内镜下套扎与硬化剂治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血疗效的Meta分析

目的系统评价内镜下套扎疗法(EVL)与硬化剂治疗(EVS)食管静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效与安全性。方法全面检索Pubmed、Web of Science、The Cochrane Library(2016年2期)、CNKI、Wan Fang Data数据库,检索时限均为1980年1月-2016年3月,纳入内镜下治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血的随机对照试验,采用Rev Man5.3软件进行Meta分析。结果最终纳入24项研究,共计2 020例患者。Meta分析结果显示两组食管静脉曲张根除率差异无统计学意义[相对危险度(RR)=1.04,95%CI(0.99,1.09),P=0.090],EVL组较EVS组更能减少食管静脉曲张再出血率[RR=0.69,95%CI(0.59,0.81),P=0.000]、病死率[RR=0.76,95%CI(0.63,0.90),P=0.002]和并发症发生率[RR=0.41,95%CI(0.26,0.63),P=0.000],且差异具有统计学意义,但是在减少食管静脉曲张复发率方面,EVS组有更好的优越性,差异具有统计学意义[RR=1.67,95%CI(1.40,2.01),P=0.000]。结论现有证据表明,与内镜下EVS比较,EVL治疗食管静脉曲张破裂出血的静脉曲张根除率与EVS法相当,但EVL法的食管静脉曲张再出血率、病死率及并发症发生率更小。     

Intramural hematoma of the esophagus: Unusual complication of variceal sclerotherapy

A patient is described who developed severe retrosternal pain and dysphagia immediately after sclerotherapy of esophageal varices. Extensive submucosal bleeding of the esophageal wall was demonstrated radiologically and endoscopically. This lesion resolved within 2 weeks of conservative treatment.     

Portal vein thrombosis after variceal endoscopic sclerotherapy in cirrhotic patients: role of genetic thrombophilia

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Portal vein thrombosis is a rare event in patients with liver cirrhosis in the absence of a related neoplasm. Endoscopic sclerotherapy of esophageal varices has been anecdotally associated with the development of portal vein thrombosis. We tested the hypothesis that genetic thrombophilia plays a role in the development of portal vein thrombosis in patients with liver cirrhosis undergoing endoscopic sclerotherapy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: From June 1998 to December 1999, 61 consecutive patients underwent multiple sessions of endoscopic sclerotherapy for bleeding esophageal varices. Doppler ultrasound of the portal vein was performed before sclerotherapy and every 3 months thereafter. Antiphospholipid antibodies, factor V Leiden (FVL) mutation, prothrombin mutation G20210A (PTHRA20210) and mutation TT677 of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR C677T) were evaluated in all patients. RESULTS: Portal vein thrombosis developed in 16 % of the patients (10 of 61) after a mean follow-up period of 16 months. A genetic cause for thrombosis was found in 70 % of patients with liver cirrhosis who developed portal vein occlusion, but only in 8 % of patients without this complication. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic sclerotherapy of esophageal varices may represent a trigger factor for portal vein thrombosis in cirrhotic patients with genetic thrombophilia.     

胃镜下胃底曲张静脉注射硬化剂联合食管曲张静脉套扎治疗食管胃底静脉曲张的疗效观察

目的观察胃镜下胃底曲张静脉注射硬化剂（GVS）联合食管曲张静脉套扎（EVL）治疗食管胃底静脉曲张的疗效。方法将64例肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张且曾经和／或近期破裂出血的患者分成2组。对照组仅给予EVL治疗,观察组进行GVS联合EVL治疗,治疗后1、3、6个月复查胃镜观察疗效。结果1个月后两组总有效率比较,差异无统计学意义（χ2=0．217,P=0．64）;3、6个月后观察组总有效率明显高于对照组,差异有显著统计学意义（χ2分别为5．379及6．63,P分别为0．017及0．012）。观察组胃底静脉曲张在3次随访中也有明显的改善。结论胃镜下GVS联合EVL治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张疗效确切,降低近期出血风险,值得临床推广应用。     

Clinical evaluation of combined endoscopic variceal ligation and sclerotherapy of gastric varices in liver cirrhosis

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy (EIS) using cyanoacrylate and balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (B-RTO) are the main procedures used to treat gastric varices. However, neither technique is free of problems. EIS for gastric varices may cause embolism in other organs; B-RTO requires a gastrorenal shunt and may aggravate esophageal varices. We have developed a combined form of endoscopic therapy involving band ligation and sclerotherapy which is an effective and safe procedure for treating gastric varices. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty-six patients with gastric varices and liver cirrhosis were treated at Almeida Memorial Hospital from June 1997 to May 2002 using the combined procedure. Each gastric varix was tightly ligated with O-rings, and 1 % polidocanol was injected into the submucosa around the ligated varix. If necessary, additional sclerotherapy was carried out after the initial treatment. RESULTS: The rate of hemostasis for variceal bleeding was 100 %, and no critical complications were noted. Complete disappearance of the gastric varices was observed endoscopically in all cases. Computed tomography showed that collateral vessels outside the gastric wall were not occluded by the treatment. Endoscopic follow-up examinations were carried out, and gastric varices recurred in seven patients (12.5 %). Only two of the patients (3.6 %) had a small amount of oozing bleeding. Additional endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL) and/or EIS were performed in these seven cases, and none of the patients died as a result of a bleeding gastric varix. CONCLUSIONS: The combined procedure was easily performed immediately after endoscopic examination, and required no special apparatus. It was found to be a safe and effective method of treating gastric varices.     

肝硬化静脉曲张套扎及硬化术后近期不良预后危险因素

目的：探讨肝硬化静脉曲张套扎及硬化术后不良预后的危险因素。方法收集天津医科大学总医院内镜中心行内镜下食管胃底静脉曲张套扎术（endoscopic variceal ligation,EVL）和硬化术（endoscopic injection sclerotherapy,EIS）治疗患者142例,对其性别、年龄、肝硬化病因、是否合并糖尿病、动脉粥样硬化及脾切除术史以及术前实验室检查、影像学检查、内镜下治疗方式等因素进行统计分析。结果肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张 EVL、EIS治疗不良预后的发生率为22．5％（32／142）,病死率2．1％（3／142）,存在不良预后因素者病死率高达9．4％（3／32）。其中术后早期出血率11．3％（16／142）,术后感染率9．2％（13／142）。Child-Pugh分级、治疗方式、门静脉血栓、腹水程度、术前胆红素水平与治疗后预后不良相关（均P＜0．05）,Child分级及门静脉血栓是内镜下治疗后预后不良的独立危险因素,OR值分别为4．006,14．06,95％CI 分别为1．742～9．215,3．527～56．113。结论 Child-Pugh分级、治疗方式、门静脉血栓、腹水程度、术前胆红素水平是食管胃底静脉曲张内镜下治疗预后的相关因素,门静脉血栓、Child-Pugh分级是食管胃底静脉曲张内镜下治疗预后不良的独立危险因素,行 EVL和 EIS治疗前应严格掌握适应证,术后密切监测并积极预防。     

N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate: a supplement to endoscopic sclerotherapy

We report on our two years' experience with the tissue adhesive n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate. During this period 202 patients suffering from esophagogastric varices were treated endoscopically. With the aid of the tissue adhesive the conventional sclerotherapy with Polidocanol 1% has been clearly improved. Problems concerning early recurrent bleeding and fundic varices are satisfactorily solved. The endoscopic hemostasis of severe variceal bleedings has become safer and surer. The overall hospital mortality of these patients has sunk from 31.5 to 17.5%. Cyanoacrylate is a very useful substance for obliterating large esophagogastric varices. However, the complete elimination of esophageal varices, which is the guarantee for a long-term freedom from recurrent bleeding, can only be achieved by using a genuine sclerosing agent.     

Intramural hematoma of the esophagus after variceal sclerotherapy.

Two patients with cirrhosis are presented who developed retrosternal pain and dysphagia immediately after sclerotherapy of esophageal varices. Extensive submucosal bleeding of the esophageal wall was demonstrated radiologically and endoscopically. Complete resolution occurred spontaneously and did not lead to residual complications such as strictures. Intramural hematoma of the esophagus is an unusual complication after endoscopic variceal sclerotherapy.     

食管静脉曲张套扎术后早期再出血的危险因素探讨

目的 探讨肝硬化食管静脉曲张内镜下套扎术(EVL)后早期再出血的危险因素.方法 回顾性分析259例接受EVL术肝硬化患者的一般情况、病因、手术史、临床表现、胃镜检查、饮食及运动负荷、药物治疗及实验室检查等情况,寻找独立危险因素.结果 EVL术后早期再出血率为8.49%,再出血死亡率为31.8%.摄入硬食、腹水量、凝血酶原时间、门静脉血栓及血红蛋白为EVL术后早期再出血的独立危险因素.结论 EVL术前纠正严重受损的肝功能、大量腹水、凝血功能异常及术后避免硬食可减少术后早期再出血的发生.