地铁火灾应急预案模式探讨

本文通过介绍地铁火灾发生时的几个主要的特点以及其巨大的危害性,引出了地铁火灾应急预案制定模式的重要性。通过对已有的资料进行研究、分析,同时结合实际,对地铁火灾应急预案制定时所包含的几个主要内容进行了科学的归纳与完善,得出了一个完整的预案制作模式。     

护理部对护理实习生火灾应急预案实景演练的培训及效果观察

目的通过对护理实习生进行火灾应急预案实景演练培训,提高护生应急处理突发事件和防灾救灾能力。方法细化护理实习带教培训计划,规范带教老师教学水平,对护理实习生进行发生火灾应急预案的理论学习,安排科室见习,以及护理示教室角色分配,明确人员职责,实景模拟演练。结果护理实习生认为火灾应急预案实景演练培训对激发其学习热情和理解护理工作岗位有益,比理论授课和视频学习更为直观,更有助于其理解掌握,认为通过演练降低了对火灾的恐惧,增加了对自然灾害的认识。结论对护生实景演练应急预案能够有效提高护生应急反应,调动实习生的参与性和主动性,提高护生应急处理突发事件和防灾救灾能力。     

高层医院建筑火灾人员营救与疏散

阐述了高层医院发生火灾后人员营救及疏散的难点和对策,并结合消防实战演练经验,有针对性的提出了必须即时修订火灾应急疏散预案,开展常态应急疏散演练,坚持＂救人第一＂原则,选择正确疏散方法等以确保人员安全的管理对策。     

解析国家突发公共事件应急预案体系

为应对我国公共事件高发期的严峻考验,我国应急管理工作正在纳入经常化、制度化、法制化的轨道。按照不同的责任主体,国家突发公共事件应急预案体系设计为国家总体应急预案、专项应急预案、部门应急预案、地方应急预案、企事业单位应急预案5个层次。     

口岸核生化突发事件应急预案管理的探讨

为了实现口岸核生化突发事件应急处置预案的科学管理,本文分析了当前应急预案管理现状和存在的问题,研究国内外应急预案管理相关理论与经验,发现口岸核生化突发事件应急处置预案存在着可操作性差、演练与培训不足、后续管理缺失等问题,亟需进一步改进与完善。建议应采用"情景-任务-能力-措施"法编制应急预案,可增强应急预案的可操作性与针对性;应急预案编制后需建立应急预案评估方法和制度,强化培训与演练,明确应急预案修订条件和时限,实现应急预案的科学化、规范化和动态化管理。     

突发公共事件应急响应及预案编制

为实现"一案三制"应急体系建设,国务院于2006年1月,公布了《国家突发公共事件总体应急预案》,这是全国应急预案体系的总纲。在此之前编制的应急预案需要根据实际情况变化进行补充和完善,以便与总体应急预案接轨,原来没有应急预案的行业、部门、地方、企事业单位、重大活动的主办单位需要建立应急预案。为提高地区或企事业单位编制应急预案的水平,拟简略介绍"突发公共事件应急预案"的基本概念,并在此基础上,论述突发公共事件应急预案的基本结构、内容和编制程序,对加强突发公共事件应急预案标准化的相关问题进行讨论。     

某铅酸蓄电池企业硫酸泄漏事故应急救援演练的介绍与建议

目的通过介绍某铅酸蓄电池企业硫酸泄漏事故应急救援现场演练过程,及对演练的建议,为相关企业编制事故应急救援预案和进行预案演练提供参考。方法应急救援预案现场演练与专家现场点评相结合。结果企业基本能够按照预案完成演练。结论应急演练过程中存在重演轻练、一人多岗等问题,该企业硫酸泄漏事故应急救援预案需进行修订完善。     

新疆155所二级医院突发公共卫生事件应急预案体系建设现状调查

目的 了解新疆二级医院突发公共卫生事件应急预案体系建设现状,为完善应急预案体系建设提供依据。 方法 向新疆二级医院发放应急预案体系建设调查问卷,内容包括12类应急预案建立情况、内容全面性、专家组成立情况、应急演练及培训等5个方面。采用SPSS 17.0软件对数据进行统计分析。 结果 二级甲等医院应急预案制定的完整性与二级乙等医院比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.303);77.60%的二级甲等医院与56.67%二级乙等医院应急预案内容制定全面,差异有统计学意义(P=0.016);25.60%的二级甲等医院与16.67%的二级乙等医院应急预案制定完整,26.40%的二级甲等医院与10.00%的二级乙等医院成立12类突发事件应急专家组;11.20%的二级甲等医院与3.33%的二级乙等医院开展职工突发事件应急培训,5.60%的二级甲等医院与3.33%的二级乙等医院开展12类应急演练,两者比较差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。对12类突发事件应急预案的建立、成立专家组及开展培训与演练情况,分别进行比较,应对群体不明原因性疾病,重大食源性水源性疾病、重大交通事故及重大创伤的预案制定及演练培训开展率,二级甲等医院均高于二级乙等医院(P＜0.05)。 结论 新疆二级医院的应急预案体系建设均不全面,二级乙等医院尤为需要健全应急预案、开展培训和演练,才能有效应对突发事件。     

破坏性地震医疗救护应急预案制定要点

制定破坏性地震医疗救护应急预案对于减少因地震所造成的死亡伤残意义重大。要根据地震灾害的特点和各地的实际情况制定具体的、切实可行的预案。要抓住应急原则、应急组织、应急通讯、应急医疗队、应急装备、应急药品、应急血源、应急车辆、应急生活设施、应急强化训练、伤亡及疫情的统报、境外申请救援问题、伤员的分流转运与接收安置等要点制定预案。     

职业病防治机构如何应对突发公共卫生事件

2006年,国务院发布实施<国家突发公共事件总体应急预案>,要求加强应急管理,提高预防和处置突发公共事件的能力.为了实际工作的需要,根据<国家突发公共事件总体应急预案>的要求,卫生部制定了<国家突发公共卫生事件应急预案>及<国家突发公共事件医疗卫生救援应急预案>.     

Injuries on the fireground: risk factors for traumatic injuries among professional fire fighters

This case-control study within a metropolitan fire department evaluated the effect of self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and other risk factors on three types of injury at the scene of a fire (smoke inhalation, burns, and falls). Data on 75 injured fire fighters and 144 controls came from telephone interviews and department records. The two sets of uninjured fire-fighter controls were matched to cases on incident (n = 72) or on job position and fire type and size (n = 72). Smoke inhalation cases were not significantly different from controls in SCBA use, cigarette smoking, previous fires in the shift, or injury history. Jobs with high risk of burns included nozzle operator, engine officer, and forcible-entry person in first-due companies (OR = 20.1). Other risk factors for burns were: basement origin of fire (OR = 10.2); prior fire-fighting training outside the present department (same fire: OR = 11.2; similar fire: OR = 3.9); and on-duty injury in the prior 12 months (same fire: OR = 4.3; similar fire: OR = 3.5). When other risk factors were considered, consistent SCBA use was associated with falls (same fire: OR = 11.8; similar fire: OR = 4.3) but not with burns. Risk of falls also was elevated among members of truck companies (OR = 17.7) and fire fighters without children (same fire: OR = 8.4; similar fire: OR = 7.4). On-duty injury in the past 12 months was associated with falls when one compared cases with similar-fire controls (OR = 5.5), but not with controls attending the same fire. Neither age nor experience was related to injury in this population.     

Occupational noise exposure and hearing loss in fire fighters assigned to airport fire stations.

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) was requested to conduct a health hazard evaluation (HHE) at a large metropolitan fire department. The request concerned the hearing levels and noise exposures of fire fighters who were assigned to two fire stations serving the international airport. There was concern that these fire fighters were at a greater risk of accruing hearing loss than fire fighters located at other fire stations because of the addition of aircraft noise to their occupational noise exposures. The city also requested that NIOSH investigate other fire stations, not influenced by the airport, for noise exposures and hearing ability among a larger population of the fire fighters. NIOSH investigators conducted noise surveys at five fire stations and examined the hearing ability of 197 fire fighters. The noise surveys consisted of personal noise dosimetry on fire fighters assigned to the fire station for the entire 24-hr tour of duty over 2 consecutive days at each of the five stations. A NIOSH investigator accompanied the fire fighters on their vehicle to log response times and activities. The audiometric examinations were pure-tone, air conduction tests administered according to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's (OSHA's) hearing conservation amendment. The noise dosimetry results revealed time-weighted averages (TWAs) that ranged from 60 to 82 dBA. However, the levels encountered during Code 3 responses (warning lights, sirens, and air horns) reached 109 dBA for a 1-min time period. The audiometric results showed that the average fire fighter exhibited a characteristic noise-induced permanent threshold shift.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

医院建筑消防设计中几个问题的探讨

通过对高层医院建筑消防用水量、消防水箱、消防水池、区域消防系统、消火栓系统竖向分区等几个问题的探讨,提出了医院建筑消防设计中的重点,给出了具体的设计方法、方案,提高了消防设计的合理性、经济性。     

森林防火应急GIS系统设计与实现

森林火灾是我国自然灾害中常见的灾种之一,随着我国应急管理工作的发展,按照防灾减灾救灾工作要求,根据森林防火和应急救援的工作需要,以三维电子地图为基础,运用地理信息系统原理,通过C++语言及插件,开发设计了林区森林防火三维电子地图,采纳了面向对象数据库设计原理,将结构性的数据组织成特定数据类型,通过对森林防火海量数据的有...     

Use of Syndromic Surveillance Information for Expanded Assessment of Wildfire Disaster

Objective

This presentation describes how syndromic surveillance information was combined with fire emission information and spatio-temporal fire occurrence data to evaluate, model and forecast climate change impacts on future fire scenarios.

Introduction

Syndromic surveillance information can be a useful for the early recognition of outbreaks, acute public health events and in response to natural disasters. Inhalation of particulate matter from wildland fire smoke has been linked to various acute respiratory and cardiovascular health effects. Historically, wildfire disasters occur across Southern California on a recurring basis. During 2003 and 2007, wildfires ravaged San Diego County and resulted in historic levels of population evacuation, significant impact on air quality and loss of lives and infrastructure. In 2011, the National Institutes of Health-National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences awarded Michigan Tech Research Institute a grant to address the impact of fire emissions on human health, within the context of a changing climate. San Diego County Public Health Services assisted on this project through assessment of population health impacts and provisioning of syndromic surveillance data for advanced modeling.

Methods

Various historical data sets were used during this study. These included: emergency department syndromic surveillance from 17 hospitals, as well as air quality and particulate matter, meteorological, wildland burn fuel, and atmospheric dispersion data. The study area was San Diego County. These data were linked temporally and spatially to create statistical models based on selected modeling approaches including generalized additive modeling. Future fire frequency was modeled for the entire region to determine the impacts of climate change on future fire and health outcomes. Modeling based upon previous fire occurrence was used to develop models for future fire indexes, risk of ignition, potential burning, and fire weather.

Results

Several models were developed to produce expected respiratory health impacts under future climate conditions for the San Diego County region. Model results showed that at peak fire particulate concentrations, the odds of a person seeking emergency care increased by approximately 50% compared to non-fire conditions. Also developed was a model to forecast future fire occurrence based on regional climate model predictions. This forecast covering the next the next three decades reveals that San Diego County will experience approximately two extreme fire seasons each decade by 2040.

Conclusions

Syndromic surveillance data are useful during disasters for situational awareness. These data may also provide value for post-disaster analytic work and predictive modeling for future disasters. This study demonstrates utility of syndromic data for collaborative work resulting in better understanding of environmental interactions on human health. We do know that wildfire occurs with some degree of historic regularity and these results may be useful for preparedness planning. We also know the conditions which must be present for medium to high wildland fire impact upon the population. This study further supports the notion that agencies should be able to strategically deploy resources and messaging immediately preceding the fire period with the goal of reducing human health risk factors and encouraging changes in community behaviors before, during and after a fire. Future fire model shows San Diego County will experience approximately two extreme fire seasons each decade by 2040. This project also promoted collaboration between public health and environmental health entities to better understand determinants of health during a disaster. In addition to developing a better understanding of the consequences of climate change on fire-induced respiratory illness, the project funding has provided support for San Diego County to improve their syndromic surveillance capacity and infrastructure.     

EVALUATED COMMUNITY FIRE SAFETY INTERVENTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES: A REVIEW OF CURRENT LITERATURE

The purpose of the study was to assess the state of fire prevention research, provide an updated synthesis of evaluated fire prevention programs, and discuss the role of fire fighters and data systems in prevention efforts. The review included all evaluations of U.S. based fire prevention interventions published between January 1998 and September 2004 and any earlier articles about U.S. fire prevention interventions not included in two prior review articles. We retrieved information from each identified study including evaluation findings, involvement of fire service personnel and use of existing data systems. We identified twelve articles: seven reported on smoke alarm interventions, three on multi-faceted programs, and two other programs. Five programs involved fire service personnel in the design, implementation, and/or evaluation, and three used existing data systems. Studies reviewed suggest that canvassing and smoke alarm installations are the most effective means of distributing alarms and increasing the functional status of distributed alarms. The functionality of smoke alarms, an issue noted in earlier reviews, remains a problem. Programs involving partnerships with fire departments have indicated success in preventing fires and deaths, improving smoke alarm ownership and functional status, and improving children's fire safety knowledge. Using existing data systems to target and to evaluate interventions was effective. In the years since prior reviews, some improvements in the rigor of evaluation designs have been made, but there is still a need for high quality evaluations that will inform fire injury prevention efforts.     

Calling Nurse Blaze: tailoring programs to fit human behavior

Researchers conducted a study to analyze hospital fire safety procedures and training, with a particular emphasis on verbal alarm systems. Their findings are presented, along with recommendations for fire safety training and a suggestion from a verbal fire alarm message.     

Prevalence of residential smoke alarms and fire escape plans in the U.S.: results from the Second Injury Control and Risk Survey (ICARIS-2)

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to estimate (1) the proportion of U.S. homes with installed smoke alarms and fire escape plans, and (2) the frequency of testing home smoke alarms and of practicing the fire escape plans. METHODS: The authors analyzed data on smoke alarms and fire escape plans from a national cross-sectional random-digit dialed telephone survey of 9,684 households. RESULTS: Ninety-five percent of surveyed households reported at least one installed smoke alarm and 52% had a fire escape plan. The prevalence of alarms varied by educational level, income, and the presence of a child in the home. Only 15% tested their alarms once a month and only 16% of homes with an escape plan reported practicing it every six months. CONCLUSION: While smoke alarm prevalence in U.S. homes is high, only half of homes have a fire escape plan. Additional emphasis is needed on testing of installed smoke alarms and on preparedness for fire escape plans.     

Reproductive hazards of fire fighting. II. Chemical hazards

Studies of the health of fire fighters have historically focused on non-malignant respiratory disease and cancer. More recently, concerns have surfaced about reproductive health effects in many areas of the workforce, including fire fighting. These concerns prompted this review of chemical exposures that may contribute to adverse reproductive health outcomes in male as well as female fire fighters. A review of the industrial hygiene literature was undertaken to identify agents commonly found in fire smoke. These agents were then examined for evidence of reproductive toxicity or mutagenicity/carcinogenicity. This profile of chemical agents and their reproductive toxicities permits a qualitative determination that fire fighters are exposed to potential reproductive toxicants as a part of their normal fire fighting duties. Considerations for mitigating these risks are also discussed.     

Heart rates in fire fighters using light and heavy breathing equipment: similar near-maximal exertion in response to multiple work load conditions

Intense exertion is an occupational hazard inherent to fire fighting. This study was designed to look at the exertion levels that fire fighters attain during a fire fighting exercise when using (1) no self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), (2) light SCBA, and (3) heavy SCBA. Exertion levels were measured as a function of the heart rate increase relative to the maximum predicted heart rate determined by a standard treadmill exercise test. Five fire fighters wore electrocardiographic monitors during a routine fire fighting exercise. Heart rates increased rapidly to 70% to 80% of maximum within the first minute and then plateaued at 90% to 100% until the attack on the fire was completed. There was no significant difference between exertion levels when using no SCBA, light SCBA, and heavy SCBA (split-plot analysis of variance, p greater than .25). These results suggest that fire fighters attain an intense level of physical activity quickly and maintain that level as long as they are actively engaged in fighting fire. These results also suggest that regardless of the weight of the SCBA, if employed, fire fighters exert themselves from 85% to 100% of their maximum and adjust their work output to maintain that near-maximal level.