撬拨复位拉力螺钉内固定与小切口复位接骨板内固定治疗跟骨骨折的病例对照研究

目的:比较单纯撬拨复位拉力螺钉内固定与小切口复位接骨板内固定治疗跟骨骨折的临床疗效。方法 :回顾性分析2015年6月至2018年6月收治的88例(98足)跟骨骨折患者的临床资料。根据骨折分型及治疗方法不同分为撬拨复位拉力螺钉内固定术组(A组)50例,男32例,女18例;年龄(32.6±6.7)岁;SandersⅡ-Ⅲ型30例,SandersⅣ型20例。小切口复位接骨板内固定术组(B组)48例,男30例,女18例;年龄(31.9±7.2)岁;SandersⅡ-Ⅲ型28例,SandersⅣ型20例。分别于术前、术后1个月及1年比较两组患者的B觟hler角、Gissane角及AOFAS评分以评价其临床疗效。结果:所有患者获得随访,时间13～24(14.6±6.3)个月。术后两组B觟hler角、Gissane角及AOFAS评分均得到不同程度改善。对于SandersⅡ-Ⅲ型患者,两组术前、术后1个月及1年B觟hler角、Gissane角比较差异无统计学意义;术后1年AOFAS评分比较差异无统计学意义。对于SandersⅣ型患者,B组术后1个月、1年时B觟hler角[(35.40±1.85)°、(35.15±1.90)°]和Gissane角[(127.80±5.49)°、(127.00±3.06)°]高于A组B觟hler角[(27.85±3.42)°、(27.25±1.80)°]和Gissane角[(118.00±4.13)°、(117.50±5.04)°](P0.05);两组术后1个月、1年时B觟hler角、Gissane角均较术前提高(P0.05); B组术后1年AOFAS评分91.00±5.46高于A组84.50±4.64(P0.05)。结论:对于SandersⅡ-Ⅲ型中度跟骨骨折,两种治疗方法疗效相当;但对于SandersⅣ型重度跟骨骨折,与撬拨复位拉力螺钉内固定术相比,小切口复位接骨板内固定术可获得更好的复位和可靠固定,改善患足功能。     

L形切口锁定钢板治疗SandersⅢ型跟骨骨折

目的 探讨闭合复位跟骨外侧L形切口锁定钢板治疗SandersⅢ型跟骨骨折的临床效果.方法 对42例SandersⅢ型跟骨骨折患者(46足)行闭合复位跟骨外侧L形切口锁定钢板治疗.记录切口并发症情况,测量Gissane角、B?hler角,根据AOFAS踝-后足评分评价疗效.结果 患者均获得随访,时间10～15个月.术后未...     

跗骨窦切口治疗SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折

目的探讨跗骨窦切口治疗SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折的临床疗效。方法采用跗骨窦切口治疗30例SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折患者。记录并发症情况,测量跟骨B?hler角、Gissane角、跟骨宽度及高度,根据AOFAS踝-后足评分系统评价疗效。结果患者均获得随访,时间12~18个月。Gissane角、B?hler角、跟骨宽度及高度术后3、6个月均较术前改善(P<0.05)。骨折均愈合,未发生切口皮肤坏死、深部感染、内固定位置改变和骨折复位丢失。末次随访根据AOFAS踝-后足评分系统评价疗效:优20例,良6例,可4例,优良率26/30。结论采用跗骨窦切口治疗跟骨骨折具有创伤小、并发症少等优点,疗效满意。     

双切口接骨板内固定治疗Sanders Ⅱ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折

目的探讨双切口入路手术治疗SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折的临床疗效。方法对22例SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折患者采用双切口切开复位、跟骨异形接骨板内固定。术后观察切口愈合、功能及并发症发生情况,通过X线及CT检查评价骨折复位情况,测量B9hler角和Gissane角,根据AOFAS踝-后足评分标准进行功能评价。结果患者均获得随访,时间10~22个月。22例跟骨骨折患者均获满意复位,均达到骨性愈合。2例手术切口延迟愈合,经局部换药治愈。患者均未出现切口周围皮肤坏死。术后B9hler角由术前5.2°±4.5°改善为26.5°±4.2°,Gissane角由术前95.4°±4.8°改善为111.2°±6.8°,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。末次随访AOFAS踝-后足评分:优11例,良8例,可3例。结论双切口入路手术治疗SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折具有创伤小、易于复位、固定及切口并发症少的优点。     

跗骨窦切口与外侧L形切口内固定治疗SandersⅡ型跟骨骨折的疗效

目的比较跗骨窦切口空心钉微型钢板内固定和外侧L形切口钢板内固定治疗SandersⅡ型跟骨骨折的临床疗效。方法将45例SandersⅡ型跟骨骨折患者按治疗方法不同分为A组(25例,采用L形切口内固定)与B组(20例,采用跗骨窦切口内固定),比较两组手术情况、影像学指标、术后AOFAS踝-后足功能评分及并发症。结果患者均获得随访,时间8～13个月。手术时间、术中出血量B组明显少于A组(P 0. 05)。术后跟骨长度、宽度、高度和B9hler角、Gissane角两组均较术前明显改善(P 0. 05),两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。术后6个月AOFAS评分及术后并发症情况B组均优于A组,但差异均无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论跗骨窦切口与L形切口内固定均是治疗跟骨骨折的有效方式,与L形切口内固定比较,跗骨窦切口内固定具有微创复位固定距下关节面、手术时间短及切口并发症少等优势。     

微创双切口与外侧L形切口治疗跟骨骨折的疗效对比

目的对比分析经微创双切口与外侧L形切口入路内固定治疗Sanders Ⅱ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折的临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析2014年1月至2019年6月在江门市新会区人民医院行切开复位钢板内固定治疗的60例Sanders Ⅱ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折,根据切口入路不同分为经微创双切口组(微创组)和经外侧L形切口组(常规组),每组各30例。采用t检验对比分析两组患者术前等待时间、手术时间、术中出血量、骨折愈合时间、末次随访时B?hler角、Gissane角和美国足踝外科协会(AOFAS)评分,采用卡方检验对比分析受伤原因及分型,伤口并发症的对比采用Fisher精确检验。 结果两组所有患者均获得随访,平均(13±3)月。术前等待时间微创组短于常规组(t＝－8.152,P<0.05);手术时间微创组短于常规组(t＝－8.473,P<0.05);术中出血量微创组少于常规组(t＝－4.582,P<0.05)。微创组术后出现3例(10.0%)切口并发症,低于常规组12例(40.0%)(P＝0.015)。而在骨折愈合时间及末次随访时B?hler角、Gissane角、AOFAS评分方面,两组间差异无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。 结论微创双切口入路治疗Sanders Ⅱ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折,手术时间短,术中出血少,术后并发症发生率低,值得临床推广。     

跗骨窦切口空心钉与外侧L形切口钢板内固定治疗Sanders Ⅱ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折的比较

目的比较跗骨窦切口全螺纹空心钉与跟骨外侧L形切口锁定钢板内固定治疗SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2016-12—2018-12诊治的49例SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折,26例采用跗骨窦切口全螺纹空心钉内固定治疗(空心钉组),23例采用外侧L形切口锁定钢板内固定治疗(钢板组)。比较2组切口长度、手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症发生率,以及末次随访时Bohler角、Gissane角、跟骨高度、跟骨宽度、足部功能Maryland评分。结果49例均获得随访,随访时间11~13个月(中位时间11.9个月),术后复查X线片显示所有患者跟骨宽度、跟骨高度、Bohler角、Gissane角较术前明显改善。空心钉组切口长度较钢板组短,手术时间较钢板组缩短,术中出血量较钢板组明显减少,术后切口并发症发生率较钢板组低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。空心钉组与钢板组末次随访时Bohler角、Gissane角、跟骨高度、跟骨宽度、足部功能Maryland评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论跗骨窦切口全螺纹空心钉与跟骨外侧L形切口锁定钢板内固定治疗跟骨SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型骨折均能有效恢复跟骨解剖结构及术后足跟部的功能,但跗骨窦切口空心钉内固定手术创伤更小,术后切口并发症发生率更低。     

跗骨窦小切口辅以经皮撬拨复位克氏针内固定治疗Sanders Ⅱ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折

目的评价跗骨窦小切口辅以经皮撬拨复位克氏针内固定治疗Sanders Ⅱ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折的临床疗效。方法笔者自2013-01—2015-06采用跗骨窦小切口辅以经皮撬拨复位克氏针内固定治疗Sanders Ⅱ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折57例。术后测量Bohler角、Gissane角、跟骨长度、宽度及高度并根据AOFAS踝-后足评分评估足功能。结果所有患者均获得随访平均14(12~20)个月。术后测量Bohler角、Gissane角以及跟骨长度、宽度、高度均恢复良好,且较术前均有较大改善,差异有统计学意义。按照AOFAS踝-后足评分标准进行评价,优良率91.3%。结论跗骨窦小切口辅以经皮撬拨复位克氏针固定治疗Sanders Ⅱ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折疗效满意,具有操作简单、创伤小、费用低、并发症少等优点。     

撬拨复位锁定钢板微创内固定治疗Sanders Ⅱ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折疗效分析

目的观察撬拨复位锁定钢板微创内固定治疗Sanders Ⅱ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2016-01—2019-01采用撬拨复位锁定钢板微创内固定治疗的50例SandersⅡ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折,其中Sanders Ⅱ型骨折26例(A组),Sanders Ⅲ型骨折24例(B组)。结果 50例均获得随访,随访时间平均6(5~7)个月。末次随访时A组Bohler角为(30.8±3.2)°,Gissane角为(123.4±6.8)°,均较术前明显改善。末次随访时B组Bohler角为(29.9±3.5)°,Gissane角为(119.9±7.2)°,均较术前明显改善。末次随访时A组足部功能AOFAS评分为(88.5±8.6)分,其中优16例,良8例,可2例。末次随访时B组足部功能AOFAS评分为(89.4±9.1)分,其中优15例,良8例,可1例。结论撬拨复位锁定钢板微创内固定治疗Sanders Ⅱ、Ⅲ型跟骨骨折具有创伤小、骨折复位满意、内固定稳定可靠、术后切口并发症少的优点。     

跗骨窦有限切口内固定术对Sanders Ⅱ、Ⅲ型跟骨关节内骨折患者足踝功能及并发症的影响

目的探讨跗骨窦有限切口内固定术对Sanders Ⅱ、Ⅲ型跟骨关节内骨折患者足踝功能及并发症的影响。方法对2014-01—2016-01诊治的Sanders Ⅱ、Ⅲ型跟骨关节内骨折37例(40足)实施跗骨窦有限切口入路内固定术治疗(观察组),并回顾性分析自2012-01—2013-12实施外侧L形切口内固定术的Sanders Ⅱ、Ⅲ型跟骨关节内骨折38例(40足)的临床资料(对照组),比较2组术后足踝功能及并发症发生情况。结果观察组切口长度、手术时间、骨折愈合时间均短于对照组,术中失血量少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2组术后Bohler角、Gissane角及Langre角、Maryland评分、AOFAS评分、Morrey法评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);观察组并发症发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论跗骨窦有限切口内固定术治疗Sanders Ⅱ、Ⅲ型跟骨关节内骨折与外侧L形切口内固定术对跟骨解剖学指标及足踝功能的改善相当,但跗骨窦有限切口内固定术手术时间更短、创伤更小,术后并发症更少。     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.

     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.     

Principles and Practice of Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration

There is growing interest in the convective dialysis therapies, hemofiltration (HF) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). Both require dialysis membranes which are highly permeable to solutes as well as fluid, and in both cases large volumes of ultrafiltration are the condition for convective transport. In HDF the convection is combined with diffusion, and as a consequence, maximum clearance over the entire molecular weight spectrum is achieved. Optimal forms of HDF provide urea clearance 10–15% higher than the corresponding diffusive mode. The larger the solute, the greater is the impact of convection, and β₂-microglobulin (β₂m) levels may be up to 70% reduced. Traditional postdilution HF provides high clearance of medium sized and large molecules. Satisfactory clearance of small solutes requires blood flows in excess of 500 ml/min. With access to practically unlimited volumes of substitution solution through on-line ultrafiltration, predilution HF can now be used. This increases the clearance of small solutes to an acceptable range. For HDF as well as HF, large patient populations consistently treated for longer periods of time are needed to make valid outcome comparisons with other therapies.     

Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. These tumours may be identified incidentally, as part of a work-up for multiple endocrine neoplasia or following haemodynamic surges during unrelated procedures. Advances in perioperative management and improved management of intraoperative haemodynamic instability have significantly reduced surgical mortality from around 40% to less than 3%. Surgery is the definitive treatment in most cases and laparoscopic resection where possible is associated with improved outcomes. Anaesthetic management of PPGL cases represents a unique haemodynamic challenge both before and after tumour resection. In this article we describe the physiology of these tumours, their diagnosis, preoperative optimization methods, intraoperative anaesthetic management and management of postoperative complications.     

骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因与治疗

目的探讨骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因、报肯治疗的方法与设果。方法对1990年7月～2004年12月间收治的107例骨折不愈台、54例骨折延迟愈合2例先天性胫骨骨不连进行回顾性研究，分析原因，随访治疗结果。18例延迟愈合行保守治疗，本组其他145例行手术治疗，结果除2例先天性胫骨骨不连外，其余161例的成因中均有医源性因素。10例失去随访，153例平均随访17（6-28）个月，骨折均获骨性连接，愈合时间平均10（6-14）个月，肢体功能恢复良好，结论医源性技术缺陷是骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的主要原因，针对各种不同因素进行合理治疗可获得满意效果。     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.