SPE-HPLC法测定止嗽立效丸中吗啡的含量

目的:建立HPLC法测定止嗽立效丸中吗啡的含量。方法:预处理应用固相萃取技术;液相色谱采用Shim-pack C18柱(6.0 mm×150 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.05 mol.L-1磷酸二氢钾-0.005 mol.L-1庚烷磺酸钠(10∶45∶45),流速1 mL.min-1,柱温25℃,检测波长210 nm。结果:吗啡进样量在0.026×10～2.58μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为101.3%,RSD为1.2%(n=9)。结论:方法简便、准确,重复性好。     

鹿角胶中4个主要氨基酸的测定研究

目的:研究建立鹿角胶中L-羟脯氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、L-脯氨酸4个氨基酸的分析和测定方法。方法:样品以6 mol·L-1盐酸于沸水浴水解1 h,蒸干,甲醇溶解,以苯酚-0.5%硼砂溶液(4∶1)为展开剂,硅胶G为固定相,茚三酮试液为显色剂进行TLC分析。样品以6 mol·L-1盐酸于150℃水解1 h,以异硫氰酸苯酯(PITC)为衍生化试剂衍生后进行HPLC分析。采用Phenomenex C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),柱温为43℃;流动相A为乙腈-0.1 mol·L-1醋酸钠(7∶93),流动相B为乙腈-水(4∶1),梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL·min-1;检测波长为254 nm进行HPLC测定分析。结果:TLC能较好地鉴别出鹿角胶中的L-羟脯氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、L-脯氨酸。HPLC测定L-羟脯氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、L-脯氨酸的线性范围分别为0.02～0.34μg(r=1.000),0.04～0.71μg(r=1.000),0.02～0.30μg(r=0.9998),0.02～0.37μg(r=1.000);加样回收率(n=6)分别为99.5%(RSD=2.3%),97.8%(RSD=1.6%),100.8%(RSD=1.6%),97.9%(RSD=2.4%)。结论:该方法准确、可靠,具有良好的重复性和稳定性,可用于鹿角胶中L-羟脯氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸、L-脯氨酸的检测。     

高效液相色谱法测定氨碘肽滴眼液中5种氨基酸的含量

目的采用HPLC法测定氨碘肽滴眼液中丝氨酸(Ser)、甘氨酸(Gly)、组氨酸(His)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、亮氨酸(Leu)的含量。方法采用Ocean-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相A:乙腈-水(4∶1),流动相B:0.1 mol·L-1乙酸钠-乙腈(97:3);流速为1.0 mL·min-1;柱温:25℃;检测波长:254 nm;用异硫氰酸苯酯(PITC)作为柱前衍生化试剂,采用柱前衍生HPLC法进行分析。结果各种氨基酸能良好地分离,衍生化试剂对氨基酸分析无干扰;平均回收率在98%¹02%,RSD均<3%。结论该方法简便、准确、可靠,可用于氨碘肽滴眼液中氨基酸含量的检测。     

柱前衍生UPLC法测定甜瓜籽中13种游离氨基酸的含量

目的测定黑龙江产地甜瓜籽中13种氨基酸的含量。方法采用异硫氰酸苯酯(phenyl isothiocyanate,PITC)为衍生试剂进行衍生。色谱柱为Shim-pack XR-ODSⅢC18(75mm×2.0mm,1.6μm);流动相A为乙腈-水(体积比为4∶1),流动相B为30mmol·L-1乙酸钠-乙腈(体积比为97∶3),梯度洗脱;流速为0.3mL·min-1;柱温为25℃;检测波长为254nm。结果 13种氨基酸线性关系良好(r=0.999 1~0.999 8);平均回收率在97.0%~104.0%内,回收率的RSD均小于3.0%。结论本方法可用于甜瓜籽中游离氨基酸的检测。     

柱前衍生化高效液相色谱法测定全蝎中游离牛磺酸的含量

目的:建立全蝎中游离牛磺酸的含量测定方法。方法:采用50%乙醇超声提取全蝎中的游离氨基酸,异硫氰酸苯酯柱前衍生化后进行反相高效液相色谱分析。色谱柱为Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18(150mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以0.07 mol·L-1醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲液-2.5%乙腈(pH=6.5)为流动相A,乙腈-甲醇-水(40∶15∶45)为流动相B,流速1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长254 nm。结果:牛磺酸在0.008 3～0.414 8μg范围呈良好的线性关系(R2=0.999 9);平均回收率为102.1%,RSD为1.6%(n=6);全蝎中游离牛磺酸含量在0.026 9%～1.27%之间。结论:该方法灵敏度高,重复性好,结果准确可靠,可用于全蝎的质量控制。     

柱前衍生-反相高效液相色谱法测定阿胶补血口服液中主要氨基酸的含量

目的建立柱前衍生-反相高效液相色谱法同时测定阿胶补血口服液中主要氨基酸的含量。方法该方法以异硫氰酸苯酯为衍生剂,以Phenomenex Gemini C 18110(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)为色谱柱;以乙腈-水(4∶1)为流动相A,以乙腈-0.1 mol·L^-1乙酸钠溶液(用乙酸调节pH值为6.5)(7∶93)为流动相B,进行梯度洗脱;柱温为43℃;流速为1 mL·min-1;检测波长为254 nm。结果L-羟脯氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸和L-脯氨酸分别在0.12~0.72,0.21~1.26,0.16~0.96和0.11~0.66μg范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,r值均为0.9999;平均回收率分别为99.47%,98.51%,98.91%和98.84%;RSD值分别为1.6%,1.4%,1.6%和1.4%(n=9)。结论该方法快速灵敏,重复性好,可作为阿胶补血口服液中主要氨基酸的含量测定方法。     

水解蛋白注射液中游离氨基酸含量的测定及分析

目的:建立二硝基氟苯(DNFB)柱前衍生化法测定水解蛋白注射液中游离氨基酸含量,并对水解蛋白注射液质量进行分析。方法:采用DNFB为衍生化试剂进行衍生,色谱柱为Diamonsil C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为0.05 mol.L-1醋酸钠溶液(含1%N,N-二甲基甲酰胺,调pH为6.4)与50%乙腈水溶液,梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长360nm。结果:各氨基酸的线性关系良好;平均回收率(n=6)为98.7%～100.8%,RSD为0.46%～3.3%。结论:本研究建立了水解蛋白注射液游离氨基酸测定方法,为质量标准中游离氨基酸含量测定限度的制定提供了依据。     

氨基酸分析法测定复方骨肽注射液中多肽含量

目的建立复方骨肽注射液中多肽含量的氨基酸分析法。方法氨基酸水解方法:6mol.L-1盐酸110℃水解22h;氨基酸衍生方法:异硫氰酸苯酯(PITC)法;HPLC条件:Agilent Eclipse AAA色谱柱;流动相A:0.1mol.L-1乙酸钠(用冰醋酸调至pH 6.5)-乙腈(97∶3);流动相B:乙腈-水(4∶1);流速:1.0mL.min-1;检测波长:254nm。结果 18种氨基酸的线性、精密度及稳定性良好;除水解样品中的胱氨酸与色氨酸外,其他氨基酸的回收率均达到定量要求。结论方法准确、专属性强,可作为复方骨肽注射液中多肽的定量分析方法。     

HPLC法测定疏风愈痛丸中芍药苷的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定疏风愈痛丸制剂的含量.方法 采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱(十八烷基键合硅胶250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.02 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液梯度洗脱,检测波长为230 nm,柱温25℃.结果 芍药苷线性关系在5.813～93.000μg·mL-1良好,r=0.9995,...     

RP-HPLC法同时测定骨瓜提取物注射剂中15种氨基酸的含量

目的建立1种同时测定骨瓜提取物注射剂中15种氨基酸含量的RP-HPLC法。方法以异硫氰酸苯酯(PITC)为柱前衍生试剂对样品中15种氨基酸进行衍生化,采用Ocean C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相A为水-乙腈(体积比1∶4),流动相B为浓度0.1 mol·L-1乙酸钠-乙腈(体积比97∶3),梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 m L·min-1,柱温为25℃,检测波长为254 nm,进样量为10μL。用内标法计算15种氨基酸的含量。结果 15种氨基酸质量浓度在1.24~160.72 mg·L-1内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.997 7~1.000 0),15种氨基酸的平均加样回收率在97.7~102.4%内,加样回收率的RSD值在1.7%~3.3%内。结论该方法准确、可靠、灵敏,可以用于同时测定骨瓜提取物注射剂中15种氨基酸的含量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.