血对左心室射血分数保留型心力衰竭患者生存状况的影响

目的探讨贫血对射血分数保留型心力衰竭(HFPEF)患者预后生存状况的影响。方法选择在我院住院治疗的HFPEF患者325例,分为贫血组84例和无贫血组241例,收集临床资料,以全因死亡或心力衰竭再住院为终点事件,定期随访9~26(17.5±8.3)个月,用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线和Cox比例风险回归模型分析。结果贫血组终点事件发生率明显高于无贫血组(67.9%vs 48.1%,P=0.002)。贫血患者中位生存时间较无贫血患者明显降低(16个月vs 21个月,P=0.019)。贫血是影响预后的独立危险因素(OR=5.012,95%CI:3.271~6.160,P=0.006)。结论贫血是影响HFPEF患者预后的独立危险因素,在HFPEF患者诊治过程中应当予以高度重视。     

Usefulness of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic Peptide and brain natriuretic peptide to predict cardiovascular outcomes in patients with heart failure and preserved left ventricular ejection fraction

More than 40% of patients hospitalized with heart failure have preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HF-PLVEF) and are at high risk for cardiovascular (CV) events. The purpose of this study was to determine the value of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in predicting CV outcomes in patients with HF-PLVEF. Participants with an ejection fraction >40% in the prospective CHARM Echocardiographic Substudy were included in this analysis. Plasma NT-proBNP levels were measured, and 2 cut-offs were selected prospectively at 300 pg/ml and 600 pg/ml. BNP cut-off was set at 100 pg/ml. Clinical characteristics were recorded, and systolic and diastolic function were evaluated by echocardiography. The primary substudy outcome was the composite of CV mortality, hospitalization for heart failure, and myocardial infarction or stroke. A total of 181 patients were included, and there were 17 primary CV events (9.4%) during a median follow-up time of 524 days. In a model including clinical characteristics, echocardiographic measures, and BNP or NT-proBNP, the composite CV event outcome was best predicted by NT-proBNP >300 pg/ml (hazard ratio 5.8, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.3 to 26.4, p = 0.02) and moderate or severe diastolic dysfunction on echocardiography. When NT-proBNP >600 pg/ml was used in the model, it was the sole independent predictor of primary CV events (hazard ratio 8.0, 95% CI 2.6 to 24.8, p = 0.0003) as was BNP >100 pg/ml (hazard ratio 3.1, 95% CI 1.2 to 8.2, p = 0.02) in the BNP model. In conclusion, both elevated NT-proBNP and BNP are strong independent predictors of clinical events in patients with HF-PLVEF.     

Effects of carvedilol on plasma B-type natriuretic peptide concentration and symptoms in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction

Although the benefits of carvedilol in patients with heart failure and depressed ejection fraction (EF) have been elucidated, those in patients with preserved EF are not understood. We enrolled 40 patients with mild or moderate heart failure and EF >/=45%. They were randomly assigned to carvedilol (n = 19) or conventional therapy (n = 21). After 12 months of treatment, carvedilol significantly improved all end points (plasma concentration of B-type natriuretic peptide [BNP] from 175 (35 to 209) to 106 (52 to 160) pg/ml, mean (95% confidence interval) p <0.01; New York Heart Association functional class from 2.37 (2.13 to 2.61) to 1.56 (1.21 to 1.91), p <0.01; exercise capacity estimated with the Specific Activity Scale from 4.75 (4.50 to 5.00) to 5.68 (5.22 to 6.14) METs, p <0.02), whereas conventional therapy did not (plasma BNP concentration from 150 (114 to 186) to 174 (100 to 248) pg/ml; New York Heart Association functional class from 2.29 (2.08 to 2.50) to 2.11 (1.73 to 2.49); exercise capacity from 4.57 (4.34 to 4.80) to 4.72 (4.41 to 5.03) METs). Univariate regression analyses showed that only the use of carvedilol was correlated with the decrease in plasma BNP concentration (p <0.03). Multivariate analyses demonstrated that an ischemic cause of heart failure (p <0.02), high plasma concentration of BNP (p <0.02), left ventricular dilation (p <0.03), and use of carvedilol (p <0.04) at baseline were predictive of a decrease in plasma concentration of BNP. In conclusion, carvedilol potentially decreased neurohumoral activation, decreased symptoms, and increased exercise capacity in patients with heart failure and preserved EF.     

射血分数正常的心力衰竭患者全血N-末端脑钠肽前体浓度变化

目的评估射血分数正常的心力衰竭（心衰）患者全血N-末端脑钠肽前体（N—terminalpro—brainnatriureticpeptide,NT—pro—BNP）浓度的变化。方法入选78例心脏病患者分为3组：心功能正常组22例,射血分数正常心衰（heartfailurewithpreservedejectionfrction,HFPEF）组33例,射血分数减低心衰（heartfailurewithreducedejectionfraction．HFREF）组23例。测定患者的全血NT—pro．BNP浓度并进行超声心动图检查。结果HFPEF组患者全血NT．proBNP浓度高于心功能正常组[（1424±996）pg／mL vS．（167±117）pg／mL,P〈0．01],低于HFREF组[（1424±996）mg／Lvs（5910±2828）mg／L,P〈0．01],差异有统计学意义。心衰患者全血NT—proBNP浓度与射血分数呈负相关（r=-0．72,P〈0．01）,与左心房内径（r=0．34,P〈0．05）、左心室舒张末内径（r=O．61,P〈0．05）及左心室收缩末内径（r=0．62,P〈0．05）、E／A比值（r=0．40,P〈0．05）呈正相关。结论HFPEF患者全血NT—pro—BNP浓度升高．但升高幅度不如HFREF患者明显。     

Epidemiology and clinical course of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) is increasingly recognized as a major public health problem worldwide. Significant advances have been made in our understanding of the epidemiology of HFPEF over the past two decades, with the publication of numerous population‐based epidemiological studies, large heart failure registries, and randomized clinical trials. These recent studies have provided detailed characterization of larger numbers of patients with HFPEF than ever before. This review summarizes the state of current knowledge with regards to the disease burden, patient characteristics, clinical course, and outcomes of HFPEF. Despite the wealth of available data, substantive gaps in knowledge were identified. These gaps represent opportunities for further research in HFPEF, a syndrome that is clearly a rising societal burden and that is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality.     

射血分数保留心力衰竭同型半胱氨酸及脑钠肽与左室功能相关性研究

目的探讨左室射血分数保留心力衰竭(HF-PEF)患者血清同型半胱氨酸(HCY)、脑钠肽(BNP)与左室功能相关性。方法采取整群抽样方法选取锡山人民医院射血分数保留心衰患者97例,NYHA心功能分为Ⅱ~Ⅳ级,作为HF-PEF组。HF-PEF组按纽约心脏病学会(NYHA)心功能分级分为3组,心功能Ⅱ级组(32例),心功能Ⅲ级组(37例),心功能Ⅳ级组(28例)。体检中心同期体检心功能正常者作为对照组,85例。两组均检测血清HCY及BNP,超声心动图检测左心室舒张末期室间隔厚度(IVST)、左心室舒张末期室壁厚度(LVPWT)、左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDd)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、E/A、E/E’等指标,并计算左心室质量指数(LVMI)。结果与对照组比较,HFPEF组HCY[(10.86±3.45)μmol/L vs.(32.84±8.51)μmol/L]升高,BNP[(200.55±100.30)pg/ml vs.(2310.52±235.50)pg/ml]升高,差异有统计学意义(P均0.01)。与心功能Ⅱ级组比较,心功能Ⅲ级组和心功能Ⅳ级组HCY、BNP、LVMI升高,差异具有显著统计学意义(P均0.01)。HCY与BNP呈明显正相关(r=0.713,P0.01)。LVMI与血清BNP、HCY呈正相关,相关系数分比为0.675、0.634,有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论 HF-PEF患者血清BNP、HCY与左室功能呈正相关,联合检测血清BNP对HF-PEF的诊断,严重程度、预后的预判具有指导意义。     

Association of serum triiodothyronine with B-type natriuretic peptide and severe left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

There are well-documented changes in thyroid hormone metabolism that accompany heart failure (HF). However, the frequency of thyroid hormone abnormalities in HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is unknown, and no studies have investigated the association between triiodothyronine (T(3)) and markers of HF severity (B-type natriuretic peptide [BNP] and diastolic dysfunction [DD]) in HFpEF. In this study, 89 consecutive patients with HFpEF, defined as symptomatic HF with a left ventricular ejection fraction >50% and a left ventricular end-diastolic volume index <97 ml/m(2), were prospectively studied. Patients were dichotomized into 2 groups on the basis of median T(3) levels, and clinical, laboratory, and echocardiographic data were compared between groups. Univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to determine whether BNP and DD were independently associated with T(3) level. We found that 22% of patients with HFpEF had reduced T(3). Patients with lower T(3) levels were older, were more symptomatic, more frequently had hyperlipidemia and diabetes, and had higher BNP levels. Severe (grade 3) DD, higher mitral E velocity, shorter deceleration time, and higher pulse pressure/stroke volume ratio were all associated with lower T(3) levels. T(3) was inversely associated with log BNP (p = 0.004) and the severity of DD (p = 0.039). On multivariate analysis, T(3) was independently associated with log BNP (β = -4.7 ng/dl, 95% confidence interval -9.0 to -0.41 ng/dl, p = 0.032) and severe DD (β = -16.3 ng/dl, 95% confidence interval -30.1 to -2.5 ng/dl, p = 0.022). In conclusion, T(3) is inversely associated with markers of HFpEF severity (BNP and DD). Whether reduced T(3) contributes to or is a consequence of increased severity of HFpEF remains to be determined.     

Treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Opinion statement  Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a major public health problem in the United States. However, in contrast to systolic heart failure, there are little data to guide treatment decisions in HFpEF, and no therapies have been shown to improve outcome in these patients. This review explores what is currently known about the pathophysiologic mechanisms causing HFpEF in order to frame appropriate therapeutic targets and better understand the clinical responses commonly observed in patients with HFpEF. Data from published clinical trials are reviewed, and the roles for each class of drug commonly used in practice are examined. Finally, novel therapies and future directions for basic investigation and clinical trials are discussed.     

Cardiac mechanics in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a complex clinical entity associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Common comorbidities including hypertension, coronary artery disease, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, obesity, and increasing age predispose to preclinical diastolic dysfunction that often progresses to frank HFpEF. Clinical HFpEF is typically associated with some degree of diastolic dysfunction, but can occur in the absence of many conventional diastolic dysfunction indices. The exact biologic links between risk factors, structural changes, and clinical manifestations are not clearly apparent. Innovative approaches including deformation imaging have enabled deeper understanding of HFpEF cardiac mechanics beyond conventional metrics. Furthermore, predictive analytics through data-driven platforms have allowed for a deeper understanding of HFpEF phenotypes. This review focuses on the changes in cardiac mechanics that occur through preclinical myocardial dysfunction to clinically apparent HFpEF.