米氟米特中间体5—甲基—4—异恶唑甲酸的合成

以乙酰乙酸乙酯为起始原料，经缩合得到乙氧亚甲基乙酰乙酸乙酯，然后与盐酸羟胺环合形成5－甲基－4－异恶唑甲酸乙醋，再经水解得5－甲基－异恶唑甲酸，后两步收率可达50％以上，总收经41％，产品纯度提高到99％。     

来氟米特的合成

以N，N－二甲基甲酰胺缩醛与乙酰乙酸乙酯综合后无需分离，经环合、水解得到5－甲基异恶唑－4－甲酸，收率56％，再经酰氯化、与对三氟甲基苯胺反应得到来氟米特。总收率47．8％（按乙酰乙酸乙酯计）。     

9-肟基-3-酮基-6-O-甲基红霉素的合成

以红霉素为原料，经肟化、苄基化、甲基化、水解、氧化和氢化还原等6步反应，制得9-肟基-3-酮基-6-O-甲基红霉素。总收率41％。     

维生素B_6噁唑法合成新工艺

用丙氨酸、草酸同步脂化制备的Ｎ－乙氧草酰丙氨酸乙酯（１）在三氯氧磷－三乙胺－甲苯系统中失水环合成４－甲基－５－乙氧基－２－　唑羧酸乙酯（２），后者经碱水解、酸化、脱羧三步一锅合成４－甲基－５－乙氧基　唑（４），４和２－正丙基－４，７－二氢－１，３－二　庚英经Ｄｉｅｌｓ－Ａｌｄｅｒ反应得加成物，经芳构化、水解后制得维生素Ｂ_６，总收率达５６％。本工艺收率高、成本低、适宜于工业化生产。     

Role of tumor necrosis factor and nitric oxide in the protection of N-methyl-N-(3,4-methylenedioxybenzoyl) methyl-acetamide against immunological liver injury in mice

研究了Ｎ－甲基－Ｎ－（３，４－亚甲二氧基苯甲酰）甲基－乙酰胺（ＳＹ－６４０）的保肝作用及其机理．给小鼠ｉｖ活卡介苗（ＢＣＧ）１２ｄ后再ｉｖ脂多糖（ＬＰＳ）诱导小鼠血浆一氧化氮（ＮＯ），肿瘤坏死因子（ＴＮＦ），谷丙转氨酶（ＧＰＴ），谷草转氨酶（ＧＯＴ）剧烈升高及严重的肝损伤．以ＳＹ－６４０给小鼠ｉｇ（每日一次，连续１０ｄ），显著降低ＢＣＧ＋ＬＰＳ诱导的肝损伤小鼠血浆ＧＰＴ，ＧＯＴ和ＴＮＦ水平的升高，血浆ＮＯ水平的升高更加显著，肝损伤减轻．以单甲基精氨酸抑制ＮＯ的生成，ＳＹ－６４０的上述作用被抵消．ＳＹ－６４０对正常小鼠血浆ＮＯ，ＧＰＴ，ＧＯＴ水平无影响．可见，ＳＹ－６４０的保肝作用与其升高血浆ＮＯ，降低血浆ＴＮＦ水平有关．     

抗类风湿性关节炎新药来氟米特的合成

以乙酸乙酯、原甲酸三乙酯、乙酸酐等为起始原料经缩合、环化等五步反应合成了新型免疫调节抑制剂－抗类风湿性关节炎新药来氟米特,经红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱、核磁共振碳谱、质谱等确证了结构,中间体５－甲基异恶唑－４－羧酸的收率为５０％,合成总收率为２４％。     

1-[2-(N-甲基)氨基-2-(2,4-二氯苯基)乙基]-1H-1,2,4-三唑化合物的合成

目的：改进1－[2-（N－甲基）氨基－2－（2,4－二氯苯基）乙基]-1H-1,2,4-三唑的合成方法,降低成本,提高收率,方法：以2－氯－1－（2,4－二氯苯基）乙酮为原料,经三唑烷基化与甲胺反应生成酮亚胺后还原（A法）,或与N－甲基甲酰胺进行Leukart反应（B法）,结果：A和B两种方法制得目标化合物的收率分别为57．6％和63．2％。结论：A和B两种方法原料易得,反应简便,降低了成本,提高了收率。     

N-(4-氯-3-甲基苯基)-N′-甲基脲的合成

用铁粉还原、水汽蒸馏的方法制得4－氯－3－甲基苯胺，再以1，2，4－三氯苯为溶剂，与N－甲基脲直接缩合合成N－（4－氯－3－甲基苯基）－N′-甲基脲，该新方法优化了反应条件，可获得60％及67％的转化率和收率，且未反应的原料可回收套用。     

利托君的合成新路线

２－溴－１－对甲基苯丙酮与对甲氧基苯安反应后,再经脱二甲基和硼氢化钾还原,合成了利托君。中间体１－（４－甲氧基苯基）－２－「２－（４－甲氧基苯基）乙胺基」丙－１－酮盐酸盐（５）为新化合物,结构经ＭＳ、＾１ＨＮＭＲ证实。以２－溴－１－对甲氧基苯丙酮计算,总收率为２８．６％。     

1—甲基—3—正丙基—4—硝基吡唑—5—甲酰胺的合成工艺改进

1－甲基－3－正丙基－4－硝基吡唑－5－甲酰胺是合成磷酸二酯酶V型（PDE5）抑制剂Sildenafil Citrate的重要中间体,在文献基础上合成了标题化合物。经改进,将六步反应合并为四步进行,并相应改变反应条件。反应周期缩短,总收率自15％提高至41％,同时降低了操作毒性。     

Generic ciprofloxacin tablets contain the stated amount of drug and different impurity profiles: A 19F, 1H and DOSY NMR analysis

The objective of this study was to control the purity of 16 commercial formulations of ciprofloxacin tablets purchased in different countries or via the Internet using 19F and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Twelve out of the sixteen commercial formulations of ciprofloxacin measured by 19F NMR contain the active ingredient within 100+/-5% of stated concentration. Three formulations have a lower ciprofloxacin content between 90 and 95% and one shows a higher concentration superior to 105%. The impurity profile was characterised using 19F and 1H NMR, and is characteristic of the manufacturer. Four to twelve fluorinated impurities among them fluoride ion and two already known compounds were detected and quantified in the sixteen formulations analysed by 19F NMR. Two other non-fluorinated impurities were observed in the seven formulations analysed with 1H NMR. The total content of impurities as well as their individual levels are in agreement with those reported previously in the few studies devoted to ciprofloxacin purity. However, all the formulations do not comply with the limits for impurities given in the ciprofloxacin monograph of the European Pharmacopeia. Finally, a "signature" of the formulations was obtained with Diffusion-Ordered SpectroscopY (DOSY) 1H NMR which allowed the characterisation of some excipients present in the formulations studied.     

红霉素A肟的新合成方法

目的 用一种全新的方法合成红霉素A肟(1)。方法 在酸碱缓冲溶液中由红霉素A(3)与盐酸羟胺缩合生成1。系统研究了反应体系的pH值、反应温度以及盐酸羟胺的加入量对反应结果的影响。同时对红霉素A肟化反应机理进行了推导。结果 红霉素A9—肟的收率达95％以上，产品纯度达92％。化合物1经红外、氢谱、碳谱、质谱鉴定，与文献报道相一致。结论 该方法有效地抑制了红霉素A的酸性分解，与文献方法相比，大幅度提高了反应的收率和产品的纯度。     

Comparison of two low-dose one-week triple therapy regimens with and without metronidazole for cure of H. pylori infection.

BACKGROUND: One-week triple therapy consisting of omeprazole 20 mg b.d., clarithromycin 250 mg b.d. and tinidazole 500 mg b.d. is an effective therapy for H. pylori infection with a cure rate of 93%. We therefore compared two similar 1-week regimens consisting of a lansoprazole, clarithromycin and either metronidazole or tetracycline in a prospective study. METHODS: Two cohorts, each of 60 patients suffering from H. pylori infection associated with peptic ulcer disease or ulcer-like dyspepsia, were treated for 1 week with either lansoprazole 30 mg b.d., clarithromycin 250 mg b.d. and either metronidazole 400 mg b.d. (cohort A, n = 60) or tetracycline 300 mg b.d. (cohort B, n = 60). Four weeks after treatment, cure of H. pylori infection was evaluated by endoscopy using rapid urease testing together with histology. RESULTS: In cohort A, 55 patients out of 60 showed cure of H. pylori infection (92%); the treatment was well tolerated, but three patients suffered from side-effects. In cohort B, which was free of metronidazole, 50 out of 60 patients showed cure of H. pylori infection (83%); two patients reported side-effects. The differences between the two cohorts were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Triple therapy for 1 week with lansoprazole as the antisecretory agent seems to be as effective as is reported for omeprazole-based regimens.     

Acid-catalyzed degradation of clarithromycin and erythromycin B: a comparative study using NMR spectroscopy

One of the major drawbacks in the use of the antibiotic erythromycin A is its extreme acid sensitivity, leading to degradation in the stomach following oral administration. The modern derivative clarithromycin degrades by a different mechanism and much more slowly. We have studied the pathway and kinetics of the acid-catalyzed degradation of clarithromycin and of erythromycin B, a biosynthetic precursor of erythromycin A which also has good antibacterial activity, using (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Both drugs degrade by loss of the cladinose sugar ring and with similar rates of reaction. These results suggest that erythromycin B has potential as an independent therapeutic entity, with superior acid stability compared with erythromycin A and with the advantage over clarithromycin of being a natural product.     

吡美莫司的合成及其结构鉴定

以子囊霉素为原料,经酯化、氯化合成毗美莫司;粗品经柱层析、重结晶得到纯化,最终收率41．1％,纯度95．3％;合成产品经熔点．IR,1HNMR,13CNMR,ESI／MS等分析手段进行鉴定。     

西索米星原料药中极性小组分的研究

用大孔吸附型树脂对西索米星原料药进行分离，极性小组分首先被洗脱。用高效液相色谱法测定了分离前后的西索米星纯度，发现可从８４％提高到９２％。此外还建立了用硅胶薄层层析检测小组分的方法，并用阳离子交换树脂对小组分进行了分离。采用上述方法可分离得６种小组分。再用Ａｍ－ｂｅｒｌｉｔｅＣＧ－５０、ＣＭ－ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＣ－２５等精制，得各小组分的精制品，经冷冻干燥后进行结构测定。其中含量最多的ＮＡＴ－１、ＵＫ－１与庆大霉素Ａ和加洛糖胺同质，ＮＡＴ－４与庆大霉素Ａ１的文献报道相符；而ＮＡＴ－２、ＵＫ－２经ＭＳ、１Ｈ－ＮＭＲ、１３Ｃ－ＮＭＲ测定，推测系文献未报道的新假二糖结构     

Omeprazole, bismuth and clarithromycin in the sequential treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection

Aims: To assess the therapeutic potential of clarithromycin, a new macrolide with high anti-Helicobacter pylori activity, given with bismuth salts and omeprazole in different regimens aimed at simplifying the treatment of H. piylon-related gastritis. Methods: Eighty-eight patients with proven H. pylori infection and gastritis were treated with one of the following four regimens: omeprazole 40 mg/day for one week (group A. n = 14); omeprazole 40 mg/day for one week followed by clarithromycin 1 g/day for 2 weeks (group B, n = 26); omeprazole 40 mg/day for one week followed by tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate 480 mg/day and clarithromycin 1 g/day, both for two weeks (group C, n = 26); and tripotassium dicitrato bismuthate 480 mg/day and clarithromycin 1 g/day for two weeks (group D, n = 22). Presence of H. pylori, histology and electron microscopy were assessed at entry and four weeks after the end of each treatment. Results: Omeprazole alone had no effect on H. pylori status. The highest eradication rate was obtained in group C patients (81%), a proportion significantly greater than that observed in group B (50%, P < 0.03) or group D patients (55%, P < 0.05). Conclusion: Sequential treatment may be a useful option in the treatment of H. pylori-related gastritis.     

Low-dose lansoprazole and clarithromycin plus metronidazole vs. full-dose lansoprazole and clarithromycin plus amoxicillin for eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection

AIM: To compare, in a randomized controlled trial, the efficacy and tolerability of two 1-week triple therapies for Helicobacter pylori eradication. METHODS: One hundred and thirty-four consecutive patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia and H. pylori infection were randomized to receive lansoprazole 30 mg once daily, clarithromycin 250 mg twice daily, and metronidazole 500 mg twice daily (LCM group), or lansoprazole 30 mg twice daily, clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily, and amoxicillin 1000 mg twice daily (LCA group). H. pylori status was assessed by rapid urease test, histology and 13C-urea breath test before and after therapy. RESULTS: At 3 months, H. pylori eradication (intention- to-treat/per protocol analysis) was 92.4%/93.8% in the LCM group and 83.1%/85.7% in the LCA group (P=N.S.). Side-effects were more frequently reported in the LCA group (37.9%) than in the LCM group (19.7%) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In this open, randomized controlled trial, eradication of H. pylori by low-dose lansoprazole and clarithromycin plus metronidazole was higher with significantly less side-effects than by full-dose lansoprazole and clarithromycin plus amoxicillin. This finding may be related to the stronger synergism of clarithromycin plus metronidazole, even at lower doses, than of clarithromycin plus amoxicillin. Considering the lower cost as well, LCM should be preferred to LCA in the eradication of H. pylori.     

N-苯基哌嗪的合成

目的：研究N－苯基哌嗪的合成方法。方法：以苯胺、二乙醇胺等为超始原料,采用两条路线：路线A是通过溴化、缩合、中和等反应来合成目标产物,路线B采用“一锅煮”方法制备所需的化合物。结果：路线A的收率为27．8％,路线B的收率为47．2％,含量均在96％以上,^1H－NMR谱表明结果正确。结论：路线B的工艺流程简单,三废少且易处理,该路线适合于工业化生产。