2013-2015年天津市人民医院病原菌的耐药性和抗菌药物用量的相关性分析

目的 分析天津市人民医院2013—2015年抗菌药物使用情况和病原菌耐药性,分析抗菌药物用量与细菌耐药性的相关性,指导临床合理用药.方法 统计天津市人民医院2013年1月—2015年12月病原菌的分布、耐药性和抗菌药物的使用情况,并采用Pearson法对病原菌的耐药性与抗菌药物用量的相关性进行分析.结果 2013—2015年分离出病原菌25134株,以革兰阴性杆菌居多,其次为革兰阳性球菌,前5位分别为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌.金葡菌属对青霉素、红霉素耐药率偏高;粪肠球菌对绝大多数所测试抗菌药物的耐药率均显著低于屎肠球菌.鲍曼不动杆菌对大多种抗菌药物的耐药率明显上升,对碳氢霉烯的耐药率增长迅速.铜绿假单胞菌的耐药情况较好.应用抗菌药物用药频度(DDDs)排名前5位集中在头霉素、哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦、头孢菌素类,其中头霉素类药物头孢西丁、头孢米诺连续3年均居前5位.特殊级抗菌药物比阿培南、亚胺培南DDDs增长迅速.鲍曼不动杆菌对哌拉西林他唑巴坦、美罗培南的耐药率与其DDDs显著相关(P<0.05);大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢西丁的耐药率与其DDDs显著相关(P<0.05);其余病原菌耐药率与DDDs的相关性较小,无统计学意义.结论 天津市人民医院2013—2015年住院抗菌药物监控指标均达标,部分病原菌耐药性呈持续下降趋势,但随着头霉素类和碳氢霉烯类抗菌药物的大量使用,细菌耐药形势依然严峻,需加强临床抗菌药物的使用管理和细菌耐药性监测.     

2017至2021年细菌耐药率与抗菌药物使用强度相关性分析

目的 分析细菌耐药率与抗菌药物使用强度之间的相关性。方法 使用WHONET 5.6软件分析2017至2021年临床送检细菌标本的耐药率,统计同期抗菌药物使用强度,对细菌耐药率与抗菌药物使用强度进行相关性分析。结果 2017至2021年检出率较高的病原菌依次为：革兰阴性杆菌中的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌,铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌;革兰阳性球菌中的金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌和屎肠球菌。鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药率与亚胺培南的抗菌药物使用强度（AUD）呈正相关（P <0.05）。革兰阳性球菌耐药率与抗菌药物使用强度未见相关性（P> 0.05）。结论 该院革兰阴性菌耐药率与抗菌药物使用强度之间存在一定的相关性,应加强院内抗菌药物的管理以减缓耐药菌产生。     

泌尿系感染病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的探讨泌尿系感染病原菌的分布及耐药性,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对2013年1月~2014年12月送检的尿标本进行病原菌培养、分离及鉴定,用纸片扩散法、E-test法或全自动细菌分析仪测定细菌对不同抗菌药物的敏感性,采用2013年版CLSI标准判读结果。结果共分离出4 027株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌占66.4%,革兰阳性菌占25.7%,真菌占7.9%。检出率最高的前4位病原菌依次为大肠埃希菌、屎肠球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和粪肠球菌。大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南最为敏感,对青霉素类耐药性最强。肠球菌属的整体耐药性十分严重,屎肠球菌比粪肠球菌的耐药率高,二者对万古霉素和利奈唑胺较为敏感。结论泌尿系感染病原菌对抗菌药物已产生了一定的耐药性,定期监测尿路感染病原菌的分布及耐药性,对指导临床合理用药具有重要意义。     

某院2009～2011年细菌耐药率变化与抗菌药物使用量关系的研究

目的了解2009年1月～2011年12月笔者所在医院医院感染常见病原菌的耐药变化趋势及抗菌药物使用量,探讨抗菌药物使用量与病原菌耐药率之间的相关性。方法对3年间13种抗菌药物使用量与医院感染常见病原菌对目标抗菌药物耐药率进行统计分析,计算各药的用药频度,对耐药率与DDDs进行相关性分析。结果 3年期间病原菌耐药率逐步上升,期间笔者所在医院有9种抗菌药物DDDs的变化与治疗目标菌的耐药率变迁呈显著相关。结论抗菌药物的广泛使用或使用不当与加速细菌耐药的产生和发展可能有着密切联系,规范抗菌药物的使用对延缓细菌耐药性的发展有着重要意义。     

氟喹诺酮类抗菌药使用频度与常见细菌耐药率的相关研究

目的：统计分析某三甲医院2009～2013年氟喹诺酮类抗菌药使用情况及细菌耐药率,并分析两者之间的相关性,为降低细菌耐药性和合理使用抗菌药提供参考依据。方法采用回顾性调查方法对2009～2013年送检病原菌培养结果、同期抗菌药物累计使用频度和细菌耐药率情况进行统计分析,并利用SPSS 17.0软件统计细菌耐药率和抗菌药物消耗量之间的Pearson积差相关系数。结果氟喹诺酮类抗菌药用药频度从2009年的29237.90 DDDs下降到2013年的11296.65DDDs,累计下降了61.36%。除氟喹诺酮类抗菌药使用与溶血性葡萄球菌（r=-0.68）和屎肠球菌（r=-0.86）耐药率存在负相关外,与常见细菌耐药率存在正相关,其中与大肠埃希菌（r=0.95）、阴沟肠杆菌（r=0.88）及粪肠球菌（r=0.95）耐药率存在显著正相关。结论某院氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物使用频度呈下降的趋势;除溶血性葡萄球菌和屎肠球菌外,氟喹诺酮类抗菌药物的使用与常见病原菌的耐药率呈正相关;提高氟喹诺酮类抗菌药使用频度可能是某些细菌耐药率增高的一大因素。     

天津市宝坻区人民医院2009—2012年致泌尿系统感染病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的 调查分析天津市宝坻区人民医院泌尿系感染的病原菌分布及其对抗菌药物的耐药情况,为临床合理应用抗生素提供依据。方法 回顾性分析2009—2012年1 170株尿液培养阳性病原菌的鉴定及药敏结果。结果 共分离出1 170株病原菌,其中,以大肠埃希菌检出率最高,为43.9%（514/1 170）;粪肠球菌、念珠菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌检出率分别为12.2%、9.4%、7.7%。大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、左氧氟沙星、头孢噻肟的耐药率达40%～90%;肠球菌主要对四环素、氯霉素、青霉素耐药。结论 大肠埃希菌是泌尿系感染最常见的病原菌,其次为粪肠球菌;尿路感染病原菌对常用抗菌药物耐药性较高,应加强细菌耐药性的动态监测,为临床医师合理使用抗菌药物提供科学依据。     

天津市宝坻区人民医院2009—2012年致泌尿系统感染病原菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的 调查分析天津市宝坻区人民医院泌尿系感染的病原菌分布及其对抗菌药物的耐药情况，为临床合理应用抗生素提供依据。方法 回顾性分析2009—2012年1 170株尿液培养阳性病原菌的鉴定及药敏结果。结果 共分离出1 170株病原菌，其中，以大肠埃希菌检出率最高，为43.9%（514/1 170）；粪肠球菌、念珠菌、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌检出率分别为12.2%、9.4%、7.7%。大肠埃希菌对氨苄西林、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、左氧氟沙星、头孢噻肟的耐药率达40%～90%；肠球菌主要对四环素、氯霉素、青霉素耐药。结论 大肠埃希菌是泌尿系感染最常见的病原菌，其次为粪肠球菌；尿路感染病原菌对常用抗菌药物耐药性较高，应加强细菌耐药性的动态监测，为临床医师合理使用抗菌药物提供科学依据。     

成人尿标本临床分离菌的分布及耐药性监测

目的：研究成人尿标本临床分离菌的分布及其耐药性，为临床使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法：收集某院2016年1月-2018年12月尿培养阳性菌株，采用VITEK 2-Compact仪器法或纸片扩散法测定分离菌的药物敏感性，参照CLSI 2018版折点判读结果，用WHONET5.6软件统计分析。结果：共分离出2 164株病原菌，革兰阴性杆菌占72.13%，革兰阳性球菌占23.01%，真菌占4.85%；主要为大肠埃希菌（50.05%）和肠球菌（14.33%）。3年间大肠埃希菌对喹诺酮类、碳青霉烯类耐药率有下降趋势，对头孢类耐药率无明显变化；肠球菌对喹诺酮类耐药率较高且无明显变化趋势，对青霉素类、高浓度庆大霉素耐药率有较大下降。革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺培南、美洛培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦较敏感。屎肠球菌对所测试抗菌药耐药率显著高于其他肠球菌，未发现耐万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺革兰阳性球菌。结论：尿路感染病原菌分布广泛，主要为肠杆菌科细菌和肠球菌。及时送检尿标本做病原学检查，根据药敏结果、严格按照抗菌药物临床应用分级管理办法使用抗菌药，可以减缓或降低细菌耐药性的产生。     

根据病原菌耐药性分析抗菌药物的临床应用

目的 分析我院主要病原菌的耐药性及抗菌药物的应用情况,为抗菌药物合理使用和管理提供参考.方法 采用WHONET5.4软件对我院2011年分离的1754株病原菌的耐药性进行统计分析,结合全年抗菌药物用药频度(DDDs)分析抗菌药物使用的合理性.结果 1754株病原菌中以革兰阴性菌为主(1101株、占62.8%),常见菌为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、阴沟肠杆菌;其次是革兰阳性菌(533株、占30.4%),常见菌为金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、肠球菌.10种抗菌药物DDDs排序结果显示,排在前3位的是头孢呋辛、头孢曲松、左氧氟沙星.结论 我院细菌耐药情况较严重,应加强抗菌药物使用管理,尽早明确病原菌并根据药敏试验结果选用抗菌药物,减少耐药菌的产生.     

重症监护病房病原菌分布特点及耐药性分析

目的了解2015年我院重症医学科(ICU)危重患者临床常见病原菌及对抗菌药物的耐药性。方法收集分离的539株病原菌、并进行细菌分布和耐药性分析。结果539株病原菌中以G-菌为主,占71.8%,其次为G 菌,占22.6%。最常见的G-菌是鲍曼不动杆菌。泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌的检出率达50.5%,鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药性为98.1%。铜绿假单胞菌对所测药物的耐药率波动在11.9%-35.6%。最常见的G 菌是金黄色葡萄球菌。其中耐甲氧西林金葡菌(MＲSA)的检出率分别为89.6%,未发现对万古霉素和利奈唑胺产生耐药性的葡萄球菌。屎肠球菌对所测抗菌药物的耐药性均明显高于粪肠球菌。结论我院ICU患者感染病原菌耐药性问题严重,尤其是多耐药革兰阴性杆菌。应加强病原菌微生物检测及耐药性监测。     

The use and resistance to antibiotics in the community

The frequency of resistance to antibiotics among common community-acquired pathogens, and the number of drugs to which they are resistant have been increasing worldwide. The relationship between antibiotic usage and resistance is strongly supported by data from several studies. Countries with the highest per capita antibiotic consumption have the highest resistance. The emergence of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae is related to high consumption of antibiotics in general, as well as to increased use of aminopenicillins and/or probably to wider use of oral cephalosporins. Increased consumption of macrolides, especially the long-acting ones, correlates significantly with the level of macrolide resistance of group A streptococci and S. pneumoniae while increased use of oral cephalosporins might be associated with the increase of beta-lactamase-producing strains of Moraxella catarrhalis. Trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole resistance is strongly associated with resistance to penicillin. A rise in consumption of fluoroquinolones is consonant with a higher rate of resistance to quinolones of S. pneumoniae, Escherichia coli and other Gram-negative bacteria. Paediatric bacterial isolates are more often resistant to various antimicrobial agents than isolates from adult patients; this higher resistance rate may be due to more frequent antimicrobial treatments in children, and extensive child to child transmission. Reliable data on antimicrobial consumption and resistance should form a basis for national policies devised to reduce the resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics.     

New antibiotics for the treatment of serious infections in intensive care unit patients

Objective: Nowadays, the infections of patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) are a major public health problem; this is due to several factors, in primis an increase in antibiotic resistance and the inappropriate use of antibiotics.

Methods: We briefly focus on on both new antibiotics approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in the last decade (2010–2019), and on agents in an advanced phase of development that have been developed, or are already approved, for the treatment of serious infections due to multidrug-resistant bacteria, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Results: An adequate knowledge of the new antibiotics will reduce their inappropriate use with the consequent reduction in the onset of new resistance and decreasing health care costs.

Conclusion: Antimicrobial stewardship programs to optimize antimicrobial prescribing and to preserve the effectiveness of the new antimicrobial agents are urgently needed'.     

Treatment of bacterial meningitis: an update

Introduction: The introduction of protein conjugate vaccines for Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib), Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) and Neisseria meningitidis (N. menigitidis) has changed the epidemiology of bacterial meningitis. Bacterial meningitis continues to be an important cause of mortality and morbidity, and our incomplete knowledge of its pathogenesis and emergence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria contribute to such mortality and morbidity. An early empiric antibiotic treatment is critical for the management of patients with bacterial meningitis.

Areas covered: This article gives an overview on optimal treatment strategies of bacterial meningitis, along with considerations of new insights on epidemiology, clinical and laboratory findings supportive of bacterial meningitis, chemoprophylaxis, selection of initial antimicrobial agents for suspected bacterial meningitis, antimicrobial resistance and utility of new antibiotics, status on anti-inflammatory agents and adjunctive therapy, and pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis.

Expert opinion: Prompt treatment of bacterial meningitis with an appropriate antibiotic is essential. Optimal antimicrobial treatment of bacterial meningitis requires bactericidal agents able to penetrate the blood–brain barrier (BBB), with efficacy in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Several new antibiotics have been introduced for the treatment of meningitis caused by resistant bacteria, but their use in human studies has been limited. More complete understanding of the microbial and host interactions that are involved in the pathogenesis of bacterial meningitis and associated neurologic sequelae is likely to help in developing new strategies for the prevention and therapy of bacterial meningitis.     

重症监护病房铜绿假单胞菌耐药性分析及对策

目的:分析ICU感染的铜绿假单胞菌耐药情况.方法:收集2007.7～2008.12入住ICU患者的基本资料及各类标本,标本进行细菌培养及药敏试验,对患者耐药情况进行分析.结果:共分离出199株铜绿假单胞菌菌株,美洛培南敏感率为96.2%、阿米卡星敏感率为69.6%、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感率为65.4%、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦敏感率为61.6%、亚胺培南敏感率为57.2%、头孢吡肟敏感率为32.4%、头孢他啶敏感率为28.3%;通过分析发现,住院时间长、使用抗菌药物、侵入治疗、呼吸衰竭、手术等均为铜绿假单胞菌耐药的危险因素.结论:ICU铜绿假单胞菌耐药现象已十分突出,对多重耐药菌株的感染应以预防为主,建立耐药监控体系,控制耐药的发展及扩散.     

我院2006-2010年抗菌药物应用与细菌耐药相关性分析

目的:探讨抗菌药物应用与细菌耐药的相关性,为进一步降低临床细菌耐药性和院内感染发生率提供理论依据。方法:提取我院医院信息系统中2006-2010年住院患者应用抗菌药物的品种、销售金额,并从检验科获取患者的病原菌感染情况,分析全院同期细菌学检查和耐药资料,选取临床常见病原菌的分离株和耐药资料,应用细菌耐药监测软件统计处理数据。结果:5年中,抗菌药物总用药频度(DDDs)与大肠埃希菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)率间显著相关(r=0.9002,P<0.05);头孢菌素类药的DDDs与革兰阴性(G-)菌平均耐药率间存在相关性(r=0.9004,P<0.05);喹诺酮类药的DDDs与G-菌平均耐药率间具有相关性(r=0.9654,P<0.05),尤其是大肠埃希菌耐药率呈逐年下降趋势,二者间具有显著相关性(r=0.9135,P<0.05)。结论:临床抗菌药物的DDDs与细菌耐药率间存在一定的相关性。合理应用抗菌药物可减少或防止细菌产生耐药性,降低院内感染率。     

Counteracting antibiotic resistance: breaking barriers among antibacterial strategies

Introduction: To fight against antibiotic resistance, prevention-only is no longer an acceptable strategy. The old concept ‘one-infection, one-bug, one-drug’, genocentrism in antibiotic discovery, and lack of integration between different antimicrobial strategies have probably contributed to current weaknesses in confronting antibiotic resistance. Resistance should be combatted in all fronts simultaneously, in the patient (complex therapy), the group (where resistance is maintained), and the significant environment (polluted by resistance).

Areas covered: This paper is reviewing why specific ‘therapeutic’ approaches are needed in each of these fronts, using different types of ‘drugs’ directed to a variety of targets, in the goal of inhibiting antibiotic resistant bacteria. Multi-target integrated combination strategies and therapies should be more extensively evaluated, not only in the infected patient (using novel formats for clinical trials), but as associations of ‘therapeutic strategies’ in the different compartments where antibiotic resistance emerges and flows (measuring global effects in resistance).

Expert opinion: Multi-targeted therapeutic approaches require a relaxation of barriers among the various compounds, including systemic and topic antibiotics, antiseptics, biocides, anti-resistant clones vaccination, phages, decontamination products, and in general eco-evo drugs acting on factors influencing ecology and evolution of resistant bacteria. The application of methods of systems biology will facilitate such a multi-lateral attack to antibiotic resistance. Such advances should be paralleled by a simultaneous progress in regulatory sciences and close coordination among all stakeholders.     

2009-2015年凉山州第二人民医院鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性与抗菌药物用量的相关性分析

目的 对2009-2015年凉山州第二人民医院鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性与抗菌药物用量的相关性进行分析,促进临床合理用药。方法 统计2009-2015年凉山州第二人民医院检验科鲍曼不动杆菌的分布及耐药性和抗菌药物的使用情况,并对鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性与抗菌药物用量的相关性进行统计分析。结果 共分离出鲍曼不动杆菌2 719株,主要来源为痰液(75.62%),分离株数逐年增加。鲍曼不动杆菌对各类抗菌药物的耐药率均呈上升趋势,对左氧氟沙星耐药率的上升程度最大。对哌拉西林他唑巴坦、左氧氟沙星、替卡西林、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟的耐药率均接近50%。鲍曼不动杆菌对哌拉西林他唑巴坦、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、左氧氟沙星和米诺环素的耐药率与左氧氟沙星的使用强度呈显著的正相关性。结论 合理使用抗菌药物对于降低鲍曼不动杆菌的耐药性具有重要意义,应根据药物半衰期和药敏试验制定恰当的给药方案。     

Predicting and preventing antimicrobial resistance utilizing pharmacodynamics: Part I gram positive bacteria

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance is a potentially inevitable consequence of widespread use of antibiotics in the healthcare system. An enhanced understanding of pharmacodynamic (PD) targets that prevent antimicrobial resistance development will improve currently availably therapies and help to guide future drug development strategies. Current in vitro methods to predict bacterial resistance to antimicrobials consist of serial dilution experiments, determination of the mutant prevention concentration (MPC), mutant selection window (MSW), and human simulated pharmacodynamics studies. Clinical trial data and real -world surveillance studies can help validate or disprove in vitro modeling.

Areas covered: This review will discuss methods of predicting development of resistance and how the use of pharmacodynamics can reduce or eliminate the emergence of resistance among Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Enterococcus species.

Expert opinion: Pharmacodynamic targets can be used successfully to guide antimicrobial therapy to prevent resistance development. Currently, PD targets do not take into consideration horizontal resistance gene transfer and various factors may lead to different PD targets based on sites of infection. Further research is necessary to guide future drug development strategies and optimize new drug therapies.     

Advances in pharmacovigilance initiatives surrounding antimicrobial resistance-Indian perspective

ABSTRACT

Introduction: In recent years the development of antimicrobial resistance has been accelerating, the discovery of new antimicrobial agents has slowed substantially in past decades.

Area covered: This review mainly focuses on the problem of antimicrobial resistance(AMR); the various contributor mechanisms, consequences and future of AMR. The review also highlights the irrational use of antimicrobials, improving their usage and problems associated with pharmacovigilance of antimicrobial resistance.

Expert opinion: Pharmacovigilance in the form of surveillance of antibiotic use is being done in 90% of the countries worldwide through the WHONET program developed by WHO. However, the data comes from a limited area of the globe. Data from every part of the world is required, so that there is geographical representation of every region. A major hurdle in quantifying the extent of antimicrobial resistance is the fact that there are several known microbes, that may turn out to be resistant to one or more of the several known antimicrobial agents. The global action plan initiated by WHO, if implemented successfully will definitely reduce AMR and will help in evaluating treatment interventions.