肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的TACE治疗

经导管动脉化疗栓塞术（TACE）已广泛应用于无法切除的肝癌,也应用于合并门静脉癌栓（PVTT）的肝癌。为此,笔者就TACE在合并PVTT肝癌中的应用,及其并发症与待完善的方面等进行综述。     

合并门静脉癌栓的原发性肝癌的综合介入治疗

目的评价CT引导下经皮射频消融（RFA）＋经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术（TACE）为主,必要时联合经皮无水乙醇注射（PEI）及三维适形放疗（3D-CRT）治疗合并门静脉癌栓（PVTT）的原发性肝癌的疗效。方法对38例侵犯门静脉的原发性肝癌患者先行TACE治疗,再行CT引导下RFA治疗,根据肿瘤位置以及是否侵犯门静脉主干,联合应用PEI或3D-CRT治疗。以mRECIST标准为评价指标。结果联合治疗侵犯门静脉的原发性肝癌总体完全缓解（CR）率为42.11%（16/38）,部分缓解（PR）率为15.79%（6/38）,稳定（SD）率为2.63%（1/38）,进展（PD）率为39.47%（15/38）。结论以TACE＋RFA治疗为主,必要时联合PEI和3D-CRT治疗侵犯门静脉的原发性肝癌,方法安全,疗效显著。     

原发性肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的介入治疗进展

由于治疗手段和技术的提高,肝癌患者的生存期明显延长,因此复发和门脉癌栓形成的几率也显著提高。一旦发展到此阶段,手术的机会几乎丧失。介入治疗癌栓起着重要的作用。本文复习最近几年的文献,对几种介入治疗的方法、疗效进行综述。     

Macroscopic portal vein tumor thrombi of liver metastasis from colorectal cancer

We present a case of multiple colorectal liver metastases with macroscopic portal vein thrombi. A 55-year-old woman presented to us with rectosigmoid cancer and presented with two liver metastases. The tumor in the posterior sector was associated with invasion of first order branches of the portal vein. We performed low anterior resection, hepatic posterior sectorectomy and partial left anterior sectorectomy. Both the colorectal cancer and liver tumors exhibited histological characteristics of moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with a substantial amount of mucin production. The liver metastases were associated with prominent tumor thrombi in many branches of the portal vein. Stronger staining for endoglin (CD 105) than for Fas ligand (Fas L) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2) was observed in both the colorectal cancer and metastatic liver tumor cells. Expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor within the tumor cells was seen in both the colorectal cancer as well as the metastatic liver tumor cells. Six months after the operation, she was diagnosed to have multiple, more than about 20 liver metastases, and in 9 months after the operation, the patient died. The colorectal cancer with liver metastases associated with portal vein tumor thrombosis was poor prognosis, found neoplastic microvessel formation.     

取栓术和栓塞化疗在提高合并门静脉癌栓肝癌手术疗效中？…

目的 探讨肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的手术疗效,评价术中门静脉癌栓取出术和术后辅助肝动脉栓塞化疗对提高肝癌术后生存率的影响。方法 对１０６例肝癌合并门静脉癌栓接受不规则性肝叶切除术的病人进行临床分组研究,分别采用单纯手术切除;手术切除加术中取栓术、术中取栓术后辅助肝动脉栓塞化疗,比较各组的疗效。结果 全组病人的１,３和５年生存率分别为３６．１％,２４．７％和２４．７％。单纯手术切除组（１例）的１、３、和５     

原发性肝癌合并癌栓的研究进展

原发性肝癌是由肝细胞或胆管细胞异常增生、分化所形成的恶性肿瘤。影响原发性肝癌预后的一个重要因素是癌栓的形成,所以充分认识癌栓（包括门静脉癌栓和胆管癌栓）对临床的治疗及判断预后尤为重要。笔者就原发性肝癌合并癌栓的研究进展进行综述。     

Hepatic resection for colorectal metastasis with macroscopic tumor thrombus in the portal vein

Abstract Metastatic lesions in the liver derived from colorectal cancer rarely invade the portal vein macroscopically. Little is known about the clinical characteristics and outcome of surgical treatment in patients with tumor thrombus in the portal vein. Medical charts of 142 consecutive patients who underwent hepatic resection for colorectal metastasis were reviewed retrospectively. Of the 142 patients, 4 (2.8%) had macroscopic portal vein invasion. The most prominent characteristic on preoperative imaging was segmental staining in the arterial phase shown by dynamic computed tomography (CT) or by CT arteriography. This finding was positive in all four of the patients. All patients underwent anatomic liver resection and were alive with no evidence of disease for an average of 52.3 months (range 21–102 months). Macroscopic tumor thrombus in the portal vein is rare with colorectal metastasis. It is accurately detected by CT by checking for signs of segmental staining. In this setting, anatomic major resection of the liver is essential for curative treatment. Electronic Publication     

Simultaneous laparoscopic resection of colorectal cancer and synchronous metastatic liver tumor

Laparoscopic colorectal resection has been applied to advanced colorectal cancer. Synchronous liver metastasis of colorectal cancer would be treated safely and effectively by simultaneous laparoscopic colorectal and hepatic resection. Seven patients with colorectal cancer and synchronous liver metastasis treated by simultaneous laparoscopic resection were analyzed retrospectively. Three patients received a hybrid operation using a small skin incision, 2 patients underwent hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery using a small incision produced for colonic anastomosis, and 2 patients were treated with pure laparoscopic resection. The mean total operation duration was 407 minutes, and mean blood loss was 207 mL. Negative surgical margins were achieved in all cases. Mean postoperative hospital stay was 16.4 days. No recurrence at the surgical margin was observed in the liver. For selected patients with synchronous liver metastasis of colorectal cancer, simultaneous laparoscopic resection is useful for minimizing operative invasiveness while maintaining safety and curability, with satisfying short- and long-term results.     

原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓行术后肝动脉化疗栓塞联合门静脉化疗的疗效观察

目的 评价原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓行术后肝动脉化疗栓塞联合门静脉化疗的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析2000年1月至2004年12月获得随访的85例行手术治疗和术后化疗的原发性肝癌合并门静脉癌栓病人,其中64例病人术后仅行肝动脉化疗栓塞(A组),另外21例病人术后行肝动脉化疗栓塞联合门静脉化疗(B组).比较两组病人术后1、2和3年肝癌复发率和生存率.结果 A组术后1、2和3年肝癌复发率分别为56.3%、75.0%和85.9%,B组分别为28.6%、61.9%和81.0%.仅术后1年复发率B组显著低于A组(P<0.05),两组术后2、3年复发率比较无统计学差异(P>0.05).A组术后1、2和3年生存率分别为53.1%、43.8%和31.3%,B组分别为81.0%、61.9%和38.1%.B组术后1、2年生存率明显高于A组(P<0.05),两组术后3年生存率比较无统计学差异(P>0.05).结论 术后肝动脉化疗栓塞联合门静脉化疗能够明显降低原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓塞病人术后短期复发率,有助于提高近期疗效.     

Portal vein thrombus after pediatric proctocolectomy with ileoanal anastomosis

In adults, mesenteric venous thrombosis with extension into the portal system is a known complication of total proctocolectomy with pouch ileoanal anastomosis. Although frequently reported in adults, this complication is rare in pediatric patients undergoing this operation. We report 2 cases of adolescent patients with ulcerative colitis who experienced portal vein thrombosis after this procedure. Both were treated with systemic anticoagulation therapy with complete resolution of their clots. We recommend that mesenteric/portal venous thrombosis be considered in the differential diagnosis in any child presenting with fever, abdominal pain, and leukocytosis after restorative proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anastomosis and that imaging obtained to evaluate abdominal complaints in this population be directed toward ruling out this complication.     

肝癌切除病人门静脉癌栓的分布状况

目的初步探讨分析肝癌切除病人门静脉癌栓的分布状况。方法对本组917例肝癌手术其门静脉癌栓的诊断,门静脉癌栓与原发肿瘤部位及肝癌病理的关系进行系统分析。结果本组资料中合并大体癌栓者139例(15.2%),仅病理镜下发现癌栓者540例(58.9%),无癌栓病人238例(25.9%)。合并大体癌栓139例中经术前各种影像学检查发现癌栓者92例(66.2%),至术中发现者32例(23.0%),至术后病理方发现者15例(10.8%)。肝癌位于左半肝者,大体癌栓的合并率为15.9%,位于右半肝者为13.8%,全肝多发肿瘤者为17.5%。各部位肿瘤合并大体癌栓侵犯同侧门静脉分支者占83.5%,大体癌栓同时侵犯左、右门静脉分支者占12.9%,侵犯病肝对侧门静脉分支者占3.6%。发生于右半肝的肝癌其大体癌栓侵犯门静脉主干者为26.7%,发生于左半肝者为8.6%,左、右半肝多发性肿瘤者为33.3%。肿瘤直径>5cm者大体PVTT合并率显著增高(P=0.003);包膜不完整者大体PVTT的合并率显著升高(P=0.000);组织分化低于III级的肝癌,其大体PVTT的合并率显著增高(P=0.009)。结论PVTT在肝癌中合并率高,肿瘤原发位置与大体PVTT侵犯的部位有显著相关性,右半肝和多发于全肝的肿瘤比左半肝肿瘤更易侵犯门静脉主干形成癌栓;大体PVTT的发生与肿瘤大小、包膜完整与否、组织分化程度有显著相关性,     

转移性肝癌的门静脉特点(附210例分析)

目的 探讨转移性肝癌的门静脉的特点。方法 回顾210例转移性肝癌患者的门静脉流速,直径及癌栓发生率,分析其门静脉的特点。结果 190例(90.5％)原发病为结直肠癌。其门静脉的直径为10.4±1.34mm,门静脉流速为19.7±5.2cm/s;门静脉癌栓发生率为0％;与原发性肝癌的门静脉癌栓发生率相比,存在显著性差异,P<0.01。结论 大多数转移性肝癌的原发病灶来源于消化道肿瘤;在转移性肝癌中,门静脉的流速及直径改变不显著;考虑到门静脉癌栓低发生率,推论门静脉癌栓不是影响转移性肝癌生存率的重要因素。     

肝癌合并下腔静脉与肝静脉癌栓的围手术期护理体会

目的探讨原发性肝癌合并下腔静脉与肝静脉癌栓的围手术期护理方法及其价值。方法回顾性分析和总结15例原发性肝癌合并下腔静脉与肝静脉癌栓的围手术期护理经过。包括术前加强病人的心理护理及做好充分术前准备;术后密切观察生命体征,切实做好引流管护理,重点是术后并发症（大出血、肝功能衰竭、胆漏、腹水）观察及护理。结果 15例患者均康复出院。其中7例术后未出现明显并发症,术后10天出院。1例出现肝功能衰竭,予对症支持治疗,积极护理后2个月后康复出院。其余7例出现不同程度的胆漏和出血并发症,予积极处理后1月内康复出院。结论加强围手术期护理,尤其是术前术后对可能出现并发症的积极护理,在原发性肝癌合并下腔静脉与肝静脉癌栓整个治疗过程中起着十分重要的作用。     

结直肠癌肝转移组织中胸苷磷酸化酶表达

目的 检测胸苷磷酸化酶(TP)在人结直肠癌肝转移组织中的表达,分析该表达与肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(TAM)及与患者预后的相关性.方法 采用抗TP的单克隆抗体654-1及1C6-203、抗巨噬细胞标记物cD68的单克隆抗体PG-M1,对28例人结直肠癌肝转移标本进行免疫组织化学染色分析,对3种抗体阳性细胞进行细胞计数,计算各种阳性细胞之间,以及各种阳性细胞与患者预后的相关性.结果 28例标本中,转移癌细胞表达TP甲阳性的仅2例,癌组织中表达TP的阳性细胞主要是癌巢周围的间质细胞,特别是肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(TAM).通过对3种阳性细胞计数发现,2种TP抗体染色阳性细胞数相关(r=0.697,P<0.01);654-1阳性细胞数与TAM细胞数相关(r=0.703,P<0.01);而1C6-203阳性细胞数与TAM细胞数相关较弱,无统计学意义(r=0.359,P=0.06).16例死亡患者的术后生存时间与3种阳性细胞数目均无相关(P>0.05).结论 在人结直肠癌肝转移组织中表达TP阳性的细胞主要是TAM,组织中TP阳性细胞及CD68阳性巨噬细胞的多少与患者预后生存的时间无相关.     

结肠癌肝转移细胞增殖能力减弱

目的 通过阶梯转移法在裸鼠中筛选出人结肠癌肝转移细胞,然后对结肠癌肝转移细胞的生长增殖能力进行鉴定.方法 通过SW1116细胞株裸鼠皮下连续5次传代后取皮下种植瘤裸鼠结肠原位种植,分别取肝脏转移灶和皮下5代细胞进行原代培养,获得大肠癌肝转移细胞和皮下5代的原代细胞,分别命名为结直肠癌肝转移细胞1代(CHM-1)和皮下第5代(P5),通过CCK-8测生长曲线、流式检测细胞周期以及细胞周期相关的蛋白的免疫细胞化学来对SW1116、CHM-1和P5增殖能力进行检测.结果 细胞增殖实验显示CHM-1生长速度明显慢于SW1116和P5细胞(P＜0.05);流式细胞周期分析中CHM-1细胞G41期(68.390±2.865)%比例高于SW1116(50.440±1.472)%和P5(53.930±2.651)%(P＜0.05),G2期CHM-19(13.530±4.411)%比例要低于SW1116(32.030±5.645)%和P5(29.720±3.559)%(P＜0.05),S期3种细胞差异无统计学意义(18.250±6.901)%、(19.050±4.162)%、(18.930±0.169)%(P＞0.05);免疫细胞化学分析发现细胞周期蛋白Cyclin DI在CHM-1(23.7±4.7)%中的表达比SW1116(30.2±5.1)%和P5(32.1±4.2)%减少(P＜0.05).结论 发现侵袭能力和生长增殖能力具有反向关联,即结肠癌肝转移细胞具有更强的侵袭能力,但生长增殖速度比其他细胞更慢.

Abstract：

Objective To study the proliferation ability of liver metastatic colorectal cancer cells by establishing stepwise metastatic colorectal carcinoma cell model via in vivo selection.Methods SW1116 cells were transplanted into the subcutis of nude mice and serially passaged for 5 times,and then the subcutaneous tumor was implanted into the cecal wall of new nude mice.The liver metastatic lesions and the subcutaneous carcinoma cells of the fifth generation were picked for primary culture.Two cell lines named CHM-1 and P5 were obtained.Proliferation levels were analyzed by testing of cell growth curve,cell cycle analyses by flow cytometry and Cyclin D1 analysis by immunocytochemistry.Results CHM-1 grew much slower than P5 and SW 1116 although there was no difference between P5 and SW 1116 in cell proliferation assay ( P＜0.05 ).Cell cycle analysis revealed that the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase was higher (P＜0.05) in CHM-1 (68.390 ±2.865)% than in SW1116 (50.440 ± 1.472)% and P5 (53.930 ± 2.651)%,but that in G2/M phase was lower ( P＜0.05 ) in CHM-1 ( 13.530 ± 4.411 )% than in SW1116 (32.030 ±5.645)% and P5 (29.720 ±3.559)% rough there was no difference in S phase ( 18.250 ± 6.901 )%,( 19.050 ± 4.162 )%,( 18.930 ± 0.169 )% ( P ＞ 0.05 ).The expression of cell cycle proteins Cyclin D1 was decreased ( P＜0.05 ) in CHM-1 ( 23.7 ± 4.7 )% as compared with thoseinP5(32.1±4.2)% and SW1116 (30.2 ±5.1)%.Conclusion In the same cell line,there was a reverse relationship between the ability of invasion and proliferation.     

伴门静脉癌栓的原发性肝癌外科治疗：附335例报告

目的：探讨合并门静脉癌栓（PVTT）的肝癌手术治疗的指征与价值。方法：回顾性分析335例伴PVTT肝癌患者临床病理及随访资料,其中273例行手术治疗,包括规则性或非规则性肝切除术（HR）+PVTT清除术（HR组）,62例采用肝动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）治疗（TACE组）。比较两组患者治疗后的生存情况。结果：HR组及TACE组中位生存期分别为4.46个月和5.65个月,差异无统计学意义（P=0.455）;6、12个月生存率分别为30.7%,38.7%与12.1%、19.2%,差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。结论：肝癌合并PVTT不是手术禁忌证,实施HR安全可行,但预后改善不明显,故要遵循个体化标准,慎重选择手术治疗。随着肝癌多学科协作（MDT）治疗及未来精准医学治疗模式的发展,以期能提高其整体治疗水平。

     

Portal vein thrombosis in liver transplantation

In the initial experience of liver transplantation, complete thrombosis and portal vein occlusion were considered to be absolute contraindications for liver transplantation. The incidence of portal thrombosis in patients being prepared for transplantation varies between 5% and 15% according to published series. There are 2 surgical techniques to solve absent or low portal vein flow due to thrombosis. The most widely used technique is thrombectomy and the second technique is insertion of a shunt with a venous graft in the permeable portion of the superior mesenteric vein or in a vein in the splanchnic territory. Portal thrombosis recurrence rates vary among series, ranging from 0% to 25% or even 30%, depending on its extension and severity and also on time the transplantation was performed. Although overall survival is somewhat lower, there are no significant differences in most of the series when patients with portal thrombosis who underwent transplantation are compared with those without.