流动注射分析法同时测定生活饮用水中挥发酚、氰化物

目的探索建立同时测定生活饮用水中挥发酚、氰化物的流动注射分析法。方法应用Futura连续流动分析仪、挥发酚(在线蒸馏)模块、氰/总氰(在线蒸馏、消解)模块及240位XYZ三维取样器,设置仪器各参数,生活饮用水样直接进样,在线蒸馏、显色,测定挥发酚、氰化物含量。结果该法挥发酚在0~50.0μg/L、氰化物在0~100.0μg/L范围内线性良好,相关系数r均>0.9995;挥发酚与氰化物检出限分别为0.3μg/L、0.2μg/L;精密度RSD分别为0.4%~1.7%、0.5%~1.4%;加标回收率分别为97.6%~107.3%、98.8%~106.7%;与GB/T 5750国标检验方法比较,差异无统计学意义。结论流动注射分析法实验操作简便、快速,有良好的灵敏度、精密度和准确度,可作为生活饮用水中挥发酚、氰化物含量测定的替代方法。     

饮用水中氰化物的流动注射分光光度测定法

目的探讨饮用水中氰化物的流动注射分光光度测定法.方法一般样品直接进样,如果样品中含有游离余氯时,先用无水亚硫酸钠溶液除氯后再测定,应用QC8000型流动注射分析仪,直接在线蒸馏测定饮用水中氰化物.结果该方法的线性范围为2.0～50.0μg/L,r≥0.999;检出限为0.23μg/L,RSD为2.5%～3.8%,回收率为94.9%～98.5%.结论该方法测定饮用水中氰化物简单易行,精密度、准确度好,特别适合大批样品的测定.     

水中总氰、总酚和阴离子洗涤剂的流动注射分析法

目的建立测定水中总氰化物、总挥发性酚和阴离子洗涤剂的流动注射分析法。方法用SKALAR San++仪器在线蒸馏,异烟酸-巴比妥酸比色测定水中总氰,4-氨基安替比林显色法测定水中的挥发酚,在线萃取亚甲兰比色测定阴离子洗涤剂。结果总氰化物线性范围为10~80μg/L,r=0.999 8;检出限为1.72μg/L,RSD=2.10%,加标回收率为96.1%~103.1%。总酚线性范围为2~50μg/L,r=0.999 1;检出限为0.22μg/L,RSD=2.57%,加标回收率为98.8%~104.8%。阴离子洗涤剂线性范围为20~500μg/L,r=0.998 7;检出限为9.1μg/L,RSD=6.10%,加标回收率为91.2%~105.5%。结论该方法操作简便,较标准方法更灵敏。     

白酒中氰化物的连续流动注射光度测定法

目的 建立流动注射光度法测定白酒中氰化物的方法。方法 结合国标前处理方法,酒样经2 g/L氢氧化钠溶液稀释适当倍数,用在线蒸馏-Bran+Lubbe AA3型连续流动注射分析仪对白酒中的氰化物在线蒸馏及测定。结果 连续流动注射光度法测定的白酒中氰化物的线性范围在0～0.20 mg/L之间,相关性好（r>0.999）,检出限为0.002 5 mg/L,质控样相对标准偏差为3.07%,回收率为93.8%～105.4%。结论 利用仪器分析方法测定结果准确,灵敏度高,检测效率高,且操作便捷,适用于白酒中氰化物测定。     

饮用水中氰化物的流动注射检测法

目的 建立测定水中氰化物的流动注射分析法.方法 应用SKALAR SAN++型全自动流动注射分析仪直接在线蒸馏测定饮用水中氰化物.结果 该测定方法相关性好,r =0.999 4,线性范围1.25 ～ 50 μg /L,相对偏差为1.06％ ～ 6.0％,检出限为1.2 μg/L.结论 方法简便,快速,干扰少,灵敏度高,有较高的实用价值,特别适合大批量样品的测定.     

饮用水中挥发酚、氰化物的流动注射分析

目的建立流动注射仪测定生活饮用水中挥发酚和氰化物的方法。方法利用流动注射分析技术在线蒸馏、在线萃取,分别通过4-氨基安替比林分光光度法和吡啶-巴比妥酸分光光度法测定生活饮用水中挥发酚和氰化物的含量、精密度及加标回收率,进行方法学论证。结果挥发酚、氰化物的质量浓度为2μg/L~100μg/L时线性关系良好,线性相关系数(r)可达到0.999 9,检出限分别为1.2μg/L、0.6μg/L,相对标准偏差分别为1.6%~3.7%、1.2%~3.1%,加标回收率分别为98.2%~104.5%、99.1%~102.5%。测定结果与国标方法差异无统计学意义。结论流动注射分析法测定生活饮用水中挥发酚和氰化物的含量,该方法能实现在线蒸馏、在线萃取,操作简单、快捷省时、检出限低、线性范围好、精密度和准确度高,尤其适合大批量饮用水样品的分析测定。     

在线蒸馏分段流动化学分析法测水中氰化物

目的建立水中氰化物的流动化学分析方法。方法在线蒸馏分段流动化学分析法测定水中的氰化物。结果方法的检出限0.22μg/L,最低检出浓度0.67μg/L,在浓度0~150μg/L范围内呈线性关系,加标回收率在93%~95%之间,相对标准差为0.5%~1.0%。结论在线蒸馏分段流动化学分析法可准确、快速地测定水中的氰化物。     

水中氰化物连续流动注射分析的改进

目的通过对现有方法进行改进,建立灵敏、稳定、准确地测定水中氰化物的连续流动注射分析方法。方法用LACHAT QC8500流动注射分析仪,在改进的120℃蒸馏温度和85℃显色温度条件下在线蒸馏,测定水中氰化物。结果在改进的实验条件下,氰化物浓度在0.50~100μg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),最低检出限为0.25μg/L,RSD为1.2%~5.3%,平均回收率为91.4%~100.3%。结论改进后的方法快速、灵敏度高、重现性好、结果准确,适用于水中氰化物的测定。     

流动注射分析水中挥发酚、氰化物及阴离子合成洗涤剂

目的 建立流动注射测定水中挥发酚、氰化物和阴离子合成洗涤剂的分析方法。方法 利用流动注射分析技术,在线蒸馏、萃取,分析水中挥发酚、氰化物和阴离子合成洗涤剂。结果 流动注射分析方法测定水中挥发酚、氰化物和阴离子合成洗涤剂的检出限分别为1.5、0.6和4.5μg/L,样品加标回收率为96.0%~104.0%,相对标准偏差RSD2.11%~3.12%。结论 流动注射分析方法与国标比色法相比具有检出限低,精密度好,准确度高等优点。     

天然矿泉水中挥发酚和氰化物检测方法的改进

目的建立同时检测天然矿泉水中挥发酚和氰化物的流动注射分析方法。方法改进样品前处理方法的同时,在自动进样器和蠕动泵间增加一个三通流路分流样品,再利用全封闭的流动注射体系,在线蒸馏、萃取、同时分析水中的挥发酚和氰化物。结果此方法经统计得出挥发酚和氰化物的最低检出浓度(MDL)均为1.0μg/L。挥发酚加标平均回收率在97.85%～103.9%,标准偏差SD=0.527 9μg/L,RSD=2.64%(n=6);氰化物加标平均回收率在98.12%-103.20%,标准偏差SD=0.454 0μg/L,RSD=2.27%(n=6)。结论利用改进的检测方法,单针进样两通道流动注射法同时检测水中挥发酚和氰化物,大幅度缩短检测时间,提高实验效率,其检测结果准确可靠。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.