气相色谱法测定聚山梨酯80中二甘醇的含量

目的建立一种气相色谱法测定聚山梨酯80中二甘醇的含量.方法色谱柱:以聚乙二醇(PEG-20M)为固定液的极性毛细管柱(30m×0.32mm,0.50μm);检测器:氢火焰离子检测器(FID);检测器温度230℃;进样口温度200℃;柱温度:程序升温,初始温度60℃,保持3min,再以10℃·min-1升温至230℃保持10min;载气:高纯氮气.结果二甘醇线性范围为0.025～0.25mg·mL-1(r=0.9993);平均回收率101.57%(RSD=1.505%,n=5).结论本方法简单、结果准确、重现性好,可用于聚山梨酯80中二甘醇含量的测定.     

高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射法测定冠心宁注射液中聚山梨酯80的含量

目的:采用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射法,建立冠心宁注射液中聚山梨酯80的含量测定方法。方法:采用TSK GELG2000SWxl色谱柱(7.8 mm×300 mm,5μm),以乙腈-20 mmol·L-1醋酸铵溶液(10∶90)为流动相,流速0.6 mL·min-1,柱温30℃,蒸发光检测器检测,漂移管温度103℃,载气为氮气,流量为2.3 L·min-1。结果:聚山梨酯80进样量在5.13～51.30μg范围内线性关系良好(r=0.9977);方法回收率为98.03%(RSD=1.6%,n=6)。结论:该方法简单、快速,重复性好,可作为冠心宁注射液中聚山梨酯80的质量控制方法,为降低临床不良反应的发生提供技术保障。     

HPLC-ELSD法测定复方麝香注射液中聚山梨酯80的含量

目的 采用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射法建立复方麝香注射液中聚山梨酯80的含量测定方法.方法采用高效液相色谱法测定.色谱柱：TSK GEL G2000SWxl色谱柱（7.8 mm＆#215;300 mm,5 μm）,流动相：乙腈-0.01 mol·L-1乙酸铵溶液（8∶ 92）,流速：0.8 mL·min-1,柱温：30℃,蒸发光散射检测器漂移管温度103℃,载气为氮气,流量为2.5 L·min-1.结果聚山梨酯80进样量在2.515～100.6 μg范围内线性关系良好,r=0.999 6;平均加样回收率为100.87%（n=6,RSD=0.65%）.结论 试验表明,该方法操作简单、快速,重复性好,可以作为复方麝香注射液中聚山梨酯80的质量控制方法.     

GC法同时测定鱼腥草注射液中4种成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定鱼腥草注射液中4-萜烯醇、α-松油醇、乙酸龙脑酯和甲基正壬酮含量的方法.方法:采用气相色谱法;色谱柱:DB-1毛细管气相色谱柱(30m×0.25 mm,0.25μm);程序升温:70℃保持5 min,以5℃·min-1上升至140℃,保持5 min,再以20℃·min-1升至250℃;进样口温度:25...     

GC法同时测定复方牙痛酊中樟脑和乙酸龙脑酯的含量

目的:建立GC法同时测定复方牙痛酊中樟脑和乙酸龙脑酯的含量。方法:采用DB-WAX毛细管柱(30 m×0.25 mm×0.25μm),氢火焰离子检测器(FID);以萘为内标;进样口温度230℃,检测器温度250℃,程序升温(初始温度105℃,保持3min,以3℃·min-1的速率升至140℃,再以100℃·min-1的速率升至210℃,保持5 min),分流进样,分流比2.0∶1,进样量1μL。结果:樟脑、乙酸龙脑酯浓度分别在1.81~27.18μg·m L-1和5.53~82.95μg·m L-1范围内呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 9),平均回收率(n=9)分别为103.9%和105.2%。结论:本方法可用于测定复方牙痛酊中樟脑和乙酸龙脑酯的含量。     

GC法同时测定聚山梨酯80中5种挥发性杂质

目的建立气相色谱法对聚山梨酯80中的环氧乙烷、二氧六环、氯乙醇、乙二醇和二甘醇5种挥发性杂质进行同时检测。方法采用气相色谱法,色谱柱固定相为PEG20000(GsBP-INOWAX,30m×0.53mm×1.0μm弹性石英毛细管柱)。采用程序升温,初温50℃,以5℃·min-1升温至200℃,保持10min,再以50℃·min-1升温至230℃,保持20min。进样口温度为200℃,检测器温度为250℃。结果同时测定了聚山梨酯80中环氧乙烷、二氧六环、氯乙醇、乙二醇和二甘醇5种挥发性杂质,线性范围分别为2.7~176.8μg·mL-1(r=0.999 8),2.8~140.7μg·mL-1(r=0.999 8),3.4~167.5μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9),4.7~2 345μg·mL-1(r=0.999 8)和3.2~160.8μg·mL-1(r=0.999 9);平均加样回收率分别为104.3%,91.3%,105.2%,94.1%和105.7%,RSD分别为2.5%,2.8%,1.4%,3.0%和3.7%。结论该方法灵敏、准确,可用于聚山梨酯80中挥发性杂质的检测。     

气相色谱法测定止痒消炎水中薄荷脑、冰片和麝香草酚的含量

目的建立同时测定止痒消炎水中薄荷脑、冰片和麝香草酚含量的气相色谱测定方法。方法采用气相色谱内标法,FID检测器,HP-INNDW AX石英毛细管柱(30m×250μm,0.25μm),应用程序升温(140℃保持4.1min以后20℃.min-1升至240℃),进样口温度200℃,检测器温度250℃;分流进样,分流比10:1。结果薄荷脑在0.32～3.2mg.mL-1,冰片在0.56～5.6mg.mL-1,麝香草酚在0.16～1.6mg.mL-1内呈良好的线性关系,加样回收率,薄荷脑为99.8%,(RSD=1.3%);冰片为99.2%(RSD=1.5%);麝香草酚为99.8%(RSD=0.9%)。结论该方法简单可靠,适合于止痒消炎水中薄荷脑、冰片和麝香草酚的含量测定。     

脉络宁注射液中聚山梨酯80的含量测定与安全性分析

目的:测定了79批脉络宁注射液中聚山梨酯80的含量,并对其安全性作出分析。方法:采用Agilent GF-250柱(250mm×9.4mm,4μm)色谱柱,以20mmol.L-1醋酸铵溶液-乙腈(90∶1)为流动相,流速0.6mL.min-1;柱温30℃;ELSD漂移管温度110℃;空气流速2.3L.min-1。结果:聚山梨酯80含量在8.0~11.1g.L-1,均值为9.2g.L-1(RSD为8.2%,n为79)。结论:测得的数据与本制剂中聚山梨酯80的工艺规定的加入量基本相符,但静脉滴注质量浓度达0.4g.L-1,参照注射液中聚山梨酯80的滴注浓度不应高于0.1g.L-1的有关要求,在临床应用时可能存在风险。     

聚山梨酯80脂肪酸组成测定的研究

目的建立了聚山梨酯80中7种脂肪酸组成的测定方法,为提高聚山梨酯80的质量控制标准提供方法及依据。方法采用甲酯化法。以聚乙二醇20000为固定液,采用火焰离子检测器(FID);进样口温度为250℃;检测器温度为250℃;柱温采用程序升温,初温为210℃保持25min,以2℃·min-1升温至240℃,保持20min;分流比为10∶1;进样量为1μL;柱流量恒定方式,载气为高纯氮气,柱流速为2mL·min-1。结果选定的色谱条件下,7种脂肪酸甲酯分离良好;精密度均小于2.0%(n=6);重现性均小于3.0%(n=6);平均回收率均在95.6%～107.5%范围内(n=3);检出限分别为十四烷酸甲酯0.9μg·mL-1,棕榈酸甲酯0.8μg·mL-1,棕榈油酸甲酯1.0μg·mL-1,硬脂酸甲酯0.9μg·mL-1,油酸甲酯1.0μg·mL-1,亚油酸甲酯1.0μg·mL-1,亚麻酸甲酯1.5μg·mL-1。结论该方法准确、可靠,可用于聚山梨酯80中脂肪酸组成的检测。     

毛细管气相色谱法测定柠檬酸三乙酯含量

目的 建立毛细管气相色谱法测定柠檬酸三乙酯的含量.方法 色谱柱:DB-1301(15 m×0.53 mm×1 μm);柱温采用程序升温:先80℃保持0.5 min,然后以20℃·min-1的速度增加到220℃并保持10 min;采用氢火焰离子化检测器(FID),检测器温度:275℃;进样口温度:225℃;载气:氮气,流速:2.3 ml·min-1;分流比:20:1;进样量:1.0 μl.结果 柠檬酸三乙酯在24～36 g·L-1浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 17),平均回收率为99.91%,RSD值为0.06%.结论 该方法准确、简便、专属性强,可以作为柠檬酸三乙酯含量分析法.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.