新疆北部多房棘球绦虫动物宿主研究初报

本文报告在新疆北部泡型包虫病流行地区的农村牧区以及山地和草原地带进行多房棘球绦虫终宿主和中间宿主调查的结果。采用槟榔碱导泻法检查 30 5只家 (牧 )犬 ,在 5 2只犬中检出棘球绦虫成虫 ,感染率为 17%。对所获 13974条虫体进行鉴定的结果 ,皆为细粒棘球绦虫。表明在新疆北部泡型包虫病流行地区 ,家犬不是多房棘球绦虫的终宿主。检查啮齿目动物 31种 5 16 3只 ,食虫目动物 4种 2 6 1只和兔形目动物 2种 196只。在西部天山地区捕获的伊犁田鼠和塔尔巴哈台山地区捕获的水鼠平中发现多房棘球蚴感染 ,表明这两种鼠类是当地多房棘球绦虫的中间宿主。属于国内新记录。     

青海省人与动物多房棘球绦虫的感染

本文报告 195 9～ 1998年青海高原人与动物多房棘球绦虫感染情况的研究结果。共手术治疗泡型包虫病人111例 ;男性 73例 ,女性 38例 ;其中肝泡球蚴病 10 0例 ,肺泡球蚴病 2例 ,脑泡球蚴病 7例 ,脾泡球蚴病 2例。年龄17～ 74岁 ,成年人最为常见。牧民和农民最多见 ,其他职业少见。普查 370 2人 ,B超诊断为肝泡球蚴病者 2 3人( 0 .6 2 % ) ,EM1 8血清学阳性者 30人 ( 0 .81% ) ,两种方法均符合者 13人 ( 0 .35 % )。调查中间宿主 7种 ,在家养动物牦牛肝脏和肺脏及藏绵羊肝脏发现泡球蚴感染 ,感染率分别为 4.0 9% ( 18/ 384)和 5 .36 % ( 31/ 5 78) ;野生动物黑唇鼠兔的肝脏和肺脏及灰尾兔的肺脏发现泡球蚴的感染 ,其感染率分别为 3.45 % ( 11/ 319)和 12 .5 0 % ( 1/ 8)。调查终宿主 5种 ,在藏犬和藏狐肠内均证实多房棘球绦虫感染 ,其感染率分别为 5 .0 8% ( 3/ 5 9)和 33.33% ( 4/ 12 )。提示青海高原存在多房棘球绦虫的藏犬、藏狐 /黑唇鼠兔、灰尾兔和藏犬、藏狐 /牦牛、藏绵羊两种类型的多房棘球绦虫生活史循环链     

四川西部藏区包虫病流行病学研究Ⅱ.牲畜及野生动物两型包虫病感染状况调查

目的　明确四川西部地区石渠县、甘孜县牲畜和野生动物两型包虫病 (Hydatidosis,HD)的感染状况 ,为进一步开展防治工作做好基线调查。方法　采取捕杀、剖检、作病理切片等。结果　检查牦牛 42 9头 ,其中 2 19头感染细粒棘球蚴 (Cysticechinococcus,Ce)感染率为 5 0 8% ,3头感染多房棘球蚴 (Alveolarechinococcus,Ae)感染率为 0 7%。在啮齿类动物中 ,黑唇鼠兔 (Ochotonacurzoniae)Ae感染率为 5 6 % (13/2 33) ,灰尾兔 (Lepusoiostolus)Ae感染率为 7 1% (1/14) ,松田鼠 (PitymysireneThomas)Ae感染率为 2 5 % (3/12 ) 检查小家鼠 (Musmusculus) 70只未发现感染。终末宿主调查中 ,犬体内发现两种棘球绦虫感染 ,其中细粒棘球绦虫 (Echinococcusgranulosus,Eg)感染率为 13 2 % (7/16 ) ;多房棘球绦虫(Echinococcusmultilocularis,Em)感染率 16 98% (9/16 ) ,未发现混合感染犬。藏狐 (Vulpesferrilata)的Em感染率为 44 4%(76 /171)。结论　调查显示在该地区存在着较广泛的动物两型包虫病流行     

青海省达日县棘球蚴病流行病学调查

目的 分析青海省果洛藏族自治州达日县棘球蚴病的流行分布现状,为制定预防控制措施提供科学依据。 方法 于2007年8～9月对达日县6个乡各2～3个自然村的3周岁以上常驻牧民分别用B超、间接红细胞凝集试验（IHA）和间接ELISA法（重组Ag B和Em 18抗原）检查两型棘球蚴病患病和感染情况。并调查当地啮齿类动物、牦牛、绵羊和野犬的感染情况,对采集的棘球绦虫和棘球蚴用PCR-RFLP方法进行虫种鉴定,并确定其基因型。收集牧民的家犬粪便,用双抗体夹心法检测粪抗原阳性率。 结果 共调查牧民1 723人,B超查出棘球蚴病患者236例（占13.7%）,其中囊型和泡型棘球蚴病患病率分别为5.5%（95/1 723）和8.2%（141/1 723）。男、女性棘球蚴病患病率分别为11.6%和16.0%（χ ²=7.0,P＜0.05）。家犬粪抗原阳性率为11.3%（31/275）。剖检9只无主犬,其中5只棘球绦虫感染阳性,对检获的虫体经PCR-RFLP鉴定,1只犬感染细粒棘球绦虫,基因型为G1,4只犬感染多房棘球绦虫。牦牛、绵羊的细粒棘球蚴感染率分别为26.4%（14/53）和5/16,对从牦牛、绵羊检获的细粒棘球蚴经PCR-RFLP鉴定,基因型均为G1。捕获高原鼠兔239只,石渠棘球绦虫感染率为11.3%（27/239）。 结论 达日县存在细粒棘球绦虫、多房棘球绦虫和石渠棘球绦虫的分布,泡型和囊型棘球蚴病在人群中严重流行,犬是细粒棘球绦虫和多房棘球绦虫主要传染源。     

甘南藏族自治州终末宿主犬感染棘球绦虫状况调查

目的掌握甘南藏族自治州终末宿主犬细粒棘球绦虫和多房棘球绦虫感染状况,为该地区包虫病的传播动力学研究及开展大规模包虫病防治做好前期工作。方法选择碌曲县和玛曲县当地家犬、牧羊犬,采用15%槟榔碱溶液（21mg/kg体重）导泻后检查成虫,随机捕杀当地无主野犬,解剖十二指肠检查成虫。结果终末宿主犬细粒棘球绦虫感染率为22.97%（17/74）,多房棘球绦虫感染率5.41%（4/74）,合计感染率为28.38%,感染犬的感染度为43.29条/只。未发现两种绦虫混合感染。结论甘南藏族自治州犬细粒棘球绦虫感染率较高,并有多房棘球绦虫感染。     

多房棘球绦虫终宿主的检查方法简评

多房棘球绦虫广泛分布于北半球,主要在野生动物间传播,完成其生活史。野生中间宿主为啮齿类动物,终宿主是以狐、狼等为主的食肉动物。但在圣劳伦斯岛,阿拉斯加,中美北部,中国甘肃、四川等地发现犬及其他食肉家养动物也有多房棘球绦虫的感染,由此造成人群的感染。多房棘球绦虫幼虫可寄生于人、畜肝、脑等部位,称泡型包虫病,是一种致命的寄生虫病。寄生虫病的流行特征与其宿主的生态分布紧密相关,因此检测多房棘球绦虫终宿主的感染可掌握泡型包虫病的流行病学资料,藉以采取有效措施预防人、畜感染,降低发病率。本文就多房棘球绦虫…     

2012年甘肃省高台县包虫病流行情况调查报告

目的了解并分析甘肃省高台县包虫病流行现状,为制定相应的预防控制对策提供有效的基数资料。方法依据《甘肃省包虫病流行情况调查技术方案》要求,在全县8个农区乡（镇）抽取18个行政村为调查村,城区及近郊共3所小学为调查学校,使用统一方法、统一诊断标准,采用B超影像学和血清学（ELISA）方法进行调查;犬粪样采用ELISA法进行终宿主感染情况调查;对当地繁育的1岁以上的宰杀后的羊进行家畜棘球蚴病调查。结果B超和血清学检查村民4002人,阳性5人,确诊5人,患病率为0．12％,患者年龄均为40岁以上,其中女性患病率高于男性;检查12岁及以下学生1601人,血清学检查阳性10人,阳性率0．62％,B超阳性率为0;犬粪抗原检测487份,阳性36份,阳性率7．39％,调查羊1005只,查出感染羊2只,感染率0．19％。结论本次调查结果表明包虫病在该县人间和畜间都有流行,流行原因主要与当地居民的生活习惯和犬类数量多及流动性较大有关。     

青海省包虫病的生态流行病学研究

目的　评价 1997～ 2 0 0 1年在青海省青南高原区、柴达木盆地区、祁连山地和河湟谷地区进行的人与动物两型包虫病的生态流行病学研究结果。　方法　人群包虫病感染情况采用 Bu- EL ISA、EM1 8- EL ISA和 B超、X线进行检查和评价。动物棘球蚴病 /棘球绦虫感染调查采用解剖学方法和寄生虫学方法进行确认和鉴别。　结果　 1女性人群的血清阳性率 2 9.5 3% (797/2 6 99)和患病率 6 .5 6 % (177/2 6 99)总是显著高于男性人群的 2 1.2 2 % (5 82 /2 74 3)和 4 .2 2 % (114 /2 74 3) ;随年龄增长 ,人群包虫病血清阳性率和患病率升高 ;以牧民、半农半牧民的血清阳性率和患病率最高 ,显示出青海省两型包虫病流行的人群分布特征。2青海省人与动物包虫病 /棘球绦虫的血清阳性率和感染 /患病率呈南北高、东西较低的地理学分布特征。3青海省是囊型和泡型包虫病的混合流行区 ,主要以囊型包虫病 /细粒棘球绦虫为主 ,这是青海省两型包虫病流行的生物学分布特征。　结论　青海 3个不同地形区两种棘球绦虫的生活史循环链十分复杂 ,家养动物相互之间、野生动物相互之间、家养动物和野生动物之间均参与其中 ,这是青海省两型包虫病流行病学的重要特点。     

我国包虫病流行现况

至１９９２年，据不完全统计近４０年我国１４０家医院的囊型包虫病手术患者，总计达２７７１６例。地理分布较广泛，主要见于西部和北部的新疆、甘肃、青海、宁夏、陕西、四川、西藏和内蒙古等８省区，另有１２省为散在分布或仅见个案报告。根据６省流行区２６个组人群囊型包虫病的普查，ＩＨＡ和ＥＬＩＳＡ阳性率分别为０．４６％～１１．７％和１．２％～３２．４％，感染程度随地区的不同而异；Ｂ型超声检出囊虫百分率为０．６１％～５．０％，患病率为０．１５％～５．０％。泡型包虫病地理分布较为局限，见于新、甘、青、宁、川、西藏、内蒙古和黑龙江等８省区，至今报告的病人数达５００例。据甘肃省漳县二组泡型包虫病的人群普查，患病率高达２．４％～５．０％。细粒棘球绦虫的中间宿主包括多种家畜以及野生岩羊、藏原羚和高原鼠兔等野生动物，其中感染率以绵羊（１．６％～８１．３％）和牦牛（１５％～７４．５％）为最高。终宿主动物以狗的感染率为高（２．９３％～４７．０％）。多房棘球绦虫的中间宿主已发现达乌黑黄鼠、中华鼢鼠、布氏田鼠、长爪沙鼠、小家鼠、赤颊黄鼠和高原鼠兔等７种啮齿动物。终宿主感染率家犬为１０．３％，野犬９．１％～１４．４％，红（赤）狐１５．０％～     

甘南藏族自治州动物棘球绦虫感染状况调查

目的：了解甘南藏族自治州动物棘球绦虫及棘球蚴的感染状况,为该地区制定防制策略提供依据。方法：2004年8月耀2007年9月在甘南藏族自治州选择玛曲县和碌曲县的8乡21个自然村为调查点,采用鼠夹、粘鼠板捕捉啮齿类动物进行剖检,收集当地屠宰场绵羊、牦牛的肝、肺和心脏等剖检,进行棘球蚴病原学和病理学检查。对家犬、牧羊犬采用15%槟榔碱溶液驱虫,随机捕杀无主野犬剖检十二指肠成虫感染情况。结果：共捕获啮齿类动物331只,经剖检进行病理学检查和鉴定,4只感染多房棘球蚴,即达乌尔鼠兔（Ochotona daurica）和中华鼢鼠（Myospalax fontanieri）,感染率分别为1.2%（1/87）和2.3%（3/132）;6只喜马拉雅旱獭（Marmota himalayana）、34只西藏鼠兔（Ochotona tibetana）和72只小家鼠（Mus musculus）未感染棘球蚴。剖检绵羊1 021头,其中细粒棘球蚴和多房棘球蚴的感染率分别为11.1% （113/1 021）和0.3% （3/1 021）。剖检牦牛634头,其细粒棘球蚴和多房棘球蚴的感染率为19.9% （126/634）和0.3%（2/634）。犬的细粒棘球绦虫和多房棘球绦虫的感染率分别为23.0%（17/74）和5.4%（4/74）。牧羊犬、家犬棘球绦虫的检出率为24.6%（15/61）,无主野犬检出率为6/13,未发现两型绦虫的混合感染。结论：甘南藏族自治州动物以细粒棘球绦虫感染为主,有少量多房棘球绦虫感染。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.