Cre重组酶在心肌细胞特异性转基因小鼠中的功能检测

目的：检测Cre重组酶在心肌细胞特异性Cre重组酶转基因小鼠（α-MHC-Cre）中的组织分布及其在体内介导基因重组的作用。方法：将α-MHC-Cre转基因小鼠与尺DSA26报告小鼠交配，利用LacZ染色对双转基因阳性子代小鼠进行检测。然后，将α-MHC-Cre小鼠与Smad4条件基因打靶小鼠交配，利用PCR和Southem杂交对Cre重组酶介导重组的组织特异性进行检测。结果：LacZ染色表明，Cre重组酶只在心肌细胞中特异性表达并介导ROSA位点LoxP序列间的重组。PCR和Southem结果显示Cre重组酶只在心肌细胞中特异地剔除了Smad4基因，进一步验证了Cre重组酶在心肌细胞中发挥介导LoxP位点重组的作用。结论：α-MHC-Cre转基因小鼠具有良好的组织特异性，只在心肌细胞中表达Cre重组酶，并能在体内成功地介导心肌细胞基因组上LoxP位点间的重组，是一种理想的研制心肌细胞特异性基因剔除小鼠的工具小鼠。     

平滑肌细胞特异表达Cre重组酶转基因小鼠的建立

目的：建立平滑肌细胞特异表迭Cre重组酶的转基因小鼠。方法：用分子克隆的方法构建含有α平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)启动子、Cre重组酶基因和polyA的转基因载体α-SMA-Cre。以显微注射的方法将5．3kb的转基因片段引入小鼠基因组。通过PCR和LacZ染色以检测Cre重组酶在体内介导重组的功能。结果：共注射282枚受精卵，移植至10只假孕母小鼠的输卵管中发育，获得子代小鼠19只，经PCR鉴定有4只小鼠在基因组上整合有Cre基因，整合率为2l％。将该小鼠与基因组上携带LoxP位点的Smad4务件基因打靶小鼠交配，通过PCR在所有含有平滑肌细胞的组织基因组DNA中检测到重组后的234bp特异条带。与“报告”小鼠-ROSA26交配，LacZ染色后小肠壁平滑肌细胞中特异地检测到Cre重组酶活性。结论：成功构建了平滑肌细胞特异表达Cre重组酶的转基因小鼠．该小鼠在平滑肌细胞中特异表迭Cre重组酶，并能在体内成功地介导LoxP位点间的重组。     

Cre重组酶调控的OVA-HBsAg转基因乙肝模型小鼠的制备及鉴定

目的 制备Cre重组酶调控的卵清蛋白(OVA)-HBsAg转基因小鼠,为乙肝的防治提供更好的动物模型.方法 采用原核显微注射方法将线性化的携带OVA-HBsAg基因并带有LoxP位点的质粒注入C57BL/6J×DBA小鼠受精卵的雄原核内,制备受Cre重组酶调控表达的OVA-HBsAg转基因小鼠.将F1代OVA-HBsAg阳性母鼠与本室饲育的Alb-Cre转基因阳性公鼠进行杂交,获得子代小鼠,观察Cre对OVA-HBsAg转基因小鼠HBsAg的诱导表达情况.采用PCR、ELISA和免疫组化方法检测HBsAg基因、Cre基因在转基因小鼠体内的整合及表达情况.结果 共注射受精卵491枚,成活337枚,成活率68.6％.产下F0代小鼠29只,其中PCR阳性4只,外源基因整合率13.8％.目前已传至F4代,F1-F4代PCR阳性率分别为27.5％、32.0％、22.9％、25.0％,ELISA法未检测到血清中HBsAg表达.将F1代OVA-HBsAg阳性母鼠与Alb-Cre阳性公鼠杂交,获得16只子代小鼠,PCR检测Cre基因和HBsAg基因双阳性的子代小鼠有6只,其中2只小鼠血清HBsAg检测为阳性,诱导表达阳性率为33.3％.结论 成功制备出OVA-HBsA转基因小鼠,且可稳定传代,Cre重组酶可以诱导小鼠体内HBsAg的表达.     

心肌细胞特异性Let-7b转基因小鼠的建立

目的建立心肌细胞中特异性过表达Let-7b的转基因小鼠。方法构建心肌细胞特异性过表达Let-7b的转基因载体,显微注射导入小鼠受精卵中,通过胚胎移植,获得转基因首建者小鼠。利用PCR检测子代小鼠Let-7b基因整合情况。通过实时定量PCR检测Let-7b过表达的效率。结果 PCR检测发现,1只小鼠在其基因组上整合有Let-7b基因。实时定量PCR结果显示,该转基因小鼠在心脏组织中特异性地过表达Let-7b基因。结论成功获得了在小鼠心肌细胞中特异性过表达Let-7b的转基因小鼠。     

ALK3基因在心肌细胞凋亡中的作用研究

目的 研究心脏特异性骨形态形成蛋白受体IA(BMPR1 A,又名ALK3)基因敲除小鼠心肌组织中的细胞凋亡情况,探讨ALK3基因在心肌细胞凋亡过程中的作用及细胞凋亡与室间隔缺损的关系. 方法 实验分为纯合子小鼠(α-MHC Cre+/-,ALK3 F/-),杂合子小鼠(α-MHCCre+/-,ALK3 F/+)和野生型小鼠(C57)3组,每组取5只.20只雌性α-MHCCre+/-,ALK3+/-小鼠和20只雄性ALK3 F/F小鼠交配获得心脏特异性ALK3基因敲除的纯合子小鼠(α-MHC Cre+/-,ALK3 F/-)和杂合子小鼠(α-MHC Cre+/-,ALK3 F/+);雌性和雄性C57小鼠各10只交配获得子代野生型小鼠;均取13.5d胚胎.提取胎膜DNA,PCR鉴定基因型.光镜下HE染色显示心脏组织形态,透射电镜观察心肌细胞的超微结构和凋亡情况,并以脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶介导的dUTP缺口末端标记(TUNEL)法检测心肌细胞凋亡率. 结果 光镜显示α-MHC Cre+/-,ALKS F/-小鼠存在室问隔缺损现象,α-MHC Cre+/-,ALK3 F/+小鼠和C57小鼠心脏形态正常;透射电镜和TUNEL提示α-MHC Cre+/-,ALK3 F/-小鼠心肌细胞凋亡现象较α-MHC Cre+/-,ALK3 F/+小鼠和C57小鼠严重. 结论 ALK3基因在调控心脏发育和心肌细胞凋亡过程中起重要作用.心脏特异性ALK3基因敲除小鼠中,室间隔缺损可部分归因于心肌细胞的过度凋亡.     

Cre重组酶在软骨组织特异性转基因小鼠中表达的时空分布

目的：检测Cre重组酶在软骨组织特异性Cre重组酶转基因小鼠(Col2al—Cre)表达的时空分布。方法：将Col2al—Cre转基因小鼠和ROSA26报告小鼠杂交，得到的双转基因小鼠中表达Cre重组酶的部位将表达LacZ基因。通过LacZ染色可直接观察不同发育阶段转基因小鼠中Cre重组酶表达的组织特异性。结果：LacZ染色结果显示，骨骼发育早期间充质细胞聚集时Cre重组酶已经在表达Ⅱ型胶原的软骨细胞中行使功能。胚胎期13．5d小鼠的前肢、后肢、脊椎和梅克尔软骨部位LacZ染色阳性。在新生小鼠可见由软骨内成骨形成的骨骼内软骨组织LacZ染色阳性。从新生小鼠的胫骨显微切片可以看到，生长板各区软骨细胞、软骨膜细胞和紧邻生长板干骺端的成骨细胞LacZ染色阳性。结论：我们研制的Col2al-Cre转基因小鼠中Cre重组酶在软骨内成骨过程中所有的软骨细胞中表达，是一种理想的研制软骨组织特异性剔除基因小鼠的工具。     

受控型蜕皮激素诱导表达截短型hIGF-Ⅰ转基因载体的构建及其在细胞水平上的有效性检测

目的：构建一种可以在哺乳动物细胞中蜕皮激素诱导表达截短型hIGF-Ⅰ的受控型转基因载体，为制备受控型蜕皮激素诱导表达截短型MGF-Ⅰ的转基因小鼠奠定基础。方法：利用分子克隆技术构建受控型蜕皮激素诱导表达截短型hIGF-Ⅰ的转基因载体；将其电转至AM1菌中，利用其中的Cre重组酶将载体上两个同向LoxP序更锚定的新霉素（neomycin）基因删除，解除其对蜕皮激素诱导表达系统的阻断作用，利用PCR、酶切和测序鉴定删除情况；将重组后的载体转染至COS7细胞中进行瞬间表达，蜕皮激素诱导后回收培养上清和细胞裂解物进行Western印迹分析，检测hIGF-Ⅰ的表达情况。结果和结论：成功构建大小为13．6kb的转基因载体pOE-IGF-Ⅰ；转化至AM1中后，PCR、酶切和测序的结果都证明其中的Cre酶能够将载体上neomycin基因删除；重组后的载体转染至COS7细胞中进行诱导表达，Western印迹实验证明截短型MGF-Ⅰ能够在COS7细胞中顺利表达。上述结果证明该蜕皮激素诱导表达截短型hIGF-Ⅰ的受控型转基因载体能够用于转基因小鼠的制备。     

DHCR24转基因小鼠的性别特异性自主活动和应激反应

目的测定α-MHC24-脱氢胆固醇还原酶基因（DHCR24）转基因小鼠的行为学特征,研究该基因对小鼠活跃性和探究行为的影响。方法构建α-MHC DHCR24转基因表达载体,显微注射法获得C57BL/6背景DHCR24转基因小鼠,PCR鉴定小鼠基因型,选择DHCR24转基因和同窝阴性鼠进行旷场、modified SHIRPA和Rota-Rod转轮实验。结果DHCR24转基因雌鼠对新环境的恐惧感较小,但自主活动性低于对照鼠,而DHCR24转基因雄鼠的自主活动性和在胁迫环境下的应激性高于对照组,DHCR24转基因鼠的行为变化具有显著的性别差异。另外,本研究中雌鼠的活跃性、运动协调性和平衡能力均显著高于雄鼠,对胁迫环境的应激性也大于雄鼠。结论心脏特异表达DHCR24基因转基因小鼠自主活动和应激性的变化具有性别差异。     

YMDD突变株HBV转基因小鼠的制备及检测

目的建立YMDD耐药突变株HBV转基因小鼠,为乙肝防治研究提供转基因动物模型。方法采用受精卵显微注射法,将带有YMDD突变的对拉米夫定有耐药性的1.3拷贝HBV基因注入FVB/N单细胞受精卵的原核内,制备YMDD耐药突变株HBV转基因小鼠。采用PCR检测外源基因的整合和传代情况,采用ELISA和免疫组化等方法检测HBsAg在肝、肾中的复制和表达情况。结果注射受精卵3401枚,产269只F0代仔鼠,PCR阳性33只,外源基因的整合率12.3%。9只转基因鼠血清HBVDNA弱阳性,拷贝数低于103拷贝/ml;免疫组化结果显示肝组织和肾组织均有HBsAg表达,且肾组织中的表达强于肝组织。经传代产下47只F1代转基因鼠,目的基因PCR阳性率为27.6%,且肝组织和肾组织中HBsAg均有表达,分布特性与F0代一致。结论成功制备出体内有复制表达而且可以传代YMDD耐药突变株HBV的转基因小鼠。     

1.3拷贝C基因型HBV转基因小鼠的制备及检测

目的制备1.3拷贝C基因型HBV转基因小鼠,为乙肝的防治提供较好的动物模型。方法采用受精卵显微注射法,制备1.3拷贝C基因型HBV转基因小鼠;采用PCR、ELISA、荧光定量PCR和免疫组化方法检测HBV基因在转基因小鼠体内的整合、复制和表达情况。结果共注射受精卵2282枚,成活2024枚,注射成活率88.7%。共移植假孕雌鼠72只,59只怀孕,假孕雌鼠妊娠率81.9%。共产下F0代小鼠185只,PCR检测共有19只整合阳性,阳性率10.3%。血清荧光定量PCR结果显示,其中6只小鼠有HBV DNA复制,拷贝数为102~103拷贝/ml;经传代产下F1代小鼠96只,PCR检测HBV DNA阳性33只,阳性率34.4%。血清荧光定量PCR结果显示,其中10只小鼠有HBV DNA复制,拷贝数为102~103拷贝/ml;F0代和F1代小鼠随机分别各取3只进行肝脏和肾脏HBsAg免疫组化检测结果均为阳性,且肾脏表达高于肝脏。结论 1.3拷贝C基因可以在上述制备成功的C型HBV转基因小鼠体内复制和表达,并且可以遗传给下一代。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Do Balance Board Training Programs Reduce the Risk of Ankle Sprains in Athletes?

Introduction Ankle sprains are the most common musculo-skeletal injury that occurs in athletes,particularly in sports that require jumping and landing on one foot such as soccer,and basketball(1-4).These injuries often result in significant time loss from participation,long-term disability,and have a major impact on health care costs and resources(5-8).     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.