RP-HPLC测定盐酸奈必洛尔含量和有关物质

目的建立反相高效液相色谱法测定盐酸奈必洛尔含量和有关物质。方法采用的色谱柱为ODS色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);以甲醇为溶剂,进样浓度:0.5 g.L-1,0.05 mol.L-1的磷酸盐缓冲液(2%三乙胺,pH=3.5)∶乙腈∶甲醇=200∶115∶40为流动相;检测波长为280 nm。结果盐酸奈必洛尔峰与杂质峰分离良好,盐酸奈必洛尔浓度在31.71～158.55 mg.L-1与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 7),最低检检测限为5 ng。方法精密度RSD为0.35%。结论采用反相高效液相色谱法测定盐酸奈必洛尔含量及其有关物质方法快速简便,结果准确。也可用于该品制剂中有关物质和含量的测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定盐酸艾司洛尔的含量及其有关物质

目的:建立高效液相色谱法测定盐酸艾司洛尔原料、注射液的含量和有关物质的方法。方法:采用HypersilCN(4.6mm×200mm,5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈-冰醋酸-0.1mol.L-1醋酸钠溶液(45∶1∶54)为流动相,紫外检测波长:274nm,流速:1.0mL.m in-1,柱温:室温,进样量:20μL。结果:本方法能分离原料和注射液中盐酸艾司洛尔及其有关物质,盐酸艾司洛尔在80~320mg.L-1浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,r=0.999 9(n=7)。平均回收率为(100.3±1.2)%(n=9)。结论:本方法简便快速、稳定可靠,可用于盐酸艾司洛尔含量及其有关物质的测定。     

RPHPLC法测定盐酸曲美他嗪片的含量和有关物质

目的建立测定盐酸曲美他嗪片的含量和有关物质的RP HPLC法。方法色谱柱为Diamon-silTMC18柱(200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以甲醇0.03 mol.L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(体积比为15∶85,pH=3.0)为流动相,流速为1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长为225 nm。结果盐酸曲美他嗪在5~50 mg.L-1内线性关系良好,r=0.999 9;平均回收率为100.4%,RSD为1.6%;检出限为25μg.L-1;有关物质各杂质峰与主峰之间的分离良好。结论该测定方法可作为盐酸曲美他嗪的含量测定方法,以控制其原料及制剂的质量。     

HPLC法测定盐酸氨溴索注射液的含量和有关物质

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定盐酸氨溴索注射液的含量和有关物质的方法。方法采用Welchrom-C18(4.6 mm×200 mm,5μm)色谱柱,流动相为0.01 mol.L-1磷酸氢二铵溶液(用磷酸调pH值至7.0)-乙腈(50∶50),流速为1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长为248 nm。结果盐酸氨溴索在0.091～0.212 mg.mL-1范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r=0.999 9,平均回收率为99.60%(n=9)。结论采用高效液相色谱法测定盐酸氨溴索注射液的含量和有关物质,方法简便,结果准确可靠。     

HPLC测定肾上腺色腙注射液的含量及有关物质

目的测定肾上腺色腙注射液的含量及有关物质。方法采用HPLC法,用Zorbax C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);甲醇-0.01 mol.L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(含0.1%三乙胺,磷酸调pH3.8)(25:75)为流动相;流速1.0 ml.min-1;检测波长355 nm;柱温30℃;进样量10μl。结果在该色谱条件下,肾上腺色腙与其相邻杂质峰能完全分离,在10~100μg.ml-1线性关系良好(r2=0.9999)。结论所建方法简便、准确、专属性好,可作为肾上腺色腙注射液中主药的测定及有关物质检查。     

HPLC测定盐酸替罗非班的含量和有关物质

目的 采用HPLC法测定盐酸替罗非班的含量及有关物质.方法 采用Venusil XBD C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为0.01 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钾缓冲液(磷酸调pH2.3)-乙腈(72:28),流速1.0 mL· min-1,柱温35℃,检测波长227 nm.结果 主成分与各杂质峰的分离度良好,盐酸替罗非班10.0～ 100.0 μg· mL-1与峰面积有良好的线性关系(r=0.9999),平均回收率为99.4％,RSD=1.3％ (n =9),检测限和定量限分别为0.3、1.0 ng.结论 所用方法专属性强、灵敏度高,适用于盐酸替罗非班的含量和有关物质的测定.     

HPLC测定注射用盐酸雷莫司琼中主药和有关物质的含量

目的测定注射用盐酸雷莫司琼中主药及有关物质的含量。方法采用HPLC法,用Krom asil C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),乙腈-0.01 mol.L-1磷酸二氢钾(磷酸调pH4.0)(20:80)为流动相,流速1.0 m l.m in-1,检测波长220 nm,柱温30℃,进样量10μl。结果在该色谱条件下,盐酸雷莫司琼与其相邻杂质峰能完全分离,在0.0587~0.2056 mg.m l-1浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9999)。结论该法简便、准确、专属性好,可以作为本品的含量测定及有关物质检查。     

RP-HPLC梯度洗脱法测定盐酸伊托必利的有关物质

目的:建立RP-HPLC梯度洗脱法测定盐酸伊托必利的有关物质。方法:Alltima C18柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相为0.05 mol.L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液(调节pH至4.0)-乙腈进行梯度洗脱,流速1.0 mL.min-1,柱温35℃,检测波长258nm,进样量20μL。结果:本文色谱条件中盐酸伊托必利与杂质有较好分离,盐酸伊托必利浓度在1～10μg.mL-1范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.9999,n=5),最低检测限为6 ng。结论:本法简便、专属,重复性好,可用于测定盐酸伊托必利的有关物质。     

HPLC整体柱测定利福平注射液的含量及有关物质

目的建立一种更快速灵敏可重现的使用整体柱测定利福平注射液含量和有关物质的HPLC法。方法色谱柱:Chromolith performance RP-18e(100 mm×4.6 mm,流动相:[乙腈-0.075 mol.L-1磷酸二氢钾溶液-1.0 mol.L-1枸橼酸溶液-四氢呋喃(体积比为40∶90∶10∶3)]-甲醇(体积比为3∶2),流速:2.0 mL.min-1,检测波长:254 nm。结果在选定色谱条件下,有关物质与主药分离良好,利福平在6~240 mg.L-1内质量浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系,r=0.999 8,平均回收率为100.0%(n=9)。结论该方法可用于利福平注射液中利福平的含量及有关物质的测定。     

离子对-HPLC法测定盐酸倍他司汀注射液中药物与有关物质含量

目的用离子对HPLC法测定盐酸倍他司汀注射液中药物及有关物质含量。方法色谱柱:Diamonsil C18柱(200 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇10 mmol.L-1醋酸钠溶液(含5 mmol.L-1庚烷磺酸钠,体积分数为0.2%的三乙胺,用冰醋酸调pH至3.3)(25∶75),检测波长:261 nm,流速:1.0 mL.min-1,柱温:室温。结果盐酸倍他司汀质量浓度在1~250 mg.L-1内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为99.8%,RSD=1.0%。盐酸倍他司汀的理论塔板数大于2 000,盐酸倍他司汀与其主要杂质分离度不低于1.5。结论适用于盐酸倍他司汀注射液中药物与有关物质的含量测定。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.