Prevention of in vitro and in vivo acute ischemic neuronal damage by (2S)-1-(4-amino-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy)-3-{4-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl) phenyl]-1-piperazinyl}-2-propanol dimethanesulfonate (SUN N8075), a novel neuroprotective agent with antioxidant properties

(2S)-1-(4-Amino-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy)-3-{4-[4-(4-fluorobenzyl) phenyl]-1-piperazinyl}-2-propanol dimethanesulfonate (SUN N8075) is a novel antioxidant with neuroprotective properties. We examined whether SUN N8075 inhibited the neuronal damage resulting from permanent focal cerebral ischemia, and examined its neuroprotective properties in vivo and in vitro mechanism. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice, and the resulting infarction, brain swelling, and neurological deficits were evaluated after 24 h or 72 h. Brain damage was assessed histochemically using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining and antibody recognizing 4-hydroxynonenal histidine adduct (4-HNE). In the in vitro study, we examined the effects of SUN N8075 on 1) lipid peroxidation in mouse brain homogenates and 2) cell viability and caspase-3 protease activity under a hypoxic insult or FeSO(4) in rat cultured cerebrocortical neurons. SUN N8075 administered either 10 min before or at 1 h after the occlusion reduced both infarction size and neurological deficits. SUN N8075 reduced brain swelling when administered 10 min before, 1 h, or 3 h after occlusion. Furthermore, only pretreatment (administered 10 min before) decreased infarct volume and brain swelling at 72 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion. SUN N8075 reduced the number of TUNEL-positive cells and decreased the level of oxidative damage, as assessed by immunopositive staining to 4-HNE. SUN N8075 inhibited lipid peroxidation, leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, caspase-3 activation induced by in vitro hypoxia, and the neuronal damage induced by in vitro FeSO(4) exposure. These findings indicate that SUN N8075 has neuroprotective effects against acute ischemic neuronal damage in mice and may prove promising as a therapeutic drug for stroke.     

脑的不对称性影响大鼠局灶性脑缺血的结局

为评价左右侧大脑中动脉闭塞(MCAO)对右利大鼠神经行为功能和脑梗死体积的影响,本研究应用四足动物觅食实验筛选右利爪雄性SD大鼠24只,随机分为经左、右侧插线组各12只,8%水合氯醛腹腔注射(300mg/kg)麻醉,线栓法经左、右侧颈外-内动脉插入头端涂有多聚赖氨酸的4-0尼龙线,建立大鼠MCAO缺血2h模型,再灌注72h后评价动物的神经行为功能,测量脑梗死体积。结果表明,所有动物在脑缺血2h神经功能缺损评分最高,再灌注1、24、48和72h经左侧MCAO大鼠显著高于经右侧MCAO大鼠(P<0.05),后者功能明显优于前者,脑梗死体积经左侧插线的大鼠显著大于经右侧插线的大鼠(P<0.05)。研究结果提示,大鼠主侧半球大脑中动脉缺血后,神经功能缺损和脑梗死体积较对侧严重,脑的不对称性影响大鼠局灶性脑缺血的最终结局。     

sCR1-SCR15-18蛋白减轻补体介导的大鼠脑缺血/再灌注损伤

目的: 探讨补体在大鼠大脑缺血/再灌注(ischemia-reperfusion,I/R)损伤中的作用及重组人可溶性补体受体Ⅰ型SCR15-18蛋白(sCR1-SCR15-18)的保护作用。方法: 75只雄性SD大鼠,随机分为假手术组、I/R组和sCR1 -SCR15-18保护组。采用线栓法建立大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞模型(middle cerebral artery occlusion MCAO),缺血2 h,再灌注24 h后,进行神经功能学评分,测定脑梗死体积、大脑皮质髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)活性,观察大脑皮质区补体C3b沉积和病理改变。结果: 缺血/再灌注24 h后,sCR1-SCR15-18保护组神经功能学评分,脑梗死体积及脑皮质MPO活性明显低于I/R组(P<0.05);sCR1 -SCR15-18保护组缺血脑组织补体C3b沉积明显减少,病理损伤减轻。结论: 补体在脑I/R损伤中起一定作用,sCR1-SCR15-18蛋白对大鼠I/R损伤脑具有保护作用。     

缺氧诱导因子-1α抑制剂对大鼠局部脑缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的研究大鼠局部脑缺血再灌注损伤时,缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)抑制剂2-甲氧雌二醇(2ME2)对损伤脑组织的影响。方法雄性SD大鼠60只随机分为假手术组、大脑中动脉阻塞再灌注组(MCAO组)、假性治疗组(DMSO组)、2ME2治疗组(2ME2组)。治疗组在术后1h腹腔注射相应剂量药物。观察各组大鼠神经行为学缺陷;再灌注7d,TTC染色观察脑梗死体积变化;再灌注24h,Western blotting检测HIF-1α及其下游基因的表达变化;制备脑组织切片分别作Nissl染色、免疫组织化学染色及原位缺口末端标记(TUNEL)。结果2ME2组神经功能较MCAO及DMSO组有明显改善(P<0.05),同时,2ME2组梗死面积明显减小(P<0.05)。Western blotting结果显示,HIF-1α的表达经2ME2治疗后降低,其下游基因VEGF、BNIP3及Caspase-3的表达有同样的变化。Nissl染色可见2ME2治疗组皮质神经元结构较清晰,胞体肿胀、核固缩、核溶解程度较模型组及假性治疗组明显减轻,淡染区域减小;免疫组织化学法观察到2ME2组HIF-1α、Caspase-3、BNIP3、VEGF及TUNEL标记的阳性细胞数明显减少(P<0.05)。结论2ME2可能通过降低HIF-1α水平并下调其下游的BNIP3和VEGF的表达,降低血脑屏障的通透性并减少凋亡因子Caspase-3的作用,发挥神经元的保护作用。     

小檗碱对局部脑缺血组织中HIF-1α表达的影响

目的 研究大鼠局部性脑缺血再灌注损伤时,小檗碱(BE)对缺氧诱导因子-1α(HIF-1α)表达及脑神经元凋亡的影响.方法 雄性SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、大脑中动脉阻塞再灌注组(MCAO/R组)、假性治疗组(DMSO组)、小檗碱10mg/kg治疗组(BE10组)、小檗碱20mg/kg治疗组(BE20组)、小檗碱40mg/kg治疗组(BE40组).治疗组在术前48h、24h及术后6h腹腔注射相应剂量药物,观察各组大鼠神经行为学缺陷;再灌注7d,TTC染色观察脑梗死体积变化;再灌注24h,制备脑组织切片分别作Nissl染色、免疫组织化学染色、TUNEL标记及免疫荧光双标记.结果 BE20、BE40组神经功能较MCAO/R组有明显改善(P＜0.05),但BE10组神经学评分与MCAO/R组比较,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).不同剂量BE治疗均可以减小梗死灶体积(P＜0.05),且呈现剂量依赖性.Nissl染色可见BE治疗组皮质神经元结构较清晰,胞体肿胀、核固缩、核溶解程度较模型组及假性治疗组明显减轻,淡染区域减小;免疫组织化学法观察到,BE组HIF-1α、Caspase-3、BNIP3、VEGF及TUNEL标记的阳性细胞数减少;免疫荧光双标记显示HIF-1α与BNIP3、Caspase-3及TUNEL阳性颗粒共表达于细胞中.结论 BE可能通过降低HIF-1α水平并下调其下游的BNIP3和VEGF的表达,从而减少凋亡因子Caspase-3的作用而发挥神经元保护作用.     

Anti-oxidative effects of d-allose, a rare sugar, on ischemia-reperfusion damage following focal cerebral ischemia in rat

The present study investigates the anti-oxidative effects of D-allose on ischemic damage. Rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 1 h under pentobarbital anesthesia. D-allose was intravenously infused during occlusion and a further 1 h after reperfusion (400 mg/kg). The effects of D-allose on focal cerebral ischemia were examined by measuring brain damage (infarction and atrophy volume) and behavioral deficits 7 days after MCAO. In another set of rats, apurnic/apyrimidic abasic sites (AP-sites) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), oxidative stress markers, were investigated 24 h after MCAO to examine the anti-oxidative effects of D-allose. Brain damage and behavioral deficits were significantly decreased by D-allose administration compared to vehicle. The number of AP-sites and 8-OHdG levels were also reduced by D-allose. Thus, the present study suggests that D-allose has anti-oxidative effects and induces neuroprotection in focal cerebral ischemia.     

跑步运动对脑卒中大鼠的海马可塑性的保护作用

目的 探索跑步运动对脑卒中大鼠的海马可塑性的保护作用及其生物学机制。 方法 成年雄性 大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞 (middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO) 90 min, 24 h 后随机分为运动组和非运动 组。 两周后, 对大鼠的神经功能缺损情况进行评分; 水迷宫法检测大鼠的学习和记忆功能; 2, 3, 5 三苯 四氮唑氯化物染色和 HE 染色评估大鼠大脑梗塞水平和组织学损伤; NeuN 染色观察神经元损伤水平; 蛋白 质免疫印迹法检测 COX-2、 IL-1β 和 TNF-α 的蛋白表达水平。 结果 MCAO 后, 运动组的神经功能缺损、 学习和记忆功能、 脑梗死体积指标均优于非运动组。 与这些结果一致, 运动组的大鼠脑组织中的神经元损 伤数目也显著减少, 脑内炎性反应得到了抑制。 结论 运动可以改善 MCAO 后神经功能评分、 减少梗死体 积, 其潜在机制与炎性反应的抑制对神经元的保护有关。     

The effect of biodegradable gelatin microspheres on the neuroprotective effects of high mobility group box 1 A box in the postischemic brain

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a family of endogenous molecules that is released by necrotic cells and causes neuronal damages by triggering inflammatory processes. In the cerebral ischemic brain, sustained and regulated suppression of HMGB1 has been emerged as a therapeutic means to grant neuroprotection. HMGB1 consists of two HMG boxes (A and B) and an acidic C-terminal tail, and the A box peptide antagonistically competes with HMGB1 for its receptors. In the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats, a murine model of transient cerebral ischemia, administration of HMGB1 A box intraparenchymally, after encapsulated in biodegradable gelatin microspheres (GMS), which enhances the stability of peptide inside and allows its sustained delivery, at 1 h, 3 h, or 6 h after MCAO, reduced mean infarct volumes by, respectively, 81.3%, 42.6% and 30.7% of the untreated MCAO-brain, along with remarkable improvement of neurological deficits. Furthermore, the administration of HMGB1 A box/GMS suppressed proinflammatory cytokine inductions more strongly than the injection of non-encapsulated HMGB1 A box. Given that insulted brains-like ischemia have enhanced gelatinase activity than the normal brain, our results suggest that GMS-mediated delivery of therapeutic peptides is a promising means to provide efficient neuroprotection in the postischemic brain.     

Intravenously delivered neural stem cells migrate into ischemic brain,differentiate and improve functional recovery after transient ischemic stroke in adult rats

Stem cell transplantation may provide an alternative therapy to promote functional recovery after various neurological disorders including cerebral infarct. Due to the minimal immunogenicity and neuronal differentiation potential of neural stem cells (NSCs), we tested whether intravenous administration of mice-derived C17.2 NSCs could improve neurological function deficit and cerebral infarction volume after ischemic stroke in rats. Additionally, we evaluated the survival, migration, proliferation, and differentiation capacity of transplanted NSCs in the rat brain. Intravenous infusion of NSCs after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) showed better performance in neurobiological severity scores after MCAO compared to control. However, the volume of cerebral infarction was not different at 7 days after MCAO compared with control. Transplanted NSCs were detected in the ischemic region but not in the contralateral hemisphere. NSCs differentiated into neurons or astrocytes after MCAO. These data suggest that intravenously transplanted NSCs can migrate, proliferate, and differentiate into neurons and astrocytes in the rat brain with focal ischemia and improve functional recovery.     

Modulation of the balance between cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptor activation during cerebral ischemic/reperfusion injury

Cannabinoid receptor activation has been shown to modulate both neurotransmission (CB(1)) and neuroinflammatory (CB(2)) responses. There are conflicting reports in the literature describing the influence of cannabinoid receptor activation on ischemic/reperfusion injury. The goal of this study was to evaluate how changing the balance between CB(1) and CB(2) activation following cerebral ischemia influences outcome. CB(1) and CB(2) expression were tested at different times after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice by real-time RT-PCR. Animals subjected to 1 h MCAO were randomly assigned to receive different treatments: a CB(1) antagonist, a CB(2) antagonist, a CB(2) agonist, a CB(1) antagonist plus CB(2) agonist, a CB(2) antagonist plus CB(2) agonist or an equal volume of vehicle as control. Cerebral blood flow was continuously monitored during ischemia; cerebral infarction and neurological deficit were tested 24 h after MCAO. Cerebral CB(1) and CB(2) mRNA expression undertook dynamic changes during cerebral ischemia. The selective CB(1) antagonist significantly decreased cerebral infarction by 47%; the selective CB(2) antagonist increased infarction by 26% after 1 h MCAO followed by 23 h reperfusion in mice. The most striking changes were obtained by combining a CB(1) antagonist with a CB(2) agonist. This combination elevated the cerebral blood flow during ischemia and reduced infarction by 75%. In conclusion, during cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, inhibition of CB(1) receptor activation is protective while inhibition of CB(2) receptor activation is detrimental. The greatest degree of neuroprotection was obtained by combining an inhibitor of CB(1) activation with an exogenous CB(2) agonist.     

Zileuton Reduces Inflammatory Reaction and Brain Damage Following Permanent Cerebral Ischemia in Rats

5-Lipoxygenase inhibitor zileuton has been demonstrated to attenuate ischemic brain damage in rats of permanent focal cerebral ischemia in previous work. To further investigate the mechanism underlying zileuton's neuroprotection, adult male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), then received treatment with zileuton or vehicle after the onset of ischemia. Neurological deficit, cerebral infarction, and morphological characteristic were measured 6 and 24 h after MCAO. The enzymatic activity of myeloperoxidase (MPO) was assessed 6 and 24 h after MCAO and the lipid peroxidation levels were evaluated by malondialdehyde assay. Expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 in rat brain was detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in rat brain was determined by RT-PCR and Western blot. Nitric oxide production in rat brain was also measured 24 h after MCAO. The concentration of TNF-α and IL-1β in serum were detected by ELISA. Zileuton significantly reduced neurological deficit scores, cerebral infarct volume, MPO activity, and the lipid peroxidation levels. It also inhibited the expression of NF-κB and decreased the expression and activity of iNOS in rat brain. In addition, zileuton attenuated the release of TNF-α and IL-1β in serum. Our results suggest that zileuton reduces inflammatory reaction and brain damage in a rat model of permanent focal cerebral ischemia. The neuroprotective effect of zileuton in cerebral ischemia might be associated with the inhibition of inflammatory reaction.     

Bumetanide protects focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat

Objective: Bumetanide has been reported to attenuate ischemia-evoked cerebral edema. However, whether bumetanide can protect cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) in vivo is unclear. In the present study, we aim to determine whether intravenously injection bumetanide can attenuate cerebral IRI and if its protection effect might be related to the modification of cerebral NKCC1 and KCC2 protein expression. Methods: Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by occluding the right middle cerebral artery (MCAO) for 2-h, followed by 3-h, 24-h or 48-h of reperfusion respectively. Brain edema, neurological deficits, and infarction volume were determined by (wet weights - dry weights)/dry weights ×100, 5-point neurological function score evaluation system, and TTC staining, respectively. The expression levels of NKCC1 and KCC2 were determined by immunohistochemical staining. Results: Reperfusion increased brain edema, neurological deficits, and infarction volume. Bumetanide decreased brain edema, attenuated the neurological defects and reduced post-ischemic cerebral infarction. Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury increased NKCC1 expression level and decreased KCC2 expression level. Interestingly, bumetanide down-regulated the NKCC1 protein expression level without changing the KCC2 protein expression level in rat brain cortex. Conclusion: These results suggest that bumetanide protects focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat, which might through the inhibition of NKCC1.     

急性脑缺血损伤大鼠海马神经元谷氨酸转运体的表达

目的：研究急性脑缺血损伤大鼠海马神经元谷氨酸转运体（EAAC1）的表达变化。 方法： 采用EAAC1反义寡核苷酸脑内注射，用插线法建立大鼠局灶性脑缺血模型(MCAO)。运用Western blot法和TTC染色观察缺血区EAAC1表达和梗塞体积；采用RT-PCR 和Western blot法，测定海马EAAC1 mRNA和蛋白在缺血1 h、6 h、24 h的变化。结果： 注射EAAC1反义寡核苷酸组大鼠梗塞体积［(105.67±8.70) mm3］显著小于正义组。缺血1 h大鼠海马EAAC1 mRNA表达（0.963±0.117）与假手术组（0.907±0.113）无明显差异，缺血6h、24h持续高于缺血1 h（分别为1.116±0.104和1.428±0.078）。而海马EAAC1蛋白表达（0.640±0.027）在缺血24 h高于假手术组，缺血1 h和6h EAAC1表达与假手术组比较无显著差异（分别为0.330±0.018、0.330±0.015）。结论： EAAC1可促进缺血脑损伤,在急性脑缺血病理过程中表达增加。     

大鼠脑缺血再灌流后基质金属蛋白酶-2和9的表达

目的：探讨大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌流后基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-2和-9(MMP-9)表达的变化规律与脑水肿的关系。方法：用线栓法制作大鼠左侧大脑中动脉阻塞再灌流模型(MCAO),用免疫组化技术分别观察脑缺血再灌流不同时间点MMP-2和MMP-9的表达。结果：(1)脑缺血再灌流后24h可见MMP-2阳性细胞开始出现,3～7d时阳性细胞数达高峰,显色最深,至14d时仍有表达,略高于假手术组。(2)脑缺血再灌流后6h缺血区内MMP-9阳性细胞开始出现,12h明显增高,至2d达高峰,3d后阳性细胞数开始减少,至14d时恢复到基础水平,各相邻时间点比较差异显著。结论：脑缺血再灌流后,病变区MMP-2和MMP-9表达增加,二者在脑缺血再灌流后脑水肿方面起重要作用。     

Thalidomide protects against ischemic neuronal damage induced by focal cerebral ischemia in mice

We aimed to examine whether thalidomide might inhibit the neuronal damage resulting from focal cerebral ischemia, and if so to explore the neuroprotective mechanism. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in mice, and thalidomide was intraperitoneally administered a total of three times (at 10 min before, just before, and 1 h after MCAO). Thalidomide significantly reduced (a) the infarct area and volume at 24 and 72 h after MCAO and (b) the neurological score at 72 h after MCAO. Brains were also histochemically assessed for apoptosis and lipid peroxidation using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) staining and an antibody recognizing 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), respectively. Thalidomide reduced both the number of TUNEL-positive cells and the oxidative damage. However, post-treatment of thalidomide [20 mg/kg, three times (at just after, 1 h after, 3 h after MCAO)] did not reduce the infarct volume. In an in vitro study, we examined the effects of thalidomide on lipid peroxidation in mouse brain homogenates and on the production of various radical species. Thalidomide inhibited both the lipid peroxidation and the production of H₂O₂ and O₂ · ⁻ (but not HO⁻) radicals. We also measured the brain concentration of TNF-α by ELISA. The TNF-α level in the brain was significantly increased at 9–24 h after MCAO. However, thalidomide did not reduce the elevated TNF-α level at either 12 or 24 h after MCAO. These findings indicate that thalidomide has neuroprotective effects against ischemic neuronal damage in mice, and that an inhibitory action of thalidomide against oxidative stress may be partly responsible for these neuroprotective effects.     

神经调节素治疗小鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤的机制(英)

目的：研究神经调节素-1β(NRG-1β)对小鼠脑缺血再灌注后神经行为功能、脑geng梗死体积、脑组织含水量、神经细胞凋亡以及胶质细胞水通道蛋白-4（AQP-4）表达的影响和神经保护作用机制。 方法:应用线栓法建立小鼠大脑中动脉闭塞再灌注（MCAO/R）模型,经颈内动脉微量注射NRG-1β(2 μg/kg) 干预治疗,Bederson法评价动物的神经行为功能,氯化三苯基四氮唑（TTC）染色观察脑梗死体积,干湿重法测定脑组织含水量,免疫荧光染色检测神经细胞凋亡,免疫组织化学检测AQP-4的表达。结果:脑缺血再灌注损伤后,动物均表现神经行为功能障碍,缺血侧出现脑梗塞病灶,脑组织含水量、神经细胞凋亡数量和胶质细胞AQP-4表达均高于假手术对照组。与MCAO/R组相比较,MCAO/R+NRG-1β治疗组缺血24h动物神经行为功能损伤明显改善、凋亡神经细胞数明显减少、脑梗塞体积显著缩小,P<0.05;但脑组织含水量和AQP-4表达与MCAO/R组比较无显著差异,P>0.05。缺血再灌注22 h、46 h和70 h组,上述5项指标较相应的MCAO/R组均有显著差异,P<0.05。结论:NRG-1β可能通过下调脑缺血再灌注损伤诱导的胶质细胞AQP-4表达和抑制细胞凋亡,以减轻脑水肿和缩小梗死体积,从而改善动物的神经行为功能。     

他米巴罗汀减轻大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤

目的探讨他米巴罗汀(Am80)对大鼠脑缺血再灌注损伤(CIR)的作用。方法将大鼠随机分为:假手术组(sham)、模型组(I/R)和他米巴罗汀干预组(Am80,灌胃给予Am80 6 mg/kg)。采用线栓法建立大脑中动脉栓塞(MCAO)模型。术后24 h断头取脑,在处死前采用双盲法进行神经行为学评分;TTC染色测定脑梗死体积;Western blot和RT-q PCR法分别检测RARα、Bcl-2和Bax蛋白及mRNA的表达。结果 Am80可显著改善MCAO大鼠神经功能缺损,有效地降低脑梗死体积(P0.01),上调RARα和Bcl-2表达(P0.01),降低Bax的表达(P0.01)。结论他米巴罗汀对脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠有保护作用,其作用可能与抗凋亡有关。     

Isoflurane preconditioning improves short-term and long-term neurological outcome after focal brain ischemia in adult rats

Isoflurane preconditioning improved short-term neurological outcome after focal brain ischemia in adult rats. It is not known whether desflurane induces a delayed phase of preconditioning in the brain and whether isoflurane preconditioning-induced neuroprotection is long-lasting. Two months-old Sprague–Dawley male rats were exposed to or were not exposed to isoflurane or desflurane for 30 min and then subjected to a 90 min middle cerebral arterial occlusion (MCAO) at 24 h after the anesthetic exposure. Neurological outcome was evaluated at 24 h or 4 weeks after the MCAO. The density of the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase biotinylated UTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) positive cells in the penumbral cerebral cortex were assessed 4 weeks after the MCAO. Also, rats were pretreated with isoflurane or desflurane for 30 min. Their cerebral cortices were harvested for quantifying B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression 24 h later. Here, we showed that pretreatment with 1.1% or 2.2% isoflurane, but not with 6% or 12% desflurane, increased Bcl-2 expression in the cerebral cortex, improved neurological functions and reduced infarct volumes evaluated at 24 h after the MCAO. Isoflurane preconditioning also improved neurological functions and reduced brain infarct volumes in rats evaluated 4 weeks after the MCAO. Isoflurane preconditioning also decreased the density of TUNEL-positive cells in the penumbral cerebral cortex. We conclude that isoflurane preconditioning improves short-term and long-term neurological outcome and reduces delayed cell death after transient focal brain ischemia in adult rats. Bcl-2 may be involved in the isoflurane preconditioning effect. Desflurane pretreatment did not induce a delayed phase of neuroprotection.     

小鼠局灶性脑缺血后神经症状的时间过程及评价方法

目的：确定我们建立的局灶性脑缺血神经症状定量评价方法的实用性。方法： 大脑中动脉阻塞诱导小鼠局灶性脑缺血后6、12、24 h以及1-7 d，在悬挂试验以计算机视频跟踪技术测定平均角、优势角和转动次数，在爬板试验测定爬板角度；分析定量评价指标与其他行为学评价方法以及脑梗死体积和神经元密度的相关性。结果： 脑缺血后各项定量评价指标均有显著改变，与行为学综合评价的结果相似，6 h的定量评价总分高于12、24 h。缺血后1-7 d内，定量评价总分持续增高，但在3 d后有下降；平均角与相对转动分值在1 d明显增高；爬板角度分值持续增高；经典的神经症状评分则持续增高而无下降。定量评价总分与其他行为学评价以及脑梗死体积和各脑区神经元密度密切相关，其中爬板角度最稳定。结论： 小鼠局灶性脑缺血后12 h至7 d的神经症状稳定，并可逐渐恢复；定量评价方法可提供客观、定量结果，与其他行为学方法及形态学密切相关，其中爬板角度最简便、稳定，可以推广试用。