联合应用特利加压素和内镜套扎治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血

目的 观察特利加压素、内镜套扎和联合上样两种方法治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效。方法 ５６例患者分为三组,其中特利加压素组１９例,风镜套扎组２０例,联合治疗组１７例。结果 ７２小时止血率在三组分别为６８．４％、８０％和９４．１％;一周内再出血率为３０．８％、１２．５％和６．３％;急诊手术率为２６．３％、２１．１％和５．９％。联合治疗组的７２小时止血率明显高于其他两组（Ｐ〈０．０５）,一周再出血率和     

联合应用特利加压素和内镜套扎治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血

目的:观察评价特利加压素、内镜套扎和联合上述两种方法治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效.方法:56例患者分为三组,其中特利加压素组19例,内镜套扎组20例,联合治疗组17例.结果:72小时止血率在三组分别为68.4%,80%和94.l%;一周内再出血率为30.8%,12.5%和6.3%;急诊手术率为26.3%,21.1% 和5.9%.联合治疗组的72小时止血率明显高于其他两组(P<0.05),一周再出血率和急诊手术率低于其他两组(P<0.05) .特利加压素组和内镜套扎组的72小时止血率则没有差别(P>0.05 ).结论:食管静脉曲张破裂出血时联合应用特利加压素和内镜套扎治疗可以提高止血率、降低近期再出血率和急诊外科手术率.     

“U型”反转套扎技术在食管胃静脉曲张治疗中的应用

目的评价“U型”反转套扎技术治疗食管胃静脉曲张的疗效。方法将191例食管胃静脉曲张患者随机分为2组：内镜下常规套扎（EVL）组101例行内镜下常规套扎;内镜下反转套扎（EVLR）组90例先行反转镜环周套扎贲门下曲张静脉,而后常规套扎食管。观察术后18个月内曲张静脉治疗效果、平均治疗次数、急诊止血率、近期再出血率及静脉曲张复发率等。结果随访期内,治疗后显效率、无效率,平均治疗次数,2组差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0．05）,EVLR组明显优于EVL组,且EVLR组急诊止血率可达100％。但近期再出血率、静脉曲张复发率、并发症发生率、病死率与EVL组相比,差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。结论经反转镜贲门下环周套扎法可以提高食管胃静脉曲张破裂急诊止血率,较常规套扎显效率高,治疗次数少,安全性高。     

内镜套扎及组织胶栓塞治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血的疗效观察

【摘要】目的探讨内镜下静脉曲张套扎术（EVL）及组织胶栓塞术治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析452例食管胃底静脉曲张出血患者的食管静脉曲张EVL和胃底静脉曲张组织胶栓塞术治疗及随访情况,对治疗效果及并发症进行总结。结果急诊止血成功率为100．0％（145／145）,早期再出血率为1．8％（8／452）,早期不良反应发生率为50．0％（226／452）,并发症发生率为12．4％（56／452）。EVL治疗食管静脉曲张有效率和显效率分别为32．5％（145／446）和40．4％（180／446）;组织胶栓塞术治疗胃底静脉曲张有效率和显效率分别为32．5％（136／419）和27．4％（115／419）。426例随访9—37个月,平均18个月,再出血发生率为10．1％（43／426）,6个月生存率为97．9％（417／426）,1年生存率为89．9％（383／426）。结论EVL及组织胶栓塞术治疗食管胃底静脉曲张疗效较好,两者联合治疗操作简单、疗效好、患者创伤小,既可以用于急诊止血,也可用于二级预防。     

食管静脉曲张择期内镜下套扎术后早期再出血及远期预后的回顾性分析

【摘要】目的探讨食管静脉曲张择期行内镜下静脉曲张套扎术（EVL）后早期再出血者的危险因素,并评估早期再出血者的远期预后。方法对198例肝硬化合并食管静脉曲张择期行EVL二级预防患者进行回顾性研究,26例EVL术后6周内发生再出血事件者纳人早期再出血组,其余172例纳入对照组,对比分析可能预测EVL术后发生早期再出血的危险因素,利用生存分析法比较两组患者远期预后,并进一步分析死亡原因。结果对比分析显示肝功能Child—Pugh分级（P=0．016）、肝功能Child—Pugh评分（P=0．012）、术前总胆红素水平（P=0．001）在早期再出血组和对照组间差异有统计学意义;进一步多因素分析发现术前总胆红素水平升高是EVL术后发生早期再出血的独立危险因素（OR=2．02,95％CI：1．04—4．14,P=0．008）。早期再出血组出血相关的死亡占66．7％（10／15）,对照组仅占13．6％（6／44）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;Kaplan—Miere生存分析显示,早期再出血组5年累积生存率为25．3％,对照组为67．8％,差异亦有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论食管静脉曲张择期EVL术后发生早期再出血患者的远期预后较差,而术前总胆红素水平较高可能提示术后发生早期再出血。     

经内镜栓塞术联合套扎术治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血的疗效观察

目的探讨胃底静脉曲张栓塞术联合内镜下食管静脉曲张套扎术（EVL）治疗肝硬化上消化道出血的疗效。方法经急诊胃镜检查发现活动性胃底静脉曲张出血合并Ⅱ°以上食管静脉曲张且排除其他病因的上消化道出血患者共156例,分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组胃底静脉曲张组织粘合剂栓塞同时食管静脉EVL治疗;对照组胃底静脉曲张组织粘合剂栓塞治疗2个月后行食管静脉EVL。结果两组均未发生与治疗相关的并发症。止血成功率治疗组为96．3％（77／80）,对照组为97．4％（74／76）,（P〉0．05）;近期再出血率治疗组为6．4％（5／78）,对照组为21．3％（16／75）,两组差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;两组患者随访6个月,再出血率分别为13．0％（9／69）、25．4％（17／67）,差异有统计学性意义（P〈0．05）。胃底静脉曲张改善总有效率治疗组和对照组分别为61．6％、59．1％,食管曲张静脉改善总有效率为74．0％、67．9％,差异均无统计学意义。结论胃底静脉曲张栓塞联合EVL是治疗肝硬化胃底静脉曲张出血并食管静脉曲张的安全有效方法,同时联合治疗更能降低再出血率。     

特利加压素比较施他宁治疗急性食管静脉曲张破裂出血

目的 比较特利加压素和施要治疗肝硬化患者的急性食管静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效和安全性。方法 特利加压素治疗组４１例,静推２ｍｇ后,第４ｈ静椎１ｍｇ;施他宁治疗组４３例,静注２５０μｇ连续静滴。观察两种药物的止血率,再出血率、死亡率和 。结果 特利加压素组治疗有效率（８０．５％）类似于施他宁组（８３．７％）;两组再出血率分别为１９．５％和２３．３％,死亡率分别为１２．２％和１６．３％。特中压素组作用发生     

内镜套扎术在治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血中的临床应用价值

目的探讨内镜下食管静脉曲张套扎术（EVL）治疗和预防肝硬化患者食管静脉曲张破裂出血的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2008-01～2012-01该院142例肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者,其中行EVL治疗74例（治疗组）,内科保守治疗68例（对照组）,并对其临床疗效进行随访观察。结果所有患者随访6个月以上,治疗组的早期再出血率、迟发出血率、曲张静脉好转率、复发率、手术率及病死率均低于对照组（P〈0.05或〈0.01）。结论 EVL能有效地降低肝硬化门脉高压患者食管静脉曲张的程度,降低再出血率、复发率、手术率和病死率,是一种有效的内镜治疗手段。     

内镜下组织粘合剂注射联合套扎治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效观察

目的评价急诊内镜下组织粘合剂（α-氰丙烯酸烷基脂）注射联合套扎治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的临床疗效。方法2008年1月至2009年1月间21例食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者接受急诊内镜下胃底曲张静脉组织粘合剂注射联合食管曲张静脉套扎（EVL）治疗,对其治疗疗效进行回顾性分析。结果21例患者的急诊止血有效率达95％（20／21）,未出现严重并发症。结论急诊内镜下组织粘合剂注射联合套扎治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血,止血疗效确切,并发症发生率低,值得推广。     

内镜下组织胶注射联合套扎治疗急性胃食管静脉曲张出血的临床应用

目的探讨内镜下组织胶注射联合套扎治疗急性胃食管静脉曲张出血的临床价值。方法23例临床确诊为肝硬化急性胃食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者,均于出血稳定12h内采用胃曲张静脉三明治法组织胶注射后联合食管曲张静脉套扎治疗,术后2周、3个月进行内镜随访。观察治疗后再出血率、死亡率、食管胃静脉曲张程度。结果所有患者均一次成功止血。6例患者于术后2周,再次行EVL术。食管胃静脉曲张程度明显减轻,食管静脉治疗有效率95．65％,胃底静脉曲张治疗有效率91．30％。随访期3个月内无一例再出血及死亡病例。结论内镜下组织胶注射联合套扎是治疗胃食管静脉曲张急性出血一种安全可靠的方法。     

Minimal and Maximal Extent of Band Ligation for Acute Variceal Bleeding during the First Endoscopic Session

Background/AimsThe appropriate number of band ligations during the first endoscopic session for acute variceal bleeding is debatable. We aimed to compare the technical aspects of endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) in patients with variceal bleeding according to the number of bands placed per session.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed multicenter data from patients who underwent EVL for acute variceal bleeding. Patients were classified into minimal EVL (targeting only the foci with active bleeding or stigmata of recent bleeding) and maximal EVL (targeting potential bleeding sources in addition to the aforementioned targets) groups. The primary endpoint was 5-day treatment failure. The secondary endpoints were 30-day rebleeding, 30-day mortality, and intraprocedural adverse events.ResultsMinimal EVL was associated with lower rates of hypoxia and shock during EVL than maximal EVL (hypoxia, 0.9% vs 2.9%; shock, 1.3% vs 3.4%). However, treatment failure was higher in the minimal EVL group than in the maximal EVL group (odds ratio, 1.60; 95% confidence interval, 1.06 to 2.41). Age ≥60 years, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score ≥15, Child-Turcotte-Pugh classification C, presence of hepatocellular carcinoma, and systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg at initial presentation were also associated with treatment failure. In contrast, 30-day rebleeding and 30-day mortality did not differ between the minimal and maximal EVL groups.ConclusionsGiven that minimal EVL was associated with a high risk of treatment failure, maximal EVL may be a better option for variceal bleeding. However, the minimal EVL strategy should be considered in select patients because it does not affect 30-day rebleeding and mortality.     

A Modified Percutaneous Transhepatic Variceal Embolization with 2-Octyl Cyanoacrylate Versus Endoscopic Ligation in Esophageal Variceal Bleeding Management: Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND: Conventional percutaneous transhepatic varices embolization (PTVE) has rarely been used in recent years due to high rates of variceal recurrence and rebleeding. Herein we report a modified PTVE with 2-octyl cyanoacrylate (2-OCA) in which the whole lower esophageal and peri or para-esophageal varices, the submucosal varices, and the advertitial plexus of the cardia and fundus were sufficiently obliterated. We compared this PTVE with endoscopic band ligation (EVL) in the treatment of esophageal variceal bleeding. METHODS: In this prospective randomized controlled trial, cirrhotic patients with acute or recent esophageal variceal bleeding were assigned randomly to PTVE (52 patients) or EVL (50 patients) groups. Upper gastrointestinal (UGI) rebleeding, esophageal variceal rebleeding, and survival were followed-up. Computerized tomography (CT) scanning and portal venography were used to observe 2-OCA distribution. RESULTS: During the follow-up period (median 24 and 25 months in the PTVE and EVL groups, respectively) UGI rebleeding developed in eight patients in the PTVE group and 21 patients in EVL group (P = 0.004). Recurrent bleeding from esophageal varices occurred in three patients in the PTVE group and twelve in the EVL group (P = 0.012, relative risk 0.24, 95% confidence interval 0.05-0.74). Multivariate Cox analysis indicated that the treatment was the only factor predictive of rebleeding. A Kaplan-Meier curve showed there was no significant difference between survival in the two groups (P = 0.054). CONCLUSIONS: With the whole lower esophageal and peri or para-esophageal varices, the submucosal varices, and the adventitial plexus of the cardia and fundus sufficiently obliterated by 2-OCA, this modified PTVE was more effective than EVL in the management of esophageal varices recurrence and rebleeding. Survival in these two groups was not significantly different, however.     

心得安联合内镜套扎术预防食管静脉曲张再出血的疗效分析

目的比较心得安联合内镜套扎治疗与单独内镜套扎治疗预防食管静脉曲张再出血的疗效。方法 65例食管静脉曲张破裂出血的患者随机分为心得安联合内镜套扎治疗组(33例),单独内镜套扎治疗组(32例),平均随访12个月,比较两组间再出血率,门脉高压性胃病,食管静脉曲张复发和胃底静脉曲张的发生率。结果两组治疗后随访第6,12个月显示,与单独内镜套扎治疗比较,心得安联合内镜套扎治疗显著降低再出血率(15.2%vs 37.5%,21.2%vs 46.9%,P<0.05),门脉高压性胃病(18.2%vs43.8%,30.3%vs 56.3%,P<0.05),食管静脉曲张复发(15.2%vs 37.5%,24.2%vs 50.0%,P<0.05)和胃底静脉曲张的发生率(12.1%vs 34.4%,21.2%vs 46.9%,P<0.05)。结论心得安联合内镜套扎治疗是二级预防食管静脉曲张出血的首选治疗方法。     

Variceal ligation plus nadolol compared with ligation for prophylaxis of variceal rebleeding: a multicenter trial

beta-Blockers and endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) have proven to be valuable methods in the prevention of variceal rebleeding. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of EVL combined with nadolol versus EVL alone as secondary prophylaxis for variceal bleeding. Patients admitted for acute variceal bleeding were treated during emergency endoscopy with EVL or sclerotherapy and received somatostatin for 5 days. At that point, patients were randomized to receive EVL plus nadolol or EVL alone. EVL sessions were repeated every 10 to 12 days until the varices were eradicated. Eighty patients with cirrhosis (alcoholic origin in 66%) were included (Child-Turcotte-Pugh A, 15%; B, 56%; C, 29%). The median follow-up period was 16 months (range, 1-24 months). The variceal bleeding recurrence rate was 14% in the EVL plus nadolol group and 38% in the EVL group (P = .006). Mortality was similar in both groups: five patients (11.6%) died in the combined therapy group and four patients (10.8%) died in the EVL group. There were no significant differences in the number of EVL sessions to eradicate varices: 3.2 +/- 1.3 in the combined therapy group versus 3.5 +/- 1.3 in the EVL alone group. The actuarial probability of variceal recurrence at 1 year was lower in the EVL plus nadolol group (54%) than in the EVL group (77%; P = .06). Adverse effects resulting from nadolol were observed in 11% of the patients. In conclusion, nadolol plus EVL reduces the incidence of variceal rebleeding compared with EVL alone. A combined treatment could lower the probability of variceal recurrence after eradication.     

心得安单纯或联合使用在二级预防食管静脉曲张出血中的疗效比较

目的比较单纯心得安、套扎＋心得安、硬化剂＋心得安二级预防食管静脉曲张出血的疗效,探寻心得安二级预防食管静脉曲张出血的最佳组合。方法78例食管静脉曲张出血患者随机分成3组,每组26例,止血后分别给予心得安（心得安组）、套扎＋心得安（套扎组）、硬化剂＋心得安（硬化剂组）,比较各组12个月内再出血率、死亡率,以及各组门脉高压性胃病、胃底静脉曲张发生率、食管曲张静脉复发率。结果12个月内再出血率套扎组为30．77％,明显低于心得安组（53．85％）及硬化组（42．31％）（P均〈0．05）;套扎组和心得安组门脉高压性胃病及胃底静脉曲张发生率相似,都明显低于硬化组（P均〈0．05）;而食管静脉曲张再发率高于硬化组（P〈0．05）。结论在应用心得安的基础上进行套扎治疗可能是目前食管静脉曲张出血最有效的二级预防方法。     

内镜套扎与普萘洛尔预防肝硬化食管静脉曲张首次出血效能的Meta分析

目的比较内镜下套扎术（EVL）和普萘洛尔预防肝硬化食管静脉曲张首次出血的疗效和安全性。方法计算机检索1999至2012年12月31日PubMed、EBMBASE、万方数据库中关于EVL和普萘洛尔预防肝硬化食管静脉曲张首次出血的随机对照试验,同时追索纳入文献的参考文献。使用RevMan 5.1专业Meta分析软件对治疗后首次出血率,出血病死率,总病死率和不良反应发生率进行Meta分析。结果纳入6个随机对照试验,包括EVL组280例和普萘洛尔组301例患者。文献的Cochrane质量评价均为B级,属于较高质量文献。Meta分析结果显示,EVL在预防肝硬化食管静脉曲张患者的首次出血率、出血病死率、总病死率和不良反应发生率分别为16.4%、4.3%、22.5%和25.0%,与普萘洛尔组的21.6%（P=0.07）、6.3%（P=0.27）、20.9%（P=0.56）和31.9%（P=0.33）相比均无显著性差异;漏斗图存在不对称的现象,提示可能存在发表性偏倚;敏感性分析表明纳入研究具有稳定性。结论EVL与普萘洛尔在预防肝硬化食管静脉曲张破裂的效能无显著性差异。     

Banding ligation versus nadolol and isosorbide mononitrate for the prevention of esophageal variceal rebleeding

BACKGROUND & AIMS: beta-blockers and banding ligation are effective in the prevention of variceal rebleeding. However, the relative efficacy and safety remains unresolved. METHODS: One hundred twenty-one patients with a history of esophageal variceal bleeding were enrolled. Patients were randomized to undergo regular endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL group, 60 patients) until variceal obliteration, or drug therapy by using nadolol plus isosorbide mononitrate (N+I group, 61 patients) during the study period to prevent rebleeding. RESULTS: After a median follow-up period of 25 months, recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding developed in 23 patients in the EVL group and 35 patients in the N+I group (P = 0.10). Recurrent bleeding from esophageal varices occurred in 12 patients (20%) in the EVL group and 26 patients (42%) in the N+I group (relative risk = 0.45; 95% confidence interval, 0.24-0.85). The actuarial probability of rebleeding from esophageal varices was lower in the EVL group (P = 0.01). The multivariate Cox analysis indicated that the treatment was the only factor predictive of rebleeding. Treatment failure occurred in 8 patients (13%) in the EVL group and 17 patients (28%) in the N+I group (P = 0.01). Fifteen patients in the EVL group and 8 patients of the N+I group died (P = 0.06). Complications occurred in 17% of the EVL group and in 19% of the N+I group (P = 0.6). CONCLUSIONS: Our trial showed that ligation was more effective than nadolol plus isosorbide-5-mononitrate in the prevention of variceal rebleeding, with similar complications in both treatment modalities. However, there is no significant difference in the survival rate between the 2 groups.     

Improved survival in patients receiving medical therapy as compared with banding ligation for the prevention of esophageal variceal rebleeding

Both medical therapy and endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) have proven to be comparable in the prevention of variceal rebleeding. However, the long-term results are still lacking. Our previous study enrolled 121 patients with history of esophageal variceal bleeding and randomized to receive EVL (EVL group, 60 patients) or drug therapy, nadolol plus isosorbide-5-mononitrate (N+I) (N+I group, 61 patients) to prevent variceal rebleeding. The EVL group received ligation regularly until variceal obliteration. The N+I group received N+I during the study period. Patients were followed for up to 8 years. After a median follow-up of 82 months, recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding developed in 28 patients (47%) in the EVL group and 49 patients (80%) in the N+I group (P = 0.001). Recurrent bleeding from esophageal varices occurred in 18 patients (30%) in the EVL group and 39 patients (64%) in the N+I group. The actuarial probability of rebleeding from esophageal varices was lower in the EVL group (P = 0.001). A total of 42 patients of the EVL group and 30 patients of the N+I group died (P = 0.013). The multivariate Cox analysis indicated that age, serum albumin, presence of encephalopathy, and treatment were the factors predictive of mortality. CONCLUSION: Our long-term follow-up study showed that combination of N+I therapy was inferior to banding ligation in the reduction of variceal rebleeding, but with enhanced survival.     

急诊内镜下套扎与硬化治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血的比较

目的比较食管静脉曲张破裂出血急诊内镜下套扎与硬化治疗的疗效和安全性。方法对210例食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者,急诊情况下行内镜下套扎或硬化治疗,并分析比较两组急诊止血成功率、近期再出血率、急诊治疗曲张静脉消失率、不良反应、并发症、病死率等情况。结果急诊止血成功率套扎组达95.4%,硬化组达96.0%;近期再出血率分别为4.8%和4.1%;套扎组急诊治疗曲张静脉消失率明显优于硬化组（P〈0.01）。两组不良反应、并发症及病死率无差别。临床疗效与肝功能呈正相关。结论急诊内镜下套扎与硬化治疗食管静脉曲张出血均为有效、安全的止血方法。临床上可结合患者实际情况综合考虑后选择。