宫颈癌根治术联合腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除在ⅠB2～ⅡA2期宫颈癌中的应用

目的：探讨宫颈癌根治术中结合腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除在ⅠB2～ⅡA2期宫颈癌治疗中的应用价值。方法将100例ⅠB2～ⅡA2期宫颈癌患者随机分为观察组与对照组各50例,观察组采用宫颈癌根治术中结合腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除治疗,对照组单纯采用宫颈癌根治术治疗,术后两组均给予放疗或放化疗,比较两组平均手术时间、术中出血量、并发症发生率及术后复发率、生存率。结果两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后并发症发生率比较均无统计学差异（ P均＞0．05）。观察组24、36个月复发率分别为8％、16％,生存率分别为96％、88％,对照组24、36个月复发率分别为18％、34％,生存率分别为88％、76％,两组24、36个月复发率、生存率比较均有统计学差异（ P均＜0．05）。结论宫颈癌根治术中结合腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除治疗ⅠB2～ⅡA2期宫颈癌疗效可靠,可有效控制复发,延长患者生存期。     

人工流产术后即时与正常经期放置曼月乐的避孕效果比较

目的对比观察人工流产术后即时与正常经期放置曼月乐的避孕效果。方法选取放置曼月乐避孕患者180例,其中早孕人工流产术后即时放置83例（观察组）,月经第4～7天时放置97例（对照组）。对比两组妊娠率、续用率、脱环率及不良反应。结果观察组妊娠率0．00％、续用率96．39％、脱环率2．41％,对照组分别为0．00％、94．85％、1．03％,P均〉0．05;观察组术后体质量增加和乳胀的发生率均为14．46％,闭经发生率22．89％,异常出血发生率7．23％,面部痤疮发生率13．25％;对照组分别为11．34％、11．34％、21．65％、8．25％、14．43％;P均〉0．05。结论人工流产术后即时放置曼月乐与正常经期避孕效果相当,且不增加不良反应,有利于避免人工流产术后妇女短期再次妊娠。     

虎驹乙肝胶囊治疗慢性乙型肝炎及抗病毒临床疗效观察

观察虎驹乙肝胶囊治疗慢性乙型肝炎及抗病毒的临床疗效。将250例慢性乙型肝炎患者随机分为两组:治疗组128例口服虎驹乙肝胶囊。对照组122例口服护肝宁片。3个月为1疗程,连用2个疗程。治疗组的患者在改善症状和体征,恢复肝功能总疗效方面,其显效率和总有效率分别为26．56％和90．63％,对照组分别为 11．48％和63．9％,疗效明显高于对照组,(P均<0．01)。在HBeAg阴转方面,治疗组治疗3个月、6个月与随访6个月阴转率分别为32．29%、37．50％和35．42％。HBVDNA阴转率分别为36．72％、40．63%和42．97％,均明显优于对照组(P均<0．01)。停药后随访6个月复发率极低。虎驹乙肝胶囊治疗慢性乙型肝炎具有较好的恢复肝功能和抗病毒的疗效,并减少病情复发。     

小梁切除术联合应用丝裂霉素C治疗青光眼疗效观察

目的观察小梁切除术联合应用丝裂霉素C治疗青光眼的效果。方法将54例青光眼患者随机分为两组,观察组行小梁切除术联合丝裂霉素C治疗,对照组仅行小梁切除术治疗。结果观察组术后1、6个月眼压均低于对照组（P〈0．01）。术后6个月观察组眼压控制率为93．8％、浅前房发生率为9．4％、功能性滤过泡发生率为90．6％;对照组分别为66．7％、33．3％、70．4％,两组相比,P均〈0．b5。结论小梁切除术联合应用丝裂霉索C治疗青光眼安全有效。     

经尿道前列腺汽化和开放手术对老年前列腺增生患者性功能的影响

目的 评价经尿道前列腺汽化(TUVP)和开放性手术对老年前列腺增生(BPH)患者术后性功能的影响。方法 分别统计TUVP组(52例)、耻骨上经膀胱前列腺切除组(SPP组，46例)和耻骨后保留尿道前列腺切除组(Madigan组，32例)术后6、12个月勃起障碍与逆行射精的发生率。结果 术后6个月勃起障碍的发生率：TUVP组、SPP组、Madigan组分别为13．4％(7例)、15．2％(7例)、12．5％(4例)，术后12个月分别为11．5％(6例)、15．2％(7例)、12．5％(4例)；术后6、12个月逆行射精的发生率3组分别为46．2％(24例)、39．1％(18例)、9．3％(3例)。结论 TUVP与传统开放性手术SPP及Madigan手术对勃起障碍及性活动的影响不明显，但逆行射精的发生率较Madign手术组高，提示TUVP对术后射精功能有较大影响。     

内镜下支架放置术解除老年人结石性胆总管梗阻的疗效评价

目的 探讨内镜下支架放置术治疗老年人胆总管结石的应用价值。方法 对52例老年胆总管结石患者（70－89岁）进行回顾性分析，根据所行治疗方式分胆总管支架放置组（支架组，28例）和胆总管探查手术组（手术组，24例）。2组患者具有基本相同的临床特征。术后随访14－85个月。结果 支架组患者手术全部成功；手术组有1例于术后第3天死于呼吸循环衰竭，手术死亡率为4．2％。支架组和手术组早期并发症发生率分别为14．4％和33．3％（P＜0．01）；晚期并发症发生率分别为39．3％和12．5％（P＜0．01），支架组有2例死于晚期并发症，病死率为7．1％，其中1例为急性化脓性胆管炎，1例为肝脓肿。结论 对老年人胆总管结石患者行胆总管内支架放置术为一种安全、有效的治疗手段，但远期疗效较差。只要患者身体条件允许，早期行胆总管探查术仍应为治疗手段的首选。     

彩色多普勒超声评估阿托伐他汀钙对椎动脉支架置入后再狭窄的作用

目的应用彩色多普勒超声（CDFI）评价阿托伐他汀钙在预防椎动脉起始段支架置入后再狭窄的作用。方法纳入59例行单侧椎动脉起始段支架置入术且随访资料完整的患者。根据术后是否服用阿托伐他汀钙（20mg／d）,将患者分为服药组（29例）和未服药组（30例）,术后均给予两组患者阿司匹林100mg／d和氯吡格雷75mg／d。于支架置入术前,术后1、6及12个月行CDFI检查,记录椎动脉起始段及椎间隙段的收缩期峰值流速（PSVos,PSV IV）,计算PSVos／PSV IV,以DSA显示支架内狭窄率〉150％者为术后再狭窄,比较分析两组问再狭窄发生率及血流动力学的变化。结果①术后6个月,服药组和未服药组的再狭窄率分别为20．7％（6／29）和36．7％（11／30）,差异无统计学意义,P〉0．05;术后12个月,未服药组再狭窄率（50．0％）明显高于服药组（20．7％）,差异有统计学意义,P〈0．05。②术后1个月,两组患者的PSVos及PSVos／PSV IV均较术前明显改善。术后6个月,未服药组较服药组患者的PSVos[（187±18）、（179±20）cm／s]和PSVos／PSV IV（3．93±0．59,3．24±0．48）相对升高,但差异无统计学意义。术后12个月时,未服药组较服药组患者的PSVos[（209±21）cm／s、（159±16）cm／s]和PSVos／PSV IV（4．34±0．65、2．86±0．36）显著增高,差异有统计学意义,P〈0．05。结论CDFI评估结果显示,阿托伐他汀钙可以降低椎动脉支架置入术后再狭窄率。随着服药时间的延长,可影响病变血管内血流动力学的变化。     

不同表面处理方法对纤维桩树脂粘结力的影响

目的 观察几种不同表面处理方法对纤维桩粘结强度的影响.方法 将145例牙体缺损患者随机分为三组,行根管治疗后A组纤维桩表面不处理,S组采用硅烷化处理,H组采用过氧化氢联合硅烷化处理,最后均行纤维桩联合烤瓷冠修复,分别在术后12、24、36个月进行随访.结果 术后12、24、36个月,A组纤维桩脱落分别为1、1、4颗(树脂核脱落1颗),失败率为11.62％ (5/43);S组分别为1、0、3颗及9.52％(4/42),H组分别为0、0、1颗及2.22％ (2/45).H组与A、S组比较,P均＜0.05;A组与S组比较,P＞0.05.结论 在36个月的观察期内,过氧化氢联合硅烷偶联剂处理纤维桩表面能够增加纤维桩的粘结强度,减少纤维桩的失败率.     

小剂量洛铂术中腹腔灌注对胃肠肿瘤术后复发的影响

目的探讨小剂量洛铂术中腹腔灌注对进展期胃肠肿瘤手术后复发的影响。方法选取98例胃肠肿瘤患者,随机分成两组,各49例。对照组患者术后按常规化疗,观察组患者术中采用40℃50 mL生理盐水稀释50 mg/m2洛铂灌注腹腔,术后4 h放开引流管,术后治疗与对照组相同。观察两组术后并发症及化疗后毒副作用情况,并分别于术后6、12、24、36月进行随访,观察两组患者术后复发、3年生存、远处转移情况。结果两组恶心呕吐、白细胞减少、血红蛋白减少、血小板减少、肝功能异常、过敏反应等术术并发症比较,差异均无统计学意义(P 0.05)。观察组6、12、24、36个月的复发率分别为0.00%、4.65%、37.20%、62.79%,3年生存率为65.12%,远处转移率为30.23%;对照组6、12、24、36个月的复发率分别为2.43%、21.95%、60.97%、85.36%,3年生存率为41.46%,远处转移率为29.26%。观察组6个月复发率及远处转移与对照组相比,差异无统计学意义(P 0.05),观察组12、24、36个月复发率及术后3年生存率与对照组相比,差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论小剂量洛铂术中灌注可以延长胃癌术后复发时间,并提高患者生存率,且无明显新增毒副作用。     

舌下含化硝酸甘油预防ERCP术后急性胰腺炎效果观察

目的 探讨舌下含化硝酸甘油预防经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）后急性胰腺炎的效果。方法将100例拟施行ERCP的胆总管结石患者随机分为观察组和对照组各50例,观察组术前予硝酸甘油0．5mg舌下含化,对照组不予硝酸甘油,观察两组术前及术后3、24h血清淀粉酶水平,术前、术后24hCRP水平。比较两组急性胰腺炎发生情况。结果观察组术后3、24h血清淀粉酶水平及术后24hCRP水平均低于对照组,P均〈0．05;观察组发生急性胰腺炎1例（2％）,对照组为7例（14％）,两组发生率比较P〈0．05。结论舌下含化硝酸甘油对预防ERCP术后急性胰腺炎有重要意义。     

Prevention of de novo hepatitis B infection in liver allograft recipients with previous hepatitis B infection or hepatitis B vaccination

OBJECTIVES: To assess de novo hepatitis B virus (HBV) transmission from liver donors with HBV serum markers (HBM) to their recipients and the need for HBV vaccination before liver transplantation. METHODS: A total of 108 orthotopic liver transplantations for nonviral disease and the risk of developing de novo hepatitis B based on HBMs before transplantation have been studied. Of the 108 patients, 94 met the study criteria and were divided into two groups: 27 who had HBMs before transplantation (from past infection or by previous vaccination) and 67 who had no HBM. Development of de novo hepatitis B was determined by analytical, serological, and histological parameters. RESULTS: No case (0%) of de novo hepatitis B was detected in the pretransplantation HBM group, whereas there were 10 cases (14.5%) in the other group (p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of pretransplantation HBM in liver transplant recipients protects these patients against the development of de novo hepatitis B. This is especially important considering that there is a high prevalence of donors with positive hepatitis B core antibody (especially in some countries), and that these donors transmit HBV infection to recipients without HBM in a significant number of cases. Thus, vaccination against HBV in patients who are candidates for liver transplantation is fundamental to avoid cases of de novo hepatitis B.     

A randomized study comparing lamivudine monotherapy after a short course of hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIg) and lamivudine with long-term lamivudine plus HBIg in the prevention of hepatitis B virus recurrence after liver transplantation

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To compare the efficacy in preventing hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence of lamivudine vs. lamivudine plus hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIg) after a short course of HBIg and lamivudine in liver transplanted chronic hepatitis B patients.METHODS: Forty-six patients with HBV cirrhosis received lamivudine before liver transplantation and were then randomized to receive lamivudine plus HBIg for 1 month followed by lamivudine or both drugs for 17 months.RESULTS: Thirty-two patients were transplanted and 29 were randomized to receive combination therapy (15 cases) or lamivudine monotherapy (14 cases). HBV DNA was undetectable in all cases (17 induced by lamivudine therapy) at the time of liver transplantation. After 18 months of follow-up, all patients survived without HBV recurrence: hepatitis Bs antigen and HBV DNA were negative; however, HBV DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction in four cases (three with HBIg plus lamivudine and one with lamivudine). Alanine aminotransferase levels were normal except in six cases (one HCV and two HDV coinfections). There were no drug-related adverse events.CONCLUSIONS: Lamivudine monotherapy after a short course of lamivudine and HBIg is equally as efficacious in preventing HBV recurrence as HBIg plus lamivudine during the first 18 months after liver transplantation. This strategy is more economic and convenient to administer than long-term HBIg plus lamivudine.     

Living donor liver transplantation for hepatitis B cirrhosis

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has particular advantages for Turkey where hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the most common cause of cirrhosis, both because LDLT circumvents the difficulties encountered in the emerging world in providing deceased donor organs, and because it allows preemptive antiviral therapy. The aim of this study was to review one institution's experience with LDLT in patients with chronic HBV infection. METHODS: A total of 109 patients with chronic HBV infection underwent LDLT between September 1999 and June 2005, of whom 40 were coinfected with hepatitis D virus and 23 had hepatocellular carcinoma. Antiviral prophylaxis was attempted in all, beginning prior to transplantation with lamivudine or adefovir, and continuing after transplantation with low dose intramuscular hyperimmune B immunoglobulin (HBIg) plus lamivudine or adefovir. RESULTS: In a median follow up of 20 months (range 1-66 months), there was no donor mortality. One-year recipient survival was 90%, and in total 16 recipients died. None of the deaths was related to HBV. Recurrence of HBV infection was detected by reappearance of serum hepatitis B surface antigen in six patients (5.5%) at 5, 8, 12, 17, 34 and 46 months after transplantation, respectively. There was no influence of donor hepatitis B core antibody status on the likelihood of recurrence of HBV in the allograft. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that LDLT with antiviral treatment and low dose HBIg provides excellent results for donors and recipients.     

Human polyclonal anti-hepatitis B surface antigen immunoglobulin reduces the frequency of acute rejection after liver transplantation for chronic hepatitis B.

BACKGROUND: Use of polyclonal anti-hepatitis B surface antigen immunoglobulin (HBIg) has been shown to reduce hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence after liver transplantation (LT) and to decrease the frequency of acute cellular rejection (ACR). However, the protective role of HBIg against ACR remains controversial, since HBV infection has been also associated with a lower incidence of ACR. AIM: To assess the relationship between HBIg immunoprophylaxis and the incidence of rejection after LT. METHODS: 260 patients (158 males, 43 +/- 14 years old) submitted to LT were retrospectively evaluated and divided into three groups, according to the presence of HBsAg and the use of HBIg. Group I was comprised of HBsAg-positive patients (n = 12) that received HBIg for more than 6 months. Group II was comprised of HBsAg-positive patients that historically have not received HBIg or have been treated irregularly for less than 3 months (n = 10). Group III was composed of 238 HBsAg-negative subjects that have not received HBIg. RESULTS: HBIg-treated patients (group I) had significantly less ACR episodes, when compared to group II and III. No differences between groups II and III were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term HBIg administration contributes independently to reduce the number of ACR episodes after LT.     

Randomized trial of lamivudine versus hepatitis B immunoglobulin for long-term prophylaxis of hepatitis B recurrence after liver transplantation

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The long-term prophylaxis of hepatitis B after liver transplantation requires further optimization. In a randomized trial we investigated a regimen where the initially given hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIg) is replaced by long-term lamivudine treatment. METHODS: Twenty-four liver transplant recipients (all HBsAg-positive/HBV DNA-negative before transplantation), who had received HBIg for at least 6 months without HBV recurrence, were randomized to receive lamivudine (n = 12) or HBIg (n = 12) for 52 weeks. The efficacy criteria involved seronegativity for HBsAg and undetectable HBsAg/ HBcAg in the liver. RESULTS: Twenty-one of 24 patients completed the study without hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence (11 on HBIg, ten on lamivudine), while three patients became HBsAg-positive. Amongst those without HBV recurrence HBV DNA was detectable only by polymerase chain reaction, intermittently in serum and lymphocytes, and in liver specimens from six of eight patients receiving HBIg and five of seven receiving lamivudine. YMDD variant was found in four cases with no viral antigen expression. Eight patients continued lamivudine after the study and during an additional 6-22 months remained HBsAg-negative with normal graft function. CONCLUSIONS: Substitution of HBIg with lamivudine is effective for prevention of HBV recurrence in low-risk liver transplant recipients and offers a convenient and cost-effective alternative for long-term HBV prophylaxis.     

Transplantation of hepatitis D virus patients: Lifelong hepatitis B immunoglobulins?

The introduction of Hepatitis B Immunoglobulins (HBIg) prophylaxis at and after liver transplantation (LT) facilitated excellent long-term survival of transplant patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Several studies suggested that only short-term (i.e. 4–8 weeks) HBIg prophylaxis after LT followed by the long-term administration of HBV polymerase inhibitors prevents HBV recurrence. In hepatitis D virus (HDV)/HBV co-infected patients, the need for long-term HBIg prophylaxis on top of HBV polymerase inhibitors is unknown. HDV requires HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) for uptake into hepatocytes to subsequently establish HDV replication. Data on HDV recurrence and its impact on outcomes after LT are limited. In this review, we evaluated the available data on post-LT recurrence of HBV and/or HDV. Overall, HBIg prophylaxis was effective, but 10–13% of patients became HBsAg positive after LT. Only a single study from Turkey reported HDV recurrence, which was not observed in other LT centres. Since all studies administered continuous HBIg prophylaxis, the post-LT recurrence rates without HBIg prophylaxis remain unknown. In a German study, the clinical course and histopathological aspects of liver injury (inflammation, fibrosis and steatosis) were similar in post-LT patients on continuous HBIg and those who stopped HBIg after a median of 72 months. Discontinuation of HBIg in stable patients after LT for HBV/HDV co-infection did not lead to impaired overall survival or a higher recurrence rate in this long-term follow-up. In summary, discontinuation of HBIg after liver transplantation for HBV/HDV liver disease seems safe, but randomized controlled studies are needed before it can be generally recommended.     

ICAM-1基因多态性与HBV感染不同临床结局之间的关系

目的探讨细胞间黏附分子l（ICAM-1）基因多态性与HBV感染不同临床结局之间的相关性。方法应用病例．对照研究和聚合酶链反应-序列特异性引物法（PCR-SSP）检测118例慢性持续性HBV感染患者（包括无症状HBV携带者、慢性乙型肝炎、乙肝后肝硬化患者）和60例HBV急性自限性感染者的ICAM-1基因G241R（G／A）、K469E（A／G）两个位点的多态性，比较各组间基因型和等位基因频率，并对数据进行统计分析。结果①ICAM-l G241R（G／A）位点总GG基因型频率在HBV慢性持续性感染组高于急性自限性感染组，但差异无统计学意义（X^2=1．38，P〉0．05）。②ICAM-1 K469E（A／G）位点，进展性肝病组（慢性乙型肝炎和肝硬化）总KK基因型和总K等位基因的频率与无症状携带者组和自限性感染组相比显著增高（X^2=8．60，P〈0．05；X^2=5．07，P〈0、05），而在自限性感染和无症状携带者之间却无显著差异。结论携带ICAM-1 K469E KK基因型和K等位基因的患者容易进展成慢性乙型肝炎甚至肝硬化，可致慢性HBV感染患者病情进展。     

人脐带间充质干细胞肝内移植联合苦参素治疗失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者疗效与转归分析

目的 探讨人脐带间充质干细胞（UC-MSCs）联合苦参素治疗失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者的疗效。方法 采用随机数字表法将68例失代偿期乙型肝炎肝硬化患者分为对照组34例和观察组34例,分别给予经肝动脉行UC-MSCs移植或在UC-MSCs移植后给予苦参素口服治疗,观察12个月。结果 在治疗期间,观察组3例死亡,对照组4例死亡;在治疗12月末,观察组血清ALT为（39.3±15.6） U/L、TBIL为（26.3±10.2） μmol/L,均显著低于对照组【（71.2±17.2） U/L和（39.2±11.2） μmol/L,P<0.05】;血清层粘连蛋白为（81.2±24.1） ng/ml,透明质酸为（135.7±48.5） ng/ml,Ⅳ型胶原为（106.3±32.1） ng/ml,Ⅲ型前胶原为（98.7±25.6） ng/ml,均显著低于对照组【（113.3±29.6） ng/ml、（174.8±51.2） ng/ml、（158.4±35.6） ng/ml、（124.2±30.3） ng/ml,P<0.05】;外周血CD4+细胞百分比为（34.0±4.6）%,CD4+/CD8+比值为（1.2±0.6）,均显著高于对照组【（29.3±4.1）%和（0.9±0.6）,P<0.05】,CD8+为（26.5±4.9）%,显著低于对照组【（31.2±3.9）%,P<0.05】;肝移植和肝癌发生率分别为2.9%和5.9%,与对照组的5.9%和11.8%比较无显著性差异（P>0.05）。结论 HU-MSCs肝内移植联合苦参素胶囊口服治疗失代偿期肝硬化患者可明显减轻肝纤维化,改善肝功能。     

拉米夫定治疗乙型肝炎肝衰竭的临床观察

目的探讨拉米夫定治疗乙型肝炎肝衰竭患者的疗效。方法在182例乙型肝炎肝衰竭患者中,包括亚急性和慢加急/亚急性肝衰竭(A组)患者90例和慢性肝衰竭(B组)92例。在A组患者,40例(A1组)只接受基础和苦参碱治疗,50例(A2组)另加拉米夫定治疗;同样地,在B组中,41例(B1)未接受抗病毒治疗,51例(B2)给予拉米夫定治疗。生存患者被随访6个月。结果经过平均1.5个月的治疗,A1组有23例(57.5%)和A2组有16例(32.0%,P0.05)患者死亡;经过平均2.5个月的治疗,B1组有22例(53.7%)和B2组有24例(47.1%,P0.05)患者死亡;在A、B两组内,抗病毒治疗可明显提高生存患者血清ALT的复常率;在随访6个月时,80%以上A2组和B2组生存者HBV DNA水平保持阴性,而A1组和B1组生存者血清HBV DNA仍为阳性。结论拉米夫定治疗能提高亚急性和慢加急/亚急性乙型肝炎肝衰竭患者的生存率,但对慢性乙型肝炎肝衰竭患者的疗效还有待进一步随访。     

Vaccination against hepatitis B in patients with chronic liver disease awaiting liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Most transplant centers in the United States immunize patients awaiting liver transplantation against hepatitis B to prevent acquisition of hepatitis B through transplantation (de novo hepatitis B). A recent study showed that only 16% of patients with cirrhosis awaiting liver transplantation responded to single-dose recombinant vaccine. METHODS: We studied the immunogenicity of double-dose recombinant vaccine in patients with cirrhosis awaiting liver transplantation. RESULTS: Over a 4-year period (January 1994 to December 1997), 140 patients with cirrhosis without past or current hepatitis B infection were given double-dose recombinant vaccine (40 microg of Engerix B; SmithKline Beecham, Philadelphia, PA) at 0, 1 to 2, and 2 to 4 months. Hepatitis B surface antibody (HBsAb) was measured 1 to 3 months after completing vaccination. The response rate was 37%. However, HBsAb titers became undetectable in 35% of the responders during the post-transplant follow-up period. One hundred and thirty-seven patients underwent 144 liver transplantation procedures during the study period, and 3 patients developed de novo hepatitis B (2.2%). Livers transplanted from hepatitis B core antibody (HBcAb)-positive donors was the source of de novo hepatitis B in all cases. Two of the 3 patients who developed de novo hepatitis B were immunized before transplantation and one of them was a responder. CONCLUSION: Although the response rate to double-dose recombinant vaccines is higher than the previously reported response to single-dose vaccine, it still is less than optimal.