The role of metformin in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

Hyperinsulinemia is believed to be a key link in the enigmatic generation of the symptoms of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), which include anovulatory infertility and the skin stigmata induced by hyperandrogenism. Regression of these symptoms may be achieved by reducing the hyperinsulinemia. Metformin, an insulin-sensitizing agent, has been proven to be of clinical usefulness both in the short-term aiding of infertility treatments and, potentially, in the prevention of the long-term sequelae for patients with PCOS.     

瘦素、胰岛素样生长因子-1与多囊卵巢综合征高胰岛素血症的关系

目的了解瘦素、胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)与多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)高胰岛素血症间的关系,探讨相关发病机制。方法采用病例-对照的方法,实验分为PCOS组(92例)和对照组(92例),其中PCOS组又分为PCOS-高胰岛素血症组(46例)和PCOS-非高胰岛素血症组(46例)。通过放免法检测血清瘦素、胰岛素样生长因子-1、睾酮、双氢睾酮、脱氢表雄酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮等的水平,葡萄糖氧化酶法检测血糖水平。结果PCOS组瘦素(16.8±9.8ng/mL)、IGF-1水平(214.8±131.6ng/mL)明显高于对照组(分别为11.6±6.8ng/mL、118.0±82.9ng/mL)(P<0.05)。PCOS患者中高胰岛素组瘦素水平(19.2±10.2ng/mL)明显高于正常胰岛素组(12.5±7.6ng/mL)(P<0.05),IGF-1及空腹血糖在两组间差异无统计学意义。多元逻辑回归结果显示,在调整了体重指数、睾酮、黄体生成素/卵泡刺激素比值、双氢睾酮、脱氢表雄酮、硫酸脱氢表雄酮等因素后,瘦素、IGF-1均是PCOS的危险因素,但均不是高胰岛素血症的危险因素。结论瘦素、IGF-1可能与PCOS的发病机制有关,但与高胰岛素血症的关系有待进一步探讨。     

多囊卵巢综合征与炎性因子关系的研究进展

多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)是育龄妇女常见的代谢异常和生殖功能障碍疾病,临床高度异质,病因复杂。近年来研究表明PCOS可能是一种低度慢性炎症性疾病,并且慢性炎症对PCOS的远期并发症的发展有重要作用。研究发现,PCOS患者外周血中的一些炎性因子(如肿瘤坏死因子α、C反应蛋白等)水平增高,表明低度慢性炎症可能在PCOS的发展中发挥作用,这可能与PCOS的发病机制有关。     

脐周八穴埋线治疗气滞血瘀肥胖型多囊卵巢综合征所致不孕验案1则

多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)是一种具有高度异质性的内分泌及代谢紊乱性疾病,其中50％～75％为肥胖型PCOS,且以向心性肥胖为主.肥胖型PCOS患者发生代谢综合征、心血管疾病、2型糖尿病及子宫内膜癌等远期并发症的风险成倍上升.临床上针对肥胖型PCOS尚无统一治疗标准,且减轻体质量对此类患者至关重要.穴位埋线是在针灸理论的...     

多囊性卵巢综合征的临床治疗

多囊性卵巢综合征 (PCOS)是具有遗传倾向、临床表现多样化的疾病 ,以月经稀发或闭经、无排卵或不孕症、多毛或黑棘皮症等临床表现为特征。现虽认为胰岛素抵抗可能是一个重要的发病因素 ,但总的来说PCOS的病因尚不明确 ,所以目前的治疗主要是对症处理 ,包括调整生活方式、周期性使用孕激素和抗雄激素药物。胰岛素增敏剂可能给PCOS的治疗带来新的希望。以后的研究方向为阐明其发病机制 ,以完善对PCOS的治疗方法     

Is There A Relationship between Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Endometriosis？

The endocrinologic and metabolic abnormalities of women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) can result in a series of endometrial diseases. Abnormalities of hyperandrogenism and hyperinsulinemia that may be found in PCOS can elevate the levels of E 2 indirectly, reduce progesterone secretion and induce some growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) over expression, which may have a major impact on endometriosis occurrence and development. We suppose that there is a possible connection between PCOS and endometriosis.     

多囊卵巢综合征中医辨证施治近况

多囊卵巢综合征是一种女性生殖功能障碍性疾病,以月经失调、排卵障碍、高雄激素血症、高胰岛素血症和胰岛素抵抗等为主要特征,是造成育龄期妇女月经失调及不孕的主要原因。中医认为其发病与肝、肾、脾三脏功能失调及痰湿阻滞、气血瘀滞等因素密切相关,根据其临床症状运用中医辨证与辨病结合的方法进行治疗,临床效果显著。     

Identification of Differentially Expressed MicroRNAs in the Ovary of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome with Hyperandrogenism and Insulin Resistance

Background:Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the commonest endocrinopathy in women of reproductive age.The patients often develop insulin resistance (IR) or hyperinsulinemia despite manifesting anovu...     

多囊卵巢综合征的远期并发症

多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)是生育期妇女常见的内分泌紊乱性疾病,存在着多种远期并发症。PCOS妇女大多有胰岛素抵抗,发展为2型糖尿病的风险增加3～7倍。PCOS妇女大约有50%的患者肥胖,大多表现为向心型肥胖。PCOS妇女中血脂异常很普遍。PCOS患者常有心血管疾病、子宫内膜癌的高危因素。     

多囊卵巢综合征患者的糖耐量和胰岛素测定

目的探讨多囊卵巢综合征患者（PCOS）糖代谢和胰岛素分泌的特征。方法49例PCOS患者和21例对照组按体重指数（BMI）分为3组：对照组、PCOSI组（BMI〈25kg／m^2）、PCOSⅡ组（BMI≥25kg／m^2）。比较3组的糖耐量及胰岛素水平。结果与对照组比较,PCOS Ⅰ组空腹及口服葡萄糖后各组血糖差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;胰岛素除空腹差异无统计学意义外（P〉0．05）,其余各组胰岛素释放量均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。PCOSⅡ组口服葡萄糖后1h、2h血糖明显升高（P〈0．05）;胰岛素各组释放量差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。与PCOSI组比较,PCOSⅡ组口服葡萄糖后1h、2h胰岛素释放量也有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论PCOS患者胰岛素释放量明显增加,肥胖可加重患者的胰岛素释放,导致PCOS患者高胰岛素血症进一步发展,且更易出现糖代谢异常,增加糖尿病发生的危险性。     

Fundamentals in the management of multiple myeloma

Progress in our understanding of multiple myeloma and its treatment has resulted in a more tailored approach to patient management, with different therapeutics regimens for different patient populations. The decision to initiate therapy depends primarily on the presence of symptoms which has to balance the chance of tumor clearance and against the risks of treatment related mortality. Selection of appropriate initial treatment should be based primarily on patient's characteristics (biologic age, co-morbidities), the disease characteristics (tumor burden and genetic risk profile) and the expected toxicity profile of the different regimens. When treatment begins, in younger transplant eligible patients the goal is to achieve high quality responses with intensive therapies as the quality of response appears to be important surrogates for long-term outcome. In the majority of myeloma patients in whom intensive treatment is not an option due to advanced age and co-morbidities, treatment should emphasize on optimal disease control to obtain symptomatic relief and to maintain a satisfactory quality of life. The introduction of novel agents has substantially changed the treatment paradigm of this otherwise incurable disease. The utilization of these drugs has moved from relapse setting to the front line setting and has benefited all patient groups. Because of these rapid developments and many treatment options we need good quality clinical studies to guide clinical practice in the management of patients with multiple myeloma. This review presents an update on current concepts of diagnosis and treatment of patients with multiple myeloma and provides recommendations on tailored therapies with particular reference to the local practice. The information presented herein may be used by the health care providers caring for myeloma patients as a guideline to counsel patients to understand their disease and the treatment better.     

多囊卵巢综合征患者凝血功能改变

目的：探讨多囊卵巢综合征（polycystic ovary syndrome,PCOS）患者凝血功能改变。方法分析48例PCOS与正常对照人群（ n＝42）凝血功能相关指标的差异,比较患者接受治疗前后的凝血象变化,分析相关改变与PCOS内分泌指标的相关性。结果48例PCOS平均年龄（27.6＆#177;4.2）（19～34）岁,均未生育。与健康人群相比,PCOS患者体重指数、睾酮、胰岛素及空腹血糖水平显著增高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。 PCOS患者凝血酶原时间、凝血酶原时间比值、国际标准化比值、凝血酶元活动度及活化部分凝血活酶时间显著低于正常人群,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,凝血酶时间、纤维蛋白原、D-二聚体及纤维蛋白降解产物水平显著低于正常人群,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0.05）。接受3个周期治疗后,PCOS上述指标水平显著升高（P＜0.05）,国际标准化比值的变化与空腹血糖、胰岛素显著相关（P＜0.05）,D-二聚体及纤维蛋白降解产物的变化与空腹血糖、胰岛素及睾酮均显著相关（ P＜0.05）。结论 PCOS患者血液系统处于相对高凝和低纤溶状态,可能与高血糖、高胰岛素及高雄激素血症有关,特定情况下需加强凝血象监测,积极预防血栓形成。     

Current concepts for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus in adults: a therapeutic challenge

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, autoimmune rheumatic disease with many clinical presentations typically affecting women of childbearing age. The successful therapy of SLE depends upon treating both symptoms and the underlying inflammation. Both non-pharmacological as well as pharmacological therapies are invariably required. Non-pharmacological therapy includes avoiding over-exposure to sunlight with the use of adequate sunscreen protection, avoiding "live" vaccination if on immunosuppressive agents, adherence to a diet low in saturated fat and high in fish oil, stress avoidance, and smoking cessation. Pharmacological measures revolve around four main classes of drugs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antimalarials, corticosteroids, and cytotoxic agents. Cyclophosphamide and azathioprine are the two most commonly used cytotoxic agents and these in combination with corticosteroids need to be employed early if there is major organ involvement to prevent or minimise irreversible damage. The potential side effects of corticosteroids and cytotoxic agents need constant consideration. The rapid developments in biotechnology of recent years may soon lead to new and more specific therapies for patients with SLE.     

慢性低度炎症对多囊卵巢综合征病理生理影响的研究进展

炎症与代谢综合征的发生和发展密切相关。多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）是育龄期女性最常见的生殖内分泌代谢性疾病,近年发现PCOS患者存在慢性低度炎症,与其远期并发症的形成密切相关。但最近证据提示慢性持续性炎症出现可能在更早期即参与了PCOS病理生理的发生和发展,如慢性炎症与高雄激素血症、慢性炎症与胰岛素抵抗之间的相互作用。而对PCOS患者慢性低度炎症的早期识别和干预,为PCOS的病因学研究和治疗提供新的思路。     

Chemical sphincterotomy--first line of treatment for chronic anal fissure

Anal fissure is a common disorder which may cause symptoms at any age. Internal anal sphincterotomy is the gold standard surgical treatment which lowers the resting anal pressure and effectively heals the majority of fissures. However the post operative period may be marked by surgical risks, complications and late incidence of incontinence that is some times permanent. These complications has led to a search for alternative therapies for the treatment of chronic anal fissure. Chemical sphincterotomy has been tried using a variety of novel agents including topical glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), calcium channel blockers such as nifedipine or diltiazem and botulinum toxin. Some of these agents were found to be effective in healing chronic anal fissure with negligible side effects and are now considered as first line treatment for chronic anal fissure.     

多囊卵巢综合征与高胰岛素血症的关系

目的　了解多囊卵巢综合征 (PCOS)与高胰岛素血症的关系。方法　检测记录 2 8例 PCOS患者年龄、身高、体重及体重指数 (BMI) ,放免法测定血雌 (E)、孕 (P)、雄激素 (T)、促卵泡生成素 (FSH )、促黄体生成素(L H)、泌乳素 (PRL )、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸 (T3)、游离甲状腺素 (T4)、晨 8时及下午 4时皮质醇、空腹胰岛素及口服糖耐量试验 (OGTT)糖负荷后各时点胰岛素含量 ,用氧化酶法测定血浆葡萄糖。计算 L H/FSH比值 ,30分钟、12 0分钟、180分钟胰 /糖比 (I/G) ,胰岛素曲线下面积 (AUC)及胰岛素抵抗指数 (IRI) ,血糖水平 ,胰岛素敏感性指数 (ISI) ,胰岛β细胞功能及胰岛素抵抗指数。结果　 2 8人中有 16人 (5 7.1% )同时伴有高胰岛素血症 ,其中一人有糖尿病。高胰岛素与非高胰岛素血症患者的年龄 ,身高 ,体重 ,BMI,血 E、P、T,FSH、L H、PRL、T3、T4、晨 8时及下午 4时皮质醇等无差异。但高胰岛素血症组的 L H/FSH比值为 2 .4± 1.5 ,明显高于非高胰岛素血症组 (1.2± 0 .6 ,P=0 .0 12 5 )。其空腹胰岛素 ,OGTT糖负荷后各时点胰岛素 ,30分钟、12 0分钟、180分钟 I/G,AU C及 IRI亦均高于非高胰岛素血症组。而空腹及各时点的血糖水平与非高胰岛素血症的患者无差异。此外 ,高胰岛素血症组病人的空腹胰岛素水     

4: Polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition characterised by menstrual abnormalities and clinical or biochemical features of hyperandrogenism. Features of PCOS may manifest at any age, ranging from childhood (premature puberty), teenage years (hirsutism, menstrual abnormalities), early adulthood and middle life (infertility, glucose intolerance) to later life (diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease). While pelvic ultrasound examination is useful, many women without PCOS have polycystic ovaries; ultrasound evidence is not necessary for the diagnosis. Testing for glucose intolerance and hyperlipidaemia is wise, especially in obese women, as diabetes mellitus is common in PCOS. Lifestyle changes as recommended in diabetes are fundamental for treatment; addition of insulin-sensitising agents (eg, metformin) may be valuable in circumstances such as anovulatory infertility. Infertility can be treated successfully in most women by diet and exercise, clomiphene citrate with or without metformin, ovarian drilling, or ovulation induction with gonadotrophins; in-vitro fertilisation should be avoided unless there are other indications.     

卵源性因子在多囊卵巢综合征卵泡异常发育机制中的作用

多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)是育龄期女性最常见的生殖内分泌紊乱疾病,可表现为高雄激素血症,高胰岛素血症,胰岛素抵抗,并可引起生殖功能的障碍,该病与卵泡发育异常密切相关。卵泡发育是一个极为复杂的过程,而PCOS患者在此过程中出现募集亢进和无优势卵泡形成。现主要介绍卵源性因子如何调控生理情况下的卵泡发育及其在PCOS患者卵泡异常发育的病理机制中所起的作用。卵源性因子主要包括内分泌因子、生长因子、细胞因子等,它们可单因素或多因素地参与卵泡发育的调控。     

多囊卵囊综合征与高胰岛素血症的关系

OBJECTIVE: To identify the relationship between polycystic ovarian syndrome and hyperinsulinemia. METHODS: Age, body height, body weight, serum estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), prolactin (PRL), triiodothyronine (T3), tetraiodothyronine (T4), insulin, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and cortisol were measured in 28 patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). RESULTS: Sxiteen patients (57.1% of total) had hyperinsulinemia. Among them one patient was found diabetic. No difference was noted in age, height, body weight, body mass index, serum estradiol, progesterone, testosterone, FSH, LH, PRL, T3, T4, cortisol, and glucose of OGTT between hyperinsulinemia and non-hyperinsulinemia patients. However the LH/FSH ratio (2.4 +/- 1.5) in hyperinsulinemia patients was significantly higher than 1.2 +/- 0.6 in non-hyperinsulinemia patients (P = 0.0125). In addition, the results showed that the fasting serum insulin, insulin after OGTT, the insulin/glucose ratio at 30, 120 minutes, 180 minutes, the area under curve of and the insulin, insulin resistant index (IRI) were higher in hyperinsulinemia pateints than in non-hyperinsulinemia patients respectively. Furthermore, the fasting insulin level, insulin/glucose ratio were found to be negatively related to insulin sensitivity index and positively related with beta-cell functioning index. CONCLUSION: Hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance accompany with some of the PCOS patients in China. Further investigations will be necessary to clarify the relevant mechanisms.     

IVF-ET促排卵方案在多囊卵巢综合征患者中的应用进展

多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)患者的亚生育状态困扰着许多夫妇,随着辅助生殖技术的不断发展,越来越多的PCOS不孕患者选择接受体外受精-胚胎移植（IVF-ET）助孕。IVF-ET作为一种不孕症的治疗方式,为PCOS患者带来了希望,但PCOS患者病情复杂、多样,促使卵泡发育的促性腺激素（Gn）剂量和导致卵巢过度刺激（OHSS）发生的剂量非常接近,使得临床工作极富挑战。因此,临床上治疗PCOS不孕症患者需要选择一种合适的促排卵方案,以获得高的妊娠率和低并发症发生率。促排卵方案各有其优缺点,目前没有哪一种方案能够推广成为公认最适宜PCOS患者的促排卵方案。本文综述了较适宜的五种促排方案的优缺点,以期指导临床。