蝶窦前壁的外科解剖学研究

目的　探讨蝶窦前壁区的解剖特征及其在经蝶窦入路手术中的意义。 方法　用15例（30侧）成人头部标本及20例（40侧）成人头骨标本,在手术显微镜下对蝶窦前壁骨质、蝶腭动脉及其分支等结构进行观察和测量。 结果 蝶窦前壁的基本形态酷似鸟头,正中线棱状高起,两侧为鸟眼样的蝶窦口,下方为鸟喙样的蝶嘴。蝶窦口距上鼻道末端（14.5±1.1）mm,距后鼻孔上缘（12.2±1.0）mm,距鼻后中隔动脉上支（8.2±0.5)mm。自鼻孔伸入探条探测蝶窦前壁时,所探及的“最浅点”大致位于蝶窦口与后鼻孔之间的中点附近。蝶腭孔位于蝶窦口的外下方和中鼻甲的后端区域,与蝶窦口间距(6.9±1.3)mm,两侧蝶腭孔内侧缘间距(18.2±2.5)mm。 结论 蝶窦前壁具有特征性的形态,蝶窦口大致位于蝶窦前壁的上中1/3交界处,其下方的骨质向前方突起。蝶腭孔位于蝶窦口下外侧方约7 mm处,经蝶窦入路手术中可以依此定位蝶腭孔。     

蝶窦的影像解剖学研究

目的 :为开展经鼻蝶窦鞍区手术及功能性鼻窦内窥镜手术提供蝶窦的影像解剖学基础。方法 :取 5 0具成人头颅标本 ,行冠状位、矢状位及水平位薄层CT扫描。观测蝶窦气化发育的情况 ,根据蝶窦向蝶骨体、蝶骨小翼及鞍背气化的程度进行分型分度。结果 :10 0侧蝶窦中属甲介型为 4% ,鞍前型为18% ,半鞍型为 18% ,全鞍型为 14 % ,鞍枕型为 46 % ;另外测得蝶窦的最大左右径的平均值 :左 18.5mm ,右17.6mm ;最大前后径的平均值 :左 2 2 .2mm ,右 2 0 .8mm ;最大上下径的平均值 :左 2 1.0mm ,右 2 0 .4mm。从正中线至蝶窦外侧壁的平均距离左 14 .8mm ,右 15 .2mm。结论 :冠状位以及水平位CT扫描能清晰显示两侧蝶窦腔气化发育的情况 ,气化程度不同的蝶窦在选择手术进路时有着极其重要的指导意义     

小儿蝶窦的年龄解剖学观测

本对新生儿、身长51－、71－、91－、111－及131cm-(Ⅰ-Ⅵ）六组共180具（男97、女83）小儿尸的蝶窦，进行了观测。主要结果为：1、蝶窦一般为双房。在Ⅳ、Ⅴ组中分别见1例（3.45%)和4例（13.33％）为多房（3－4房）。Ⅰ组（新生儿）中，双侧蝶窦未发育的有11例（36.67%)；单侧未发育的4例（13.33%)；Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组中各有1例（3.33%)不发育。2、蝶窦中隔偏向一侧的，Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ、Ⅵ组中分别有1例（3.45%)、4例（13.79%)、11例（37.93%)和14例（48.28%)。Ⅴ、Ⅵ组中各有1例（3.33%)无中隔。3蝶窦一般开口于蝶筛隐窝。测得了开口与窦底的距离。4、测得了蝶窦大小和容积，结果显示其随年龄增长而增大。     

蝶窦的CT与断层解剖比较研究

目的：为有关蝶窦手术提供解剖学和影像学资料。方法：采用CT技术和断层解剖方法对15例尸头和50例颅骨标本蝶窦的形态、类型、径线、毗邻等进行了观察。结果：蝶窦的前后径大于上下径，上壁和前壁较苤，下壁和后壁较厚。在蝶窦CT水平层面上可清楚显示其气化类型，前、后壁，两侧壁及中隔的位置、厚度、毗邻；在冠状层面上可显示上、下壁的厚度及上壁与垂体、颈内动脉的关系。蝶窦内可见管型视神经管隆起和管型颈内动脉隆起，其出现率分别为23.8％和21.9％。视神经管隆起仅见于发育良好的鞍前型和全鞍型蝶窦。发育良好的枕鞍型和全鞍型蝶窦的后壁较薄，最苤者仅为0.6mm。结论：蝶窦的气化程度差异较大，视神经、颈内动脉可向窦腔内突入。发育良好的枕鞍型和全鞍型蝶窦与脑干间仅隔以纸样薄骨板。经蝶窦入路手术，应控制手术操作范围，避免损伤毗邻结构。     

内窥镜蝶窦及蝶鞍区手术应用解剖学研究

１１０个头部标本和蝶窦解剖观察测量表明，蝶窦双侧气比相同占４１．８％，不同占５８．２％，前鼻棘玛蝶窦口和鞍底的距离分别为５４．６ｍｍ和７１．３ｍｍ蝶窦口和鞍底与鼻底的角度分别为３２．６°３３．１°，视神经管和颈内动脉在蝶窦内形成隆起的比率分别是５２．７％５０．９％，中讨论了蝶窦气化类型，蝶窦膜性开口和中隔，以及蝶窦与视神经管和颈内动脉的毗邻关系在内窥镜蝶窦及蝶鞍区手术时的意义。     

蝶窦的CT及断层解剖学研究

蝶窦的影像学及断层解剖学对于蝶窦手术或经蝶窦入路的其它手术具有重要的指导意义。本文对蝶窦的分类、分型、毗邻、变异及临床意义等进行了综述 ,以期为临床开展与蝶窦有关的手术提供形态学依据。     

蝶窦前壁的应用解剖

为蝶窦内窥镜手术提供依据，本在15例头断面标本和15侧头部正中矢状剖面标本上．研究了与蝶窦手术入路有关的蝶窦前壁的形态分区和重要结构。1区位于蝶窦前壁的最外侧．与后组筛窦相邻。2区位于1区的内侧与鼻腔相邻，下部有蝶腭动脉和较厚的松质骨。3区位于蝶窦前壁的中线部，与鼻中隔相邻，其重要结构相对较少。1区和2区下部骨壁较厚，最好选择以1、2区上部入路；3区的重要结构较少，是蝶窦入路及其两侧病变的较佳选择。     

蝶窦气化程度与邻近结构相关程度的研究

目的探讨不同程度气化的蝶窦外侧壁与邻近结构的相关性,为鼻内窥镜蝶窦及其窦周手术提供解剖学资料.方法选用15例成人头部标本,在横切面和冠状切面的断层标本上观察蝶窦外侧壁的邻近结构.结果蝶窦外侧壁上、中1/3处壁前后径为19.28±8.9 mm蝶窦外侧壁段的颈内动脉长径为11.00±6.3 mm外侧壁段的视神经长径为8.28±4.09 mm.蝶窦外侧壁下1/3处壁前后径为14.75±3.12 mm;外侧壁段的上颌神经长径为8.3±3.24 mm.另对上述数据分别作直线相关分析,蝶窦外侧壁与颈内动脉、视神经、上颌神经的直线相关分析系数分别为0.94、0.82、0.66.结论颈内动脉、视神经、上颌神经蝶窦段的方位随着螵窦外侧壁的变化而变化;了解它们的相对方位,对各年龄组和各种蝶窦气化类型病人的手术具有指导意义.     

鼻外筛—蝶窦进路鞍内肿瘤摘除术的应用解剖

对50例成人尸头的正中矢状切面进行了观察与测量。发现蝶窦全鞍型和枕鞍型占63%.其横隔出现率为12%。双横隔出现率为4%。由内眦至鞍底的距离较前鼻棘至鞍底的距离短17.7mm.并讨论了其临床意义。     

蝶窦内镜手术的应用解剖与临床

由于蝶窦解剖位置深在隐匿,是蝶窦病变在临床上缺乏典型的鼻塞、流涕等鼻部症状和体征,而表现为非特殊性头痛及视物模糊、视力下降等眼部、颅神经症状,因而,临床上极易造成误诊及漏诊。蝶窦疾病发病率低及专科医生对蝶窦疾病认识不足,是造成本病漏诊及误诊的主要原因。但随着临床医生对本病的逐渐认识以及鼻内镜和CT、MRI的广泛应用,本病的诊治率得以逐渐提高。随着内镜下鼻腔鼻窦显微手术发展越来越成熟,内镜下蝶窦开放术已被越来越多的临床耳鼻咽喉科医师所掌握;但由于其毗邻颈内动脉、视神经、海绵窦等重要结构,如术中定位不清,操作不慎,极易导致严重并发症。故蝶窦区域手术被认为在鼻窦手术中难度最大、风险最高。熟悉蝶窦及其毗邻结构的解剖关系是确保手术成功和避免手术并发症的关键。     

Agenesis of sphenoid sinus: three cases

Paranasal sinus agenesis is an unusual clinical condition. The frontal sinus agenesis is more frequently seen, whereas agenesis of the sphenoid sinus is extremely rare. This report presents three new cases of sphenoid sinus agenesis. The absence of the sphenoid sinus was demonstrated by computed tomography (CT) in all cases.     

Anatomic variations of surgical importance in ethmoid labyrinth and sphenoid sinus. A study of radiological anatomy

Summary The present study was performed on axial and coronal CT scans of 100 patients, most of whom were affected by nasal polyposis. Five observers had to analyse the radiograms and answer a questionnaire including the following items: presence of a supraorbital recess; identification of anterior and posterior ethmoidal canals; dehiscences in the lamina papyracea; pneumatized middle turbinate; presence of a spheno-maxillary plate; presence of Haller's cells; presence of Onodi's cells; relationships of the optic canal; relationships of the internal carotid artery; relationships of the maxillary nerve; relationships of the vidian nerve; level difference between the ethmoid roof and nasal vault; depth of the sphenoethmoidal recess. The data obtained were compared with those drawn from anatomical studies. The fair agreement between them proves the value of CT as an alternative method for studying paranasal sinuses anatomy.

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Anatomie radiologique des variations du labyrinthe ethmoïdal et du sinus sphénoïdal et leurs conséquences chirurgicales

Résumé Cette étude a été réalisée sur 100 patients dont la plupart présentait une polypose nasale étudiée en coupes T D M axiale et coronale. Cinq lecteurs ont revu les clichés et répondu au questionnaire suivant: présence d'un récessus supra orbitaire; identification des canaux ethmoïdaux antérieur et postérieur; déhiscence de la lame papyracée; pneumatisation du cornet moyen; présence d'un plateau sphéno maxillaire; présence de cellules de Haller; présence de cellules d'Onodi; rapports du canal optique; rapports de l'artère carotide interne; rapports du nerf maxillaire; rapports du nerf vidien; dénivelé entre le toit ethmoïdal et le toit nasal; profondeur du récessus sphéno-ethmoïdal. Les données obtenues ont été comparées avec celles provenant de travaux anatomiques. La concordance acceptable entre les deux démontre la valeur du scanner comme méthode d'étude alternative de l'anatomie des sinus para nasaux.

     

Risky anatomic variations of sphenoid sinus for surgery

We searched for the surgically risky anatomic variations of sphenoid sinus and aimed to compare axial and coronal tomography in detection of these variations. Fifty-six paranasal tomography images (112 sides) were evaluated for coronal, axial and both coronal and axial images. Tomographic findings including bony septum extending to optic canal or internal carotid artery; protrusions and dehiscences of the walls of internal carotid artery, optic nerve, maxillary nerve and vidian nerve; extreme medial course of internal carotid artery; patterns of aeration of the anterior clinoid process; and Onodi cells were evaluated. The results were classified as “present, absent, suspicious-thin (only for dehiscence) or no-consensus”. The results of each plane were compared with that of the result of the both planes together. Kappa coefficient and Chi-square tests were used to compare both planes. Twelve cadaveric dissections were performed to reveal the proximity of sphenoid sinus to surgically risky anatomic structures. Endoscopy was applied to five cadavers. 18 evaluations were classified as ‘no-consensus’. We detected 34, 35, 34 and 40 protrusions of internal carotid artery, optic nerve, maxillary nerve, vidian nerve, respectively. Dehiscences were present in 6, 9, 4 and 8, and suspicious-thin in 8, 10, 16 and 25 in canals of internal carotid artery, optic nerve, maxillary nerve and vidian nerve, respectively. Bony septum to internal carotid artery and optic nerve was observed in 30 and 22 cases. We observed 9 extreme medial courses of internal carotid artery, 27 aerated clinoid process and 9 Onodi cells. Axial images were superior in detection of bony septum to internal carotid artery and Onodi cells; while the coronal images were more successful in detection of protrusion of optic nerve and vidian nerve, and dehiscense of maxillary nerve and vidian nerve (P<0.05). In cadaveric dissections, the septa were inserted into the bony covering of the carotid arteries in two sinuses (8.3%). Detailed preoperative analysis of the anatomy of the sphenoid sinus and its boundaries is crucial in facilitating entry to the pituitary fossa and reducing intraoperative complications. Coronal tomography more successfully detects the sphenoid sinus anatomic variations.     

经鼻腔内窥镜蝶窦鞍区手术解剖及其临床应用

目的：为经鼻内窥镜蝶窦鞍区手术提供解剖学参数和临床经验。方法：在２０个尸头标本上观测蝶窦及周围重要解剖结构。结果：７７．５％的蝶窦口内窥镜直接窥见,窦口距离蝶窦顶壁、外壁、蝶腭动脉孔、鞍前壁、鼻中隔后端分别为 ８． ６±３． １ｍｍ、９． ２±１． ８ ｍｍ、 １１． １±１． ６ ｍｍ、 １４． ７±３． ６ ｍｍ、３． ６±０． ５ｍｍ,距离鼻小柱根部前缘 ６１．６ ± ３．７ ｍｍ,与鼻底夹角 ３１．８° ± ５． ２°。视神经管和颈内动脉在蝶窦外侧上隆起率分别为２５％和７２．５％。６９％蝶窦中隔非正中位。海绵窦前、下、后间窦出现率分别是８０％、５５％、３５％。结论：进行内窥镜蝶窦鞍区手术时注意蝶窦口、蝶窦外侧壁和蝶鞍底壁与周围结构关系,避免损伤重要血管神经。     

经鼻入路蝶窦外侧壁和海绵窦内侧壁的显微解剖

目的　研究经鼻入路视角下蝶窦外侧壁和海绵窦内侧壁的显微解剖特征,为相关手术提供形态学依据。 方法　10例防腐尸颅按经鼻路径在显微镜下进行解剖,观测视神经、颈内动脉和蝶窦外侧壁的关系,测量前鼻棘与视神经管眶口、颈内动脉隆凸最凸点之间的距离,以及与鼻底平面的角度。 结果　颈内动脉和视神经在蝶窦外侧壁上形成隆凸,两者之间呈“＞”字形,前鼻棘与颈内动脉隆起最凸点之间的距离为（62.18±5.12）mm,与鼻底平面的夹角为（36.8±3.4）°,与视神经管眶口的距离为（69.24±3.95）mm,与鼻底平面的夹角（41.4±3.0）°。颈内动脉海绵窦段可分为鞍旁部和斜坡旁部,鞍旁部与垂体外侧壁关系最为密切,鞍旁部至中线的距离为（9.06±1.34）mm。海绵窦内侧壁由鞍旁部和蝶窦旁部组成。 结论　熟悉蝶窦外侧壁和海绵窦内侧壁的解剖学特点,对于术中定位,安全处理海绵窦病变有重要意义。     

Endoscopic anatomy of sphenoid sinus for pituitary surgery

Endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach to the sellar region yields an alternative to classical microsurgical approaches. Endoscopes provide images that differ from microscopic view. This study aimed to highlight surgical landmarks and their anatomical relationships for pituitary surgery through endoscopic perspective. Ten sides of five adult cadaveric heads with red-colored latex injected arteries were evaluated. Endoscopic dissections were performed and measurements were done in the sphenoid sinuses before and after the removal of bony structures in all the aspects. Endoscopic vision of the sellar region enabled a wide panoramic perspective and detailed inspection. The measurements, in general, indicated the variations in the bony structures and soft tissues. The width of the pituitary, which is the distance between the medial margins of the carotid prominences, was measured as 21 +/- 2.5 mm and the distance between the medial margin of the carotid prominences at the lower margin of the pituitary was 18 +/- 3.1 mm. After the bony structures were removed, further measurements were done. The width of the pituitary, which is the distance between the medial margins of the anterior curvature of the ICA, was measured as 23.2 +/- 3 mm, while the distance between the posterior curvature of the ICA was 19.7 +/- 4.9 mm. Endoscopic view provided superior detailed visualization of the close relationships between pituitary gland, internal carotid arteries, and optic nerves. This facilitated exact evaluation for variations, which could result in more effective and safe surgery. However, these variations again emphasize the necessity of preoperative radiological evaluation in each case.     

The anatomy of the coronary sinus and its tributaries

The coronary sinus and its tributaries were studied by anatomical dissection in 37 adult human cadaveric hearts, which had been fixed in formalin solution. An anastomosis of approximately 1.0mm in calibre was observed between the anterior and posterior interventricular veins in 19% of specimens. Myocardial bridges were detected above the anterior interventricular vein or its tributaries in 8% of specimens. The great cardiac vein formed the base of the arteriovenous trigone of Brocq and Mouchet with the bifurcating branches of the left coronary artery in 89% of specimens and formed an angle accompanying these arterial branches in 11%. In the trigone the anterior interventricular and great cardiac veins were superficial to the arteries in 73% of specimens. The left marginal vein was present in 97% of specimens, emptying into the great cardiac vein in 81% of cases and into the coronary sinus in the remaining 19%. The small cardiac vein was present in 54% of specimens. In the coronary sulcus the great cardiac vein was adjacent to the circumflex branch of the left coronary artery in 76% of specimens and to the right coronary artery in 5% in 19% there was no relationship with either artery. The coronary sinus maintained a relationship with the right coronary artery in 46% of specimens and with the left coronary artery in 32% in 22% it had no relationship with these vessels.