部队地下医院微生物监测与评价

目的：调查部队地下医院微生物状况，为采取预防措施提供依据。方法：用撞击法监测空气细菌总数及真菌浓度，用棉拭子法监测物体表面真菌浓度，根据真菌菌落形态特征及镜下结构进行菌种鉴定。结果：空气细菌总数平均3195cfu/m^3，真菌浓度平均18046cfu/m^3，木床架及床垫表面真菌浓度分别为27840cfu/m^3及104960cfu/m^3。结论：空气细菌总数高于人防工程地下医院卫生标准，空气真菌污染严重，主要污染源为陈旧木床架及床垫表面生长繁殖大量真菌所致。     

某地下医院真菌污染状况调查

目的调查地下医院真菌污染状况及来源。方法用常规方法对某地下医院进行空气和物体表面真菌计数及菌株鉴定。结果主通道空气中真菌数最低 ,平均为 115 5 0cfu·m 3;综合病区盲端空气中真菌数最高 ,平均为 6 72 0 4cfu·m- 3。油漆全部脱落木床架及床垫表面真菌数分别为 4 172 0cfu·m- 2 及 1336 0 0cfu·m- 2 。结论某地下医院环境真菌污染源主要是木床架及复合物制备的床垫。用 1.5 %稳定性过氧化氢溶液对物体表面喷雾消毒可达到良好的杀菌效果     

地下医院工作环境真菌调查及危害分析

目的对地下医院环境空气及物体表面真菌进行调查，为地下医院管理及特殊情况下启用提供科学依据。方法用撞击法检测空气真菌，用棉拭子法检测物体表面真菌。结果不同部位空气真菌数差异较大，外科病区、综合病区及伙房监测结果明显高于主通道。综合病区盲端最高，平均真菌数为38400cfu/m^3。木床架及床垫表面真菌分别为27840efu／cm^2及104960cfu／cm^3。结论地下医院空气真菌污染严重，污染源来自地下医院自身环境。木床架及床垫是地下医院真菌的主要污染源。空气中真菌大量增加，对进驻伤病员健康及物资储备造成危害。     

地下医院真菌污染状况调查

目的调查地下医院真菌污染状况及其空气真菌毒素,为采取预防措施提供依据。方法用撞击法监测空气细菌总数及真菌数;用棉拭子法监测物体表面真菌数;根据真菌菌落形态特征及生长结构进行菌种鉴定;对黄曲霉菌用ELISA法检测黄曲霉毒素B1。结果空气细菌总数平均3 195 cfu/m3,真菌数平均18 046 cfu/m3;木床架及床垫表面真菌数分别为27 840 cfu/m3及104 960 cfu/m3。73株黄曲霉菌中有9株产生黄曲霉毒素B1,占12.3%。结论地下医院空气真菌污染严重,细菌总数高于人防工程地下医院卫生标准,真菌污染源主要为内部大量腐殖物存在,并逐步飘散扩大污染范围。这些真菌不但能侵入机体造成真菌感染,而且有的能产生毒素,其毒素可随空气中悬浮颗粒通过呼吸道吸入,沉积于肺泡,或经皮肤吸收进入体内而影响健康。     

某地下战备医院内环境真菌污染状况调查

目的 调查地下战备医院内环境真菌污染状况及空气真菌毒素，为采取预防措施提供依据。方法 用撞击法监测空气细菌总数及真菌数；用棉拭子法监测物体表面真菌数；根据真菌菌落形态特征及生长结构进行菌种鉴定；对黄曲霉菌用ELISA法检测黄曲霉毒素B1。结果 空气细菌总数平均3195cfu／m^3，真菌数平均18046cfu／m^3；木床架及床垫表面真菌数分别为27840cfu／cm^2及104960cfu／cm^2。45株黄曲霉菌中有6株产生黄曲霉毒素B1，占13．3％。结论地下战备医院空气真菌污染严重，细菌总数高于人防工程地下医院卫生标准，真菌污染源主要为内部大量腐殖质存在，并逐步飘散扩大污染范围。这些真菌不但能侵入机体造成真菌感染，而且有的能产生毒素，其毒素可随空气中悬浮颗粒通过呼吸道吸入，沉积于肺泡，或经皮肤吸收进入体内而影响健康。     

冬季高校室内空气微生物体积浓度和粒径分布特征

了解高校空气中微生物污染情况,为控制微生物污染和改善室内空气品质提供参考.方法 于2018年11月,采用安德森六级采样器对北京市某高校不同功能区、不同时态的空气微生物进行采样并培养.结果 在测试期间,不同功能区、不同时态的微生物气溶胶体积浓度差异有统计学意义(F值分别为3.99,7.77,P值均<0.05),卫生间的细菌体积浓度相对较高,平均体积浓度为659 CFU/m3,校园的真菌体积浓度相对较高,平均体积浓度为660 CFU/m3;12:00的空气中细菌和真菌体积浓度相对较低,平均体积浓度分别为320和322 CFU/m3.空气中微生物的粒径分布特征呈现大致相同的规律,微生物体积浓度峰值集中出现在Ⅳ,V级(1.1~3.3 μm),其中细菌最高体积浓度值为253 CFU/m3,出现在V级;真菌最高体积浓度值为249 CFU/m3,出现在Ⅳ级.结论 高校空气中的微生物体积浓度主要集中在1.1~3.3 μm粒径大小.需采取有针对性的综合防治措施来改善空气品质.     

坑道空气污染评价及改善措施

目的在坑道空气质量调查基础上,对坑道空气污染状况及危害性进行评价并提出改善措施,为战时或特殊情况下人员进驻提供科学依据。方法对坑道内空气细菌总数、真菌数、真菌毒素、厌氧菌数及部分坑道的床垫、地面、墙壁等物体表面进行真菌检测。结果坑道空气真菌污染十分普遍,有的非常严重,以半密闭型坑道真菌浓度最高为(5 950±3 522)cfu/m3,房间为(9 500±4 128)cfu/m3。坑道医院内床垫表面真菌高达116 400 cfu/cm2,地面为12 300cfu/cm2,墙壁为890 cfu/cm2。结论坑道空气污染尤其是真菌污染严重,人员进驻前必须进行坑道通风,增加进入坑道特别是进入坑道房间内的新风量,必要时进行彻底的空气消毒,减少空气真菌对坑道内固定设施、战备物资及进驻人员健康的不利影响。     

坑道空气真菌污染状况调查

目的 调查坑道真菌污染来源及对人体的危害.方法 对51条坑道空气真菌用撞击法和沉降法2种方法 同时采样监测,根据菌落形态特征及生长结构进行菌株鉴定.黄曲霉菌用ELISA法检测黄曲霉毒素B1.结果 3种类型坑道空气真菌数,沉降法检测平均在2 936～7 253 cfu/m3范围,均高于对照组(P<0.01).半密闭和通风式坑道空气真菌数,撞击法检测均高于对照组(P<0.01).3种类型中以半密闭式真菌数最高,撞击法检测通道及房间分别为6 818 cfu/m3及11 290 cfu/m3,沉降法检测通道及房间分别为4 129 cfu/m3及7 253 cfu/m3,且2种方法 房间真菌数均高于通道(P<0.01).对2 845株菌株鉴定,其中青霉属和曲霉属为优势菌,占60.6%.73株黄曲霉菌中有9株产生黄曲霉毒素B1,占12.3%.结论 真菌污染来源主要为外界进入及内部大量腐殖质繁殖产生,形成真菌污染源并扩大污染范围,对人体及储备物资有一定危害.     

备用地下医院内真菌污染调查

[目的]了解备用地下医院真菌污染状况,为采取预防措施提供依据。[方法]用撞击法检测不同部位空气真菌数,用棉拭子法检测物体表面真菌数。[结果]不同部位空气污染程度相差悬殊,主通道为11625±741．1 cfu／m3,内科病区13525±1279．0 cfu/m3,外科病区14975±1059．5 cfu/m3,综合病区21600±1897．4 cfu/m3,综合病区盲端38 400 ±4 698．9 cfu/m3,院部12 300±1373．6 cfu／m3,伙房13900±1080．1 cfu/m3。木质床架和床垫最高,分别为27840±4760 cfu/cm2和104960±13840 cfu/cm2。[结论]木质床架和床垫成为地下医院真菌的主要污染源。大量繁殖的真菌孢子成熟后自行脱落而释放于空气中,通过飘散作用引起真菌污染区域的扩大。     

校园餐厨垃圾初期降解生物气溶胶释放特征及健康风险研究

校园餐厨垃圾处理过程无组织释放的生物气溶胶会对校内学生和工作人员的健康构成潜在威胁。研究采用安德森六级采样器及中流量总悬浮颗粒物采样器采集了某大学餐厨垃圾暂存过程的空气样品,通过培养法和高通量测序法分析了其中的可培养和非培养生物气溶胶。结果表明,餐厨垃圾是重要的生物气溶胶释放源,生物气溶胶中真菌浓度(224.78±27.69) CFU/m³大于细菌浓度(116.95±23.01) CFU/m³且高于环境背景浓度,即细菌环境背景值为(32.80±3.61) CFU/m³、真菌环境背景值为(54.57±17.24) CFU/m³。粒径分布上,细菌气溶胶主要分布在Ⅰ级(≥7.0μm),真菌气溶胶在Ⅳ级(2.1～3.3μm)。细菌气溶胶的优势菌门主要有变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),前者气溶胶化水平较高;真菌气溶胶优势菌门主要有子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和担子菌门(Basidiomycota),两者均易气溶胶化。健康风险方面,呼吸与皮肤接触的非致癌健康风险可...     

膜生物反应器在处理医院污水中空气微生物的监测

目的监测膜生物反应器(MBR)在处理医院污水过程中散逸的气溶胶对周围环境造成二次污染的程度。方法通过对医院污水处理站内MBR在负压、常压及部分敞开3种状态下的空气微生物进行监测,运用Andersen采样器着重研究空气微生物的数量及粒径分布。结果反应器在负压运行时工作间内的平均细菌和真菌粒子浓度低于常压及部分敞开状态。经过高效空气过滤器处理后的细菌粒子浓度(388CFU/m3)明显小于处理前反应器内部的细菌粒子浓度(8039CFU/m3),去除率达到95.2%。结论负压运行的MBR尾气经过高效过滤器排放未对周围环境造成二次污染。     

Microbial air quality in offices at municipal landfills

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of two municipal landfills on the microbiological air quality in offices on landfill sites. The evaluation was based on the concentration levels of airborne bacteria and fungi and the identification of isolated strains. Air samples were collected with a six-stage Andersen impactor. The concentrations of bacterial aerosol ranged from 1.0 x 10(3) to 7.2 x 10(4) colony forming units (CFU)/m(3) indoors, and from 7.0 x 10 to 4.0 x 10(4) CFU/m(3) outdoors. The corresponding fungal aerosol ranges were from 2.3 x 10(2) to 7.3 x 10(3) CFU/m(3) indoors and from 2.0 x 10(2) to 1.2 x 10(4) CFU/m(3) outdoors. The concentration levels were affected by the season of the year. The study showed that both indoor and outdoor air were heavily contaminated with bacteria and fungi. The proximity of the unpaved transport route and the weighing of refuse loads contributed to the increase of bacterial and fungal aerosol concentrations significantly. The air in the offices was characterized not only by elevated concentrations of bacteria and fungi but also by high frequencies of gram-negative bacteria, along with fungal species characteristic of landfills. The quantitative and qualitative changes in the composition of the bacterial and fungal aerosol posed a possible health risk to office workers at municipal waste landfill sites.     

Two Years of a Fungal Aerobiocontamination Survey in a Florentine Haematology Ward

The control of microbial air contamination in hospital wards has assumed great importance particularly for those hospital infections where an airborne infection route is hypothesised, such as aspergillosis. Invasive aspergillosis represents one of the most serious complications in immunocompromised patients. For some authors there is a direct association between this pathology and the concentrations of Aspergillus conidia in the air; in addition, reports of aspergillosis concurring during building construction have been frequent. In this study, two haematology wards were monitored for about 2 years in order to make both a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of fungal burden in the air, also in relation to major construction and demolition work taking place in the same building. Air samples were taken from the hospital rooms of neutropenic patients, in the corridors of their ward and outside the building. Total fungal concentration resulted higher outside (mean 572 Colony Forming Units/m3 of air), lower in the corridors (147 CFU/m3) and even lower in the rooms (50 CFU/m3). In all the samples we found the development of at least one fungal colony. Cladosporium was the most frequently isolated genus (57%), in contrast to Aspergillus spp. (2%). The average concentration of Cladosporium spp. was 24 CFU/m3 in the rooms, 78 CFU/m3 in the corridors and 318 CFU/m3 outside. The average concentration of Aspergillus spp. was 1.2 CFU/m3 in the rooms, 3.5 CFU/m3 in the corridors, 5.6 CFU/m3 outside. Our observations show low concentrations of Aspergillus fumigatus and A. flavus in all the environments examined and particularly in the rooms (0.09 and 0.10 CFU/m3 respectively); this observation could explain the absence of cases of invasive aspergillosis during the period of air monitoring in the two haematology wards.     

用金黄色葡萄球菌气溶胶评价输液器进气器件细菌截留能力

 目的 设计气溶胶细菌截留试验系统，利用金黄色葡萄球菌气溶胶评价输液器进气器件空气过滤器的细菌截留能力。方法 将金黄色葡萄球菌混悬液稀释至10⁸ CFU/mL，利用气溶胶细菌截留试验系统生成气溶胶，对阳性对照支路以及5个生产厂家（A~E）的75个空气过滤器进行测试，采用薄膜过滤法收集液体撞击采样器的采样液，观察是否有菌生长并进行计数。结果 测试结束后，阳性对照支路和5个生产厂家A~D的12个批次60个样品的支路收集液均无菌生长，符合要求；生产厂家E 3个批次的15个样品支路收集液菌落数均>100 CFU，不符合要求。生产厂家E的空气过滤器材质为玻璃纤维，孔径为5 μm。结论 试验设计的气溶胶细菌截留试验系统成功截留输液器进气器件空气过滤器细菌。     

Quantitative microbial risk assessment model for Legionnaires' disease: assessment of human exposures for selected spa outbreaks

Evaluation of a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model for Legionnaires' disease (LD) required Legionella exposure estimates for several well-documented LD outbreaks. Reports for a whirlpool spa and two natural spring spa outbreaks provided data for the exposure assessment, as well as rates of infection and mortality. Exposure estimates for the whirlpool spa outbreak employed aerosol generation, water composition, exposure duration data, and building ventilation parameters with a two-zone model. Estimates for the natural hot springs outbreaks used bacterial water to air partitioning coefficients and exposure duration information. The air concentration and dose calculations used input parameter distributions with Monte Carlo simulations to estimate exposures as probability distributions. The assessment considered two sets of assumptions about the transfer of Legionella from the water phase to the aerosol emitted from the whirlpool spa. The estimated air concentration near the whirlpool spa was 5 to 18 colony forming units per cubic meter (CFU/m(3)) and 50 to 180 CFU/m(3) for each of the alternate assumptions. The estimated 95th percentile ranges of Legionella dose for workers within 15 m of the whirlpool spa were 0.13-3.4 CFU and 1.3-34.5 CFU, respectively. The modeling for hot springs Spas 1 and 2 resulted in estimated arithmetic mean air concentrations of 360 and 17 CFU/m(3), respectively, and 95 percentile ranges for Legionella dose of 28 to 67 CFU and 1.1 to 3.7 CFU, respectively. The Legionella air concentration estimates fall in the range of limited reports on air concentrations of Legionella (0.33 to 190 CFU/m(3)) near showers, aerated faucets, and baths during filling with Legionella-contaminated water. These measurements may provide some indication that the estimates are of a reasonable magnitude, but they do not clarify the exposure estimates accuracy, since they were not obtained during LD outbreaks. Further research to improve the data used for the Legionella exposure assessment would strengthen the results. Several of the primary additional data needs include improved data for bacterial water to air partitioning coefficients, better accounting of time-activity-distance patterns and exposure potential in outbreak reports, and data for Legionella-containing aerosol viability decay instead of loss of capability for growth in culture.     

生物垃圾加工厂供料厅空气微生物菌群的研究

[目的]为了减少环境污染与公害,对生物垃圾加工厂供料厅的空气细菌菌群及其含量进行研究。[方法]使用ANDERSEN-空气微生物收集器和KS-92(Impinger)喷冲器对上述地点在5个日期两个采样点收集了157个空气样品,在3个测量日期采集生物垃圾样品102个。[结果]空气中需氧菌总数浮动于4.62×103～9.55×105CFU／m 3之间;厌氧菌为3.07×103～2.14×104CFU／m 3,其中魏氏梭菌含量 为1.1～197 CFU／m 3,气悬状态的魏氏梭菌以孢子形式存在。[结论]空气微生物气溶胶的含量与菌源距离呈反比,空气中菌群和含量能作为生物垃圾污染与质量的指示。     

合肥菜市场肉砧板表面微生物污染的调查研究

目的:了解菜市场中猪肉砧板表面的微生物污染情况。方法:参考相关国家标准对肉砧板表面上的菌落总数,霉菌和酵母和大肠菌群三个指标进行了检测。结果:所有抽检砧板的三个指标均检出。其中,污染最轻的肉砧板的菌落总数为43 CFU/cm2,霉菌和酵母为17 CFU/cm2,大肠菌群为19 CFU/cm2;污染最严重的肉砧板,三指标分别为2500 CFU/cm2,1300 CFU/cm2,40 CFU/cm2;纸箱板覆面砧板的微生物污染比木质砧板严重。结论:国家必须尽快制定和颁布实施肉砧板表面的卫生标准,以消除对人民健康的潜在威胁。     

Airborne microorganisms, endotoxin, and dust concentration in wood factories in Italy

Exposure to biological agents and dusts occurs in homes and occupational environments and it is known to cause adverse health effects. There is limited information concerning the occupational exposure levels of airborne biohazard during wood processing, but this exposure is associated with a range of adverse health effects. Control of exposure to microbiological hazards and dust in woodworking is not easy. In fact, various types of wood are commonly used and they generate complex mixtures of dusts and biological agents with various health risks. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentration of dust, bacteria, and endotoxins encountered in six different wood factories. These people were exposed to between 0.05 and 12.00 mg inhalable dust m(-3) and between 0.40 and 6.93 ng inhalable endotoxins m(-3). Total bacteria concentrations in the air of the factories examined were within a range of 130-2000 CFU m(-3), the value of Gram negative was within a 0-164 CFU m(-3), and the concentration of Gram positive was within 1-104 CFU m(-3). In conclusion, people working in wood factories may be exposed to high levels of inhalable dust and endotoxins.