抗体在靶向基因治疗中的应用

基因治疗是将人的正常基因或有疾病治疗作用的基因导入人体靶细胞,从而达到治疗目的的生物医学技术。基因治疗正处于持续发展的阶段,已成为重要的医药产业。综合来说,抗体在基因治疗中主要应用于两方面:1直接将抗体基因导入体内,表达出的蛋白产物作为治疗分子发挥治疗作用[1-2];2作为基因转移系统的靶向成分在基因治疗中发挥作用。本文将重点介绍第二方面的研究进展。将编码治疗分子的DNA,siRNA(small interfering RNA)或反义RNA(antisense oliognucleotides)高效、准确地转入体内靶组织和靶细胞是将基因治疗应用于临床的     

手术患者非手术时间段风险因素分析及护理对策

目的探讨手术患者在非手术时间段的风险因素,有针对性地制定保护患者安全的护理措施,防止护理风险的发生,提高手术室的护理质量。方法分析非手术时间段所存在的各种风险因素,制定了相应的护理措施。结果未发生非手术时间段的护理风险。结论只有充分认识到手术患者非手术时间段风险因素的存在,分析其发生原因,做好相应的护理措施,才能杜绝护理风险的发生。     

青少年网络成瘾的社会风险因素的回归分析

目的:探讨青少年网络成瘾的社会风险因素,为预防青少年网络成瘾提供参考.方法:490名大学生完成自编一般资料问卷、网络成瘾诊断最表、家庭环境量表(FES-CV)、父母教养方式量表(EMBU)、依恋问卷(AAQ3.1)、社会支持量表,对多种因素进行Logistic回归.结果:网络成瘾组与正常组在性别与父亲文化程度上有显著差异.Logistic回归分析依次进入方程的是父亲拒绝否认、母亲角色倒置、主观支持分、性别.其中父亲拒绝否认、母亲角色倒置是风险因素,主观支持分是保护因素.结论:男性、主观支持少、父亲拒绝否认、母亲角色倒置的青少年网络成瘾的危险性高.     

儿科静脉输液护理风险因素分析与对策

静脉输液是儿科护患矛盾的焦点.由于小儿群体的特殊性,多数是独生子女,关注的人较多,年龄小或在家备受宠爱,血管细小不明显,耐受力差,穿刺时不能积极配合,患儿家长对静脉穿刺技术期望值较高等原因,容易发生护患矛盾,甚至引发纠纷.     

住院精神病人饮食不安全因素分析及护理干预

探讨脊髓型颈椎病(CSM) 牵引治疗的护理方法.通过观察109例患者.有针对性地进行牵引前的心理干预、牵引过程的密切观察、牵引后的细心护理.本组经过手法牵引综合治疗,科学、精心的护理,疗效优72例,良22例,优良率86.7%.     

Successes and risks of gene therapy in primary immunodeficiencies

Several primary immunodeficiencies are under consideration for gene therapy approaches because of limitations of current standard treatment. Many primary immunodeficiencies are caused by defects in single genes expressed in blood cells; thus addition of a correct copy of the gene to hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can generate immune cells with restored function. HSCs can be removed from a patient, treated outside the body, and reinfused. In the last decade, significant improvements have been made in transferring genes by means of retroviruses to HSCs in vitro, and gene therapy trials for patients with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) and adenosine deaminase-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency have restored immune competence. Gene therapy is actively being pursued in other immunodeficiency disorders, including chronic granulomatous disease and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. However, enthusiasm for the correction of XSCID by means of gene therapy has been tempered by the occurrence of 2 cases of leukemia in gene therapy recipients caused by insertion of the retroviral vector in or near the oncogene LMO2. The likelihood of retroviral insertional mutagenesis was estimated to be very low in the past on the basis of theoretic calculations and the absence of observed malignancies in animal studies and early clinical trials. Emerging new findings on retroviral integration both in the patients with XSCID and experimental animals now indicate that the insertion of retroviral sequences into the genome carries significant risk. Understanding the magnitude of risk is now a priority so that safety can be improved for future gene therapy clinical trials.     

The testing of dominants for heterozygosity

A simple method of estimating the frequency of heterozygotes among the dominants by test-making has been described; and then a maximum likelihood estimate is obtained by an iterative counting procedure. Eearly results of Haldane have been review and modified. Methods of estimating the gene frequencies, their ratio, and the inbreeding coefficient from test-mating results have also been given.     

Coherence analysis of electrical activity in the rabbit brain during the process of substitution of dominants

Coherence analysis was used to study intercenter relationships between biopotentials in the sensorimotor cortex (forelimb and blink representation areas) and the visual cortex in both hemispheres and the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus (VPL) of the left and right thalami during the formation of a motor defensive dominant (electrical stimulation of the limb skin) on a background of an induced (by stimulation of the cornea with an air jet) blink dominant. Characteristic electrophysiological measures of the dominant state (increases in the mean coherence level of potentials in the delta frequency range in, structures involved in the functional defensive limb reflex system), along with the absence of behavioral manifestations of the motor dominant in the blink dominant, indicated that a cryptic potential dominant focus was created in the CNS in these conditions, and that this affected ongoing animal activity. Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatel'nosti imeni I. P. Pavlova, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 616–622, July–August, 1998.     

Individualizing the risks and benefits of postmenopausal hormone therapy

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to develop an individualized risk-benefit model quantifying the impact of combined use of estrogen and progestogen on chronic diseases. DESIGN: The study population consisted of women, aged 40+, prescribed postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) in the UK General Practice Research Database (N > 200,000). Individualized risks of fracture, colorectal cancer, diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction, deep venous thrombosis/pulmonary embolism, breast cancer, and stroke were estimated using Cox regression. Relative rates from the Women's Health Initiative trial were used to estimate attributable risks (ie, excess risks) in a risk-benefit simulation model. RESULTS: Risks and benefits increased with age and length of HT use. HT use for 5 years initiated at age 45 increased the absolute risk of myocardial infarction by 0.04% and breast cancer by 0.3% and reduced the risk of hip fracture by 0.03%. Comparably, 5-year HT use started at age 75 led to increases in the risks of myocardial infarction and breast cancer (+0.4% and +0.2%, respectively) and reduced that of hip fracture (-0.9%). There was considerable heterogeneity in the risks and benefits of HT. In most of the younger HT users, the frequency of risks exceeded that of the benefits, although the absolute excess risks were small. In HT users aged 70+, 62.4% experienced more benefits than risks, whereas 37.6% experienced more risks than benefits. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of beneficial and adverse effects of HT on chronic diseases was low in younger women, whereas the ratio of these risks and benefits varied substantially among the older users. However, the study could not asses the effects of HT on menopausal symptoms and quality of life, benefits more likely to be observed among younger women.     

Subordination in male talapoin monkeys lowers sexual behaviour in the absence of dominants

Three experiments assessed the consequences of social status for the socio-sexual behaviour and endocrine state of adult male talapoin monkeys (Miopithecus talapoin). In the first study, each of five males was individually placed into a group of adult females. Neither behavioural responses, nor plasma levels of testosterone, cortisol, or prolactin, predicted males' rank or hormone levels when all males were subsequently placed with these females. In the second study, each of four mixed-sex social groups lived continuously in a large cage for periods ranging from 9-15 months. There were marked differences between the behaviour and hormone levels of highest- and lowest-ranking males. In the third study, each highest- and lowest-ranking male from these groups was individually placed with females. Males that had experienced social subordination for long periods (9-15 months) showed infrequent sexual behaviour and had elevated levels of cortisol and prolactin. These results indicate that the experience of chronic social subordination is a strong predictor of how males will subsequently behave, since both the endocrine and behavioural effects of subordination persist even after the dominant males are removed.     

壳聚糖纳米粒在基因治疗中的应用

壳聚糖是自然界存在的唯一的碱性多糖，具有良好的生物粘附性、生物可降解性及生物相容性。用壳聚糖制备的纳米粒具有助渗作用及生物粘附性，在基因递送载体的研究中具有广阔的发展前景。