酶解液相色谱法测定硫酸软骨素钠含量

目的:建立酶解液相色谱法测定硫酸软骨素钠的含量。方法:使用硫酸软骨素ABC酶酶解硫酸软骨素钠,使用强阴离子交换高效液相色谱测定酶解产生的二糖,通过计算二糖峰面积总和确定硫酸软骨素钠的含量。色谱柱为Zorbax SAX(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为pH 3.5的水和pH 3.5的2 mol.L-1的氯化钠溶液,流速为1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长为232 nm,柱温为40℃。结果:硫酸软骨素钠的线性范围为0.25～1.50 mg.mL-1,r=0.9999;精密度RSD为0.3%;回收率为101.2%,RSD为1.6%(n=5);最低检测限为4.0μg.mL-1,定量限为11.9μg.mL-1。结论:该方法具有专属性好,灵敏度高,重现性好的优点。     

高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中托吡酯的浓度

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中托吡酯的浓度。方法:采用氯甲酸芴甲酯为柱前衍生化试剂,高效液相色谱法检测托吡酯衍生物,Shi m-pack VP-ODS柱(4.6mm×150mm,5μm);流动相:0.05mol.L-1磷酸二氢钠(pH2.4)-甲醇(20∶80);流速:1.0mL.min-1;柱温:25℃;检测波长:264nm;进样量:20μL。结果:标准曲线线性范围为40~5000μg.L-1(r=0.9998,n=7),血浆中托吡酯最低检测限为10μg.L-1,日内RSD为1.68%~4.12%,日间RSD为2.54%~3.92%,托吡酯回收率为98.0%~101.3%。结论:本法快速简便、灵敏准确,适用于临床常规监测需要。     

HPLC法测定链麻滴鼻液中硫酸链霉素和盐酸麻黄碱的含量

目的建立测定链麻滴鼻液中硫酸链霉素和盐酸麻黄碱含量的高效液相色谱法,消除焦亚硫酸钠对硫酸链霉素含量测定的影响。方法色谱柱为Diamonsil C18柱(250mm×4.6mm,5μm);流动相为0.014mol·L-1庚烷磺酸钠的0.05mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液-乙腈(78∶22);检测波长硫酸链霉素195nm,盐酸麻黄碱207nm;流速1.0mL·min-1。结果硫酸链霉素质量浓度在44.40³10.80μg·mL-1范围内,与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系。(r=0.999 8,n=7),平均回收率为103.4%(RSD=3.4%);盐酸麻黄碱质量浓度在20.224310.80μg·mL-1范围内,与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系。(r=0.999 8,n=7),平均回收率为103.4%(RSD=3.4%);盐酸麻黄碱质量浓度在20.224⁸0.896μg·mL-1范围内,与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9,n=7),平均回收率为99.5%(RSD=1.0%)。结论该方法专属性强、测定结果准确、精密度高、线性好,加入甲醛能够消除辅料中焦亚硫酸钠对硫酸链霉素含量测定的影响。     

离子对RP-HPLC同时测定复方苦参注射液中氧化苦参碱、槐果碱和苦参碱的含量

目的:建立同时测定复方苦参注射液中氧化苦参碱、槐果碱和苦参碱含量的方法。方法:采用离子对RP-HPLC法,色谱柱为Diamonsi C18(2)(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-甲醇-水(35∶10∶55,水相中含5.5%磷酸和1.5%SDS),流速1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长220 nm,柱温为室温。结果:氧化苦参碱、槐果碱和苦参碱分别在9.92～99.2μg.mL-1(r=0.9991,n=5)、4.08～32.64μg.mL-1(r=0.9993,n=5)和20.16～161.28μg.mL-1(r=0.9996,n=5)范围内呈良好线性关系;平均回收率(n=6)分别为98.9%(RSD=1.2%),99.5%(RSD=1.4%)和100.2%(RSD=1.0%)。结论:本文建立的测定方法可应用于复方苦参注射液质量评价。     

甲醛、乙醛衍生化条件的探讨

目的建立通过HPLC方法同时控制甲醛量、乙醛量的衍生化条件。方法甲醛、乙醛与2,4-二硝基苯肼溶液在60℃水浴中加热60 min衍生化反应,采用Agilent TC-C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),以水-乙腈(45∶55)为流动相,流速1.0 mL·min 1,检测波长350 nm;柱温为40℃;进样量20μL。结果甲醛、乙醛衍生化物峰的分离度为7.2,甲醛的线性范围为0.028~9.23μg.mL 1(r=0.999 4),平均回收率(n=9)为102.6%(RSD=0.9%),定量限为3.7×10 6μg、检测限为1.8×10 6μg;乙醛的线性范围为0.063~20.90μg.mL 1(r=0.999 5),平均回收率(n=9)为102.0%(RSD=1.2%),定量限为1.1×10 4μg、检测限为5.5×10 5μg。结论本法准确、灵敏,为甲醛、乙醛的安全监测提供检测依据。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定氟非尼酮的含量

目的:建立测定氟非尼酮含量的高效液相色谱法。方法:采用Waters Symmetry C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相为乙腈-0.1%三乙胺水溶液(40∶60,磷酸调至pH 4.0),流速:1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长:310 nm,柱温:35℃。结果:氟非尼酮的浓度在5～1000μg·mL-1范围内线性良好(r=0.9997);方法的最低检测限为5 ng(S/N=3);高、中、低3个浓度的平均回收率(n=5)分别为99.7%(RSD=0.23%),101.7%(RSD=0.19%),100.3%(RSD=0.12%);各杂质峰与主峰达到基线分离。结论:此方法操作简便、灵敏、准确,重复性好,适用于氟非尼酮的含量测定,可作为该药质量控制的检测方法。     

HPLC法测定蒿甲醚注射液的含量

目的:建立蒿甲醚注射液含量测定的高效液相色谱方法。方法:采用 Alltima C_(18)柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-水(70:30)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL·min~(-1),外标法测定,检测波长为210 nm。结果:线性范围为190～3800μg·mL~(-1),r=0.9999;平均回收率(n=3)分别为99.2%(RSD=0.68%),99.6%(RSD=0.55%),99.6%(RSD=0.18%);最低检测限为1.14μg;最低定量限为3.05μg。结论:该法准确、简便,适用于蒿甲醚注射液的含量测定。     

凝胶色谱法测定头孢克洛胶囊聚合物的含量

目的建立凝胶色谱法(SEC)测定头孢克洛胶囊聚合物.方法采用依利特色谱柱(填料:Sephadex G-10;尺寸:10.0mm×300mm);流动相A为pH 7.0的0.05mol?L-1的磷酸盐缓冲液[0.05mol?L-1的磷酸氢二钠溶液-0.05mol?L-1的磷酸二氢钠溶液(61∶39)],流动相B为超纯水;流速1.0mL?min-1;检测波长为254nm;进样量为100μL;以头孢噻肟对照品为替代对照品进行测定,按外标法定量.结果 头孢噻肟的线性范围为1.03μg?mL-1～10.29μg?mL-1(r=0.9999),定量限为1×10-3mg?mL-1,重复性良好(RSD为0.44%,n=5);供试品测定的线性范围为11mg?mL-1～46mg?mL-1(r=0.9997),重复性良好(RSD为2.76%,n=5).结论 该方法能够较好地分离头孢克洛和聚合物,可用于头孢克洛胶囊聚合物的检验.     

HPLC-ELSD法测定抗肿瘤一类新药TRH-01及其胶囊的含量

目的建立HPLC-ELSD法测定TRH-01及其胶囊的含量。方法采用Discovery C18（4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm）色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-水（55∶45）,流速1.0 mL.min-1,柱温35℃。结果TRH-01在10-1 000μg.mL-1线性关系良好（r=0.999 9）,最低检测限为0.4μg.mL-1,方法平均回收率99.6%,RSD=0.3%。结论该方法灵敏、准确、专属性好,可用于TRH-01及其胶囊的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊中的奥美拉唑磺酰化物

目的建立奥美拉唑肠溶胶囊中奥美拉唑磺酰化物的测定方法。方法色谱柱:Zorbax C8(4.6 mm×250 mm);流动相:0.01mol.L-1磷酸氢二钠-乙腈(75∶25);流速1.0mL.min-1;检测波长302nm;进样量20μL。结果奥美拉唑磺酰化物在0.6μg.mL-1~1.4μg.mL-1范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.9998,n=5)。平均回收率102.2%,RSD=1.27%。结论本方法简便,迅速,准确。     

治疗用皮卡乙型肝炎疫苗（CHO细胞）及其组分的小鼠急性毒性实验研究

目的比较治疗用皮卡乙型肝炎疫苗（CliO细胞）及疫苗组分（重组乙型肝炎疫苗（CliO细胞）、皮卡佐剂）对小鼠的急性毒性反应。方法ICR小鼠按体重随机分为溶媒对照组,皮卡佐剂高剂量组（原液）和低剂量组（2倍稀释液）,重组乙型肝炎疫苗（CHO细胞）组（原液）,治疗用皮卡乙型肝炎疫苗（CliO细胞）高剂量组（原液）和低剂量组（2倍稀释液）,每组小鼠后肢im0．2mL受试物,给药后连续14天观察其状态及毒性反应。结果各组小鼠全部存活,摄食和体重指标正常,注射部位肌肉、外观体征、行为活动、呼吸、排泄、各组织脏器肉眼观察及组织病理学检查均未见异常。结论在本实验条件下,治疗用皮卡乙型肝炎疫苗（CliO细胞）及疫苗组份对小鼠无明显毒性反应。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.