NO期鼻咽癌上半颈预防照射的长期随访结果

背景与目的:对NO期鼻咽癌患者的颈部预防照射,照射范围必须包括全颈还是上半颈,目前还存在争议.本研究的目的是通过回顾性分析评价NO期鼻咽癌半颈照射的合理性.方法:回顾性分析432例NO期鼻咽癌患者半颈预防照射颈部长期控制结果及相关因素.全部患者均接受根治性放疗,鼻咽中位剂量DT 70 Gy;颈部治疗范围只包括双侧上半颈,治疗中位剂量DT 50 Gy.Kaplan Meier法计算相关生存率、颈部复发率,log-rank检验对颈部复发率差异进行分析,Cox比例风险模型进行多因素分析.结果:共有17例患者治疗后发生颈部淋巴结转移,颈部5年控制率96.06%;其中6例患者同时合并鼻咽部复发,11例单纯颈部复发.单纯野内和野外复发率分别为0.93%(4/32)和1.62%(7/32),两者差异无统计学意义(P=0.937).63例患者有鼻咽复发,有鼻咽复发者的颈部复发率为9.52%(6/3),明显高于无鼻咽复发者的2.98%(11/71),两者差异有统计学意义(P=0.002).多因素分析显示鼻咽复发是影响颈部控制的独立预后因素.结论:NO期鼻咽癌患者放射治疗后颈部复发率很低,颈部预防照射范围仅包括双上颈是合理的.     

N_0期鼻咽癌颈部照射的合适范围探讨

 目的　确定N0 期鼻咽癌颈部照射的合适范围。方法　回顾性分析 196例N0 期鼻咽癌病人治疗后颈部控制结果及相关因素。全部病例接受单纯根治性放疗 ,鼻咽中位剂量DT70Gy ;颈部治疗范围只包括双侧上半颈 ,治疗剂量DT( 4 0～ 72 )Gy(平均DT4 7Gy ,中位DT5 0GY)。 结果　共有 9例病人治疗后发生颈部淋巴结转移 ,颈部 5年控制率 96 .1%。其中 4例同时合并鼻咽部复发 ,单纯颈部复发 5例 ,单纯颈部复发率 2 .5 5 % ( 5 / 196 )。颈部治疗剂量低于DT4 5Gy组的颈部复发率为9.0 % ( 6 / 6 7)明显高于剂量高于DT4 5Gy组的2 .3% ( 3/ 12 9) ;有鼻咽复发者的颈部复发率 13.3% ( 4 / 33)明显高于无复发者的 3.0 % ( 5 / 16 6 ) ;以上差异有统计学意义。结论　N0 期鼻咽癌病人放射治疗后颈部复发率很低 ,颈部治疗范围包括双上颈已足够 ,治疗剂量应高于 4 5Gy。     

NO期鼻咽癌颈淋巴结区域预防照射方式的探讨

背景与目的:鼻咽癌一侧或双侧颈部淋巴结阴性者颈部的区域预防照射范围及剂量尚无定论。本研究通过回顾性分析,探讨鼻咽癌影像学诊断N0期患者颈部预防野照射方式,并分析颈部淋巴结复发因素及预后因素。方法:收集2002年1月至2004年12月205例N0期鼻咽癌患者资料,治疗前均行鼻咽部和颈部影像学检查。采用直线加速器产生的6～8MV高能X线,以面颈联合野为主的放疗技术,鼻咽原发灶照射剂量为60～80Gy,颈部剂量为46～64Gy。常规分割、连续照射。按颈部预防照射范围将患者分为两组,半颈预防组和全颈预防组。60例进行了化疗。随访时间3～68个月,中位随访时间44个月。累积生存率采用Kaplan-Meier计算,对生存率的差异采用log-rank进行显著性检验,多因素分析采用Cox风险比例模型前进法。结果:205例N0期鼻咽癌患者,3年总生存率及无瘤生存率分别为92.9%、91.9%。半颈、全颈预防组淋巴结复发率分别为2.27%、0,T1、T2、T3、T4期患者的颈部复发率分别为0、3.08%、0、0,鼻咽无复发时、复发时的颈部淋巴结复发率分别为1.03%、0,各组淋巴结复发率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。半...     

影响N0期鼻咽癌放射治疗后颈淋巴结复发因素分析

目的分析颈淋巴结阴性(N0)鼻咽癌放射治疗后颈淋巴结复发的影响因素。方法采用Logistic回归方法回顾性分析接受放射治疗的N0期鼻咽癌211例复发因素。结果211例N0期鼻咽癌放射治疗后49例复发。采用面颈联合野放射治疗,上颈预防剂量>50 Gy比面颈分野上颈剂量50 Gy者颈淋巴结复发率低（t=12.93,P=0.000)。咽旁间隙受侵,T分期高,颈淋巴结复发率高（t=14.91,P=0.001及t=8.78,P=0.003)。全颈预防照射比单纯上颈预防照射的下颈复发率低（χ     

颈淋巴结阴性鼻咽癌颈部的放射治疗

背景与目的:颈淋巴结阴性鼻咽癌(简称N0鼻咽癌)约占全部鼻咽癌病例的20%～30%,对这部分患者,治疗规范是在照射鼻咽病灶的同时预防照射双上颈部。但有些研究者主张行全颈预防照射。本研究分析和比较上颈部预防照射和全颈预防照射的颈部复发率和生存率的影响,以探讨N0鼻咽癌颈部的放射治疗。方法:选取178例经病理组织学确诊的N0鼻咽癌患者,其中88例接受上颈预防照射(上颈照射组),90例接受全颈预防照射(全颈照射组)。用Kaplan-M eier和log-rank法计算和比较两组生存率,用Cox模型分析影响预后的因素。结果:上颈照射组和全颈照射组的1、3、5年生存率分别为98.9%、90.9%、80.7%和97.8%、80.0%、71.1%(P=0.224);1、3、5年无瘤生存率分别是93.2%、80.7%、77.3%和85.6%、68.9%、64.4%(P=0.163);颈部复发率分别是1.14%和1.08%(P>0.05)。多因素分析显示:性别、T分期和近期疗效是影响N0鼻咽癌预后的独立因素。结论:对于颈淋巴结阴性鼻咽癌患者只需作上颈预防性照射。     

鼻咽癌首程放疗后颈部淋巴结复发因素探讨

目的研究鼻咽癌首程放疗后颈部淋巴结复发的相关因素。方法对3 124例鼻咽癌初诊患者采用60Co分段放射治疗和连续放射治疗后,分析淋巴结分期、照射布野、放疗剂量及分段治疗间歇与颈部淋巴结复发的相关性。结果治疗前淋巴结分期高与颈淋巴结复发有关,N0,N1,N2,N3期复发率分别为12.8 %,12.2 %,23.7 %和27.5 %(P<0.001)。全颈和半颈照射的复发率分别为19.3 %和6.9 %(P>0.05)。在终止剂量为60 Gy和65 Gy时,消退剂量为45 Gy时复发率均较55 Gy低,分别为12.4 %,24.1 %(P<0.001)和11.5 %,23.3 %(P<0.001)。连续放疗复发率为11.9 %,低于分段放疗组21.8 %(P<0.001),分段放疗间歇时间长也与复发有关(P = 0.038)。结论鼻咽癌放疗后颈淋巴结复发与N分期高以及疗程呈正比,靶区漏照或剂量不足也是复发的重要因素。     

基于调强放疗N0期鼻咽癌颈部预防照射的选择

目的 探讨基于调强放疗(IMRT) N₀期鼻咽癌患者颈部预防照射的方式。方法 回顾分析2003—2008年本中心IMRT的 270例N₀期(第6版AJCC/UICC分期)初治鼻咽癌患者的临床资料,其中 171例接受上半颈预防照射,99例接受全颈预防照射。所有患者均接受鼻咽原发灶、上颈部淋巴引流区(包括双颈Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅴ_A区)6 MV X线IMRT,鼻咽原发灶剂量为68 Gy分30次,上颈剂量为54 Gy分30次,疗程6周。全颈预防照射者下颈部及锁骨上采用颈前半野常规技术,剂量为50 Gy分25次。结果 中位随访65.1个月,随访率为93%。上颈、全颈预防照射的 5年肿瘤相关生存率分别为95.3%、91.9%(χ²=0.76,P=0.384),颈部无复发生存率分别为99.4%、99.0%(χ²=1.18,P=0.278),无远处转移生存率分别为98.8%、94.9%(χ²=2.31,P=0.128)。咽后淋巴结阴、阳性患者 5年无远处转移生存率分别为99.4%、93.7%(χ²=8.96,P=0.003)。急性不良反应主要为1、2级黏膜炎和咽喉炎,无3+4级张口困难和口干等晚期不良反应。结论 N₀期鼻咽癌患者IMRT时行上半颈预防照射也许是可行的,第7版AJCC/UICC将颈淋巴结阴性而咽后淋巴结阳性鼻咽癌上调为N₁是合理的。     

鼻咽癌首程放疗后578例颈部淋巴结复发因素分析

[目的]研究鼻咽癌首程放疗后颈部淋巴结复发的相关因素.[方法]3124例鼻咽癌初诊患者采用60Co分段放射治疗和连续放射治疗后分析淋巴结分期、照野布野、放射剂量及分段治疗问题与颈部淋巴结复发的相关性.[结果]治疗前淋巴结分期高与颈淋巴结复发有关,N0、N1、N2、N3期复发率分别为12.8%、12.2%、23.7%和27.5%(P＜0.001).全颈和半颈照射的复发率分别为19.3%和16.9%(P＞0.05).在终止剂量为60Gy和65Gy时,消退剂量45Gy复发率均较55Gy低,分别为12.4%对24.1%(P＞0.001)和11.5%对23.3%(P＜0.001).连续放疗复发率11.9%,低于分段放疗组的21.8%(P＜0.001),分段放疗间隙时间长也与高复发有关(P=0.038).[结论]鼻咽癌放疗后颈淋巴结复发与N分期高以及疗程长成正比,靶区漏照或剂量不足也是复发的重要因素.     

85例低发区鼻咽癌放射治疗分析

目的　评价低发区鼻咽癌放射治疗疗效及影响预后的因素。方法　放疗采用常规分割剂量连续放疗 (每次DT2 0 0cGy ,每周 5次 ) ,鼻咽放疗总剂量DT40～ 80Gy ,平均 6 5 6 2Gy。颈部N0 者DT40～ 5 0Gy ,N1～ 3 者DT6 0～ 80Gy ,随访至 5年。生存率统计采用Kaplan -Meier法。 结果　 85例总的 1、2、3、4、5年累积生存率分别为 75 3%、5 8 6 %、40 7%、38%、36 3%。生存率随期别降低 (P =0 0 0 2 ) ,女性较男性预后好 (P =0 0 6 )。死亡 5 2例 ,死亡原因主要为鼻咽原发灶或 (和 )颈部转移淋巴结复发或未控 (2 2例 ,占 42 3 % )及远处转移 (2 1例 ,占 40 4% )。结论　① 85例低发区鼻咽癌总的放射治疗疗效略差。②女性病人预后相对较好。③鼻咽癌原发灶或 (和 )颈部转移淋巴结复发或 (和 )未控及远处转移均是死亡的主要原因。     

鼻咽癌N0-N1期患者Ⅱb区临床靶区剂量优化策略及可行性分析

目的明确鼻咽癌N0-N1期患者Ⅱb区淋巴结预防照射剂量CTV60Gy优化至CTV50Gy的安全性以及对腮腺保护的剂量优势和临床价值, 了解PET-CT及弥散加权成像(DWI)对颈部可疑阳性淋巴结(最大横断面短径≥5 mm但<10 mm)的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析2015年6月至2017年3月收治的N0-N1期初治非转移鼻咽癌157例, 其中104例在多模态影像指导下进行上颈部Ⅱb区临床靶区优化, 以Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析, 单因素、多因素回归分析颈部淋巴结复发模式, 配对t检验比较剂量优化前后靶区及腮腺剂量参数差异。结果 N1期行对侧单颈Ⅱb区优化60例, 行双颈Ⅱb区优化25例(仅咽后淋巴结转移者);N0期双颈Ⅱb区优化19例。共有3例患者出现颈部复发, 均在高剂量区内。全组5年总生存率为93.3%, 淋巴结无复发生存率、无局部复发生存率、无远处转移生存率和无瘤生存率分别为97.1%、91.3%、88.5%和80.8%。颈淋巴结复发与鼻咽局部复发有关, 与咽后淋巴结状态无关。14例患者Ⅱb区内有可疑阳性颈淋巴结, 最大横截面短径平均为7.1(5～9)mm, 其中...     

Treatment outcomes and late complications of 849 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with radiotherapy alone

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to describe the treatment outcomes and treatment-related complications of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients treated with radiotherapy alone. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Retrospective analysis was performed on 849 consecutive NPC patients treated between 1983 and 1998 in our institution. Potentially significant patient-related and treatment-related variables were analyzed. Radiation-related complications were recorded. RESULTS: The 5-year overall and disease-free survival rates of these patients were 59% and 52%, respectively. Advanced parapharyngeal space (PPS) invasion showed stronger prognostic value than PPS invasion. Multiple neck lymph node (LN) involvement was demonstrated to be one of the most powerful independent prognostic factors among all LN-related parameters. External beam radiation dose more than 72 Gy was associated with significantly higher incidence of hearing impairment, trismus, and temporal lobe necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend that the extent of PPS should be clarified and stratified. Multiple neck LN involvement could be integrated into the N-classification in further revisions of the American Joint Committee on Cancer stage. Boost irradiation is not suggested for node-negative necks. For node-positive necks, boost irradiation is indicated and a longer interval between initial and boost irradiation would reduce the incidence of neck fibrosis without compromising the neck control rate.     

Long term outcomes and prognostic factors of n0 stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a single institutional experience with 610 patients

Treatment responses of N0 stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma were firstly analyzed comprehensively to evaluate long term outcomes of patients and identify prognostic factors. A total of 610 patients with N0 NPC, undergoing definitive radiotherapy to their primary lesion and prophylactic radiation to upper neck, were reviewed retrospectively. Concomitant chemotherapy was administrated to 65 out of the 610. Survival rates of the patients were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by log-rank test. Prognostic factors were identified by the Cox regression model. The study revealed the 5-year and 10-year overall, disease-free, disease-specific, local failure-free, regional failure-free, locoregional failure-free and distant metastasis-free survival rates to be 78.7% and 66.8%, 68.8% and 55.8%, 79.9% and 70.4%, 81.2% and 72.5%, 95.8% and 91.8%, 78.3% and 68.5%, 88.5% and 85.5%, respectively. There were 192 patients experiencing failure (31.5%) after radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy. Of these, local recurrence, regional relapse and distant metastases as the first event of failure occurred in 100 (100/610, 16.4%), 15(15/610, 2.5%) and 52 (52/610, 8.5%), respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that T stage was the only independent prognostic factor for patients with N0 NPC (P=0.000). Late T stage (P=0.000), male (P=0.039) and anemia (P=0.007) were independently unfavorable factors predicting disease-free survival. After treatment, satisfactory outcome wasgenerally achieved in patients with N0 NPC. Local recurrence represented the predominant mode of treatment failure, while T stage was the only independent prognostic factor for overall survival. Late T stage, male gender, and anemia independently predicted lower possibility of the disease-free survival.     

Analysis of 1379 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated by radiation

One thousand three hundred seventy-nine nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients were treated from March 1958 to December 1978. Twenty-two percent had stage I or II and 78% Stage III or IV had lesions. Two hundred twenty-Kv radiographs were used before 1960; and telecobalt was used from 1961 to 1978. Factors influencing the 5-year survival rate favorably are youth of patient, being female, pathologic condition (poorly differentiated carcinoma, 45.1% versus adenocarcinoma, 13%), stage (Stage I, 86%, Stage II, 59.5%; Stage III, 45.8%; Stage IV, 29.2%), decade admitted for treatment in the past (31% in the 1950s, 48.6% in the 1970s), total dose delivered to the nasopharynx (40 to 49 Gy, 46%; 70 to 79 Gy, 54.1%; 90 Gy or more, 64%) and prophylactic radiation to the neck regions (with prophylactic irradiation, 53.8%, without prophylactic irradiation, 23%). This implies that prophylactic radiation of the neck is crucial even without positive clinical metastasis. For those who have a residual tumor in the primary site when 70 Gy has been delivered, the total dose may be boosted to more than 90 Gy with the cone-down technique or on basis of adding 20 Gy to the dose at which the primary lesion disappeared grossly. The common postirradiation complications are: radiation myelitis, trismus, and otitis media. Because disease recurred in some patients after the fifth year, NPC patients should be followed for at least 10 years.     

初治鼻咽癌调强适形放疗的疗效分析

目的 探讨根治性调强适形放疗（IMRT）治疗初治鼻咽癌的临床疗效及毒副反应。方法 74例鼻咽癌患者均接受全程IMRT照射,给予鼻咽大体肿瘤体积（GTVnx）处方剂量69.9Gy／30f,颈部转移淋巴结（GTVnd）69.9Gy／30f,临床靶体积1（CTV1）60Gy／30f,临床靶体积2（CTV2）54Gy／30f。按照RTOG/EORTC标准评价急性反应和晚期放射损伤;采用Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析。结果 中位随访时间为39个月（13～80个月）。全组1、2、3、5年生存率分别为97.3％、93.8％、88.2％和77.2％,无远处转移生存率分别为93.2％、91.1％、91.1％和84.1％,局部区域控制率分别为98.6％、91.0％、86.8％和80.6％。不同临床分期和T分期患者的生存率差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,而不同N分期患者的生存率差异有统计学意义（P=0.02）。在治疗失败的12例患者中,局部和区域失败分别占治疗失败病例的50.0％和16.7％,远处转移占58.3％。74例患者中3例出现3级口干,1例出现放射性颞叶损伤,4例出现3级张口困难,全组未发现颅神经损伤病例。结论 采用GTV照射剂量69.9Gy/30f IMRT治疗初诊时无远处转移的鼻咽癌远期疗效较好,毒副反应少,N分期是其预后的影响因素。     

Patterns of failure in nasopharyngeal cancer treated with megavoltage irradiation

From 1976 to 1982, 78 patients with nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) were treated with definitive megavoltage irradiation in accordance with a uniform protocol. The results of treatment were analyzed and prognostic factors reviewed. The incidence of primary failures was directly related to the extent of nasopharyngeal disease, since the relapse rate was 11% in T1T2 patients compared with 37.5% in T3T4 patients. Similarly, failure in the neck correlated with the N stage, being negligible for N0 and N1, while 35.7% for N3. The presence of bulky cervical nodes was associated with a higher risk for metastases: hematogenous dissemination occurred in 50% of N3B patients. The histology pattern seemed to significantly affect the ultimate outcome of patients with NPC, since disease-free survival was 65.5% in patients with a diagnosis of undifferentiated carcinoma (UC) and 23.8% in patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SC). The major cause of poor survival in this latter patient group was not only a higher recurrence rate of both primary and nodal disease but a greater incidence of distant metastases as well.     

30例早期鼻咽癌调强放射治疗疗效分析

目的:探讨调强放射治疗(IMRT)对早期鼻咽癌的近期疗效和不良反应.方法:回顾分析30例早期鼻咽癌患者,鼻咽部和上颈部淋巴引流区采用IMRT技术照射,下颈部淋巴引流区采用颈前野常规照射.鼻咽大体肿瘤体积(GTVnx)处方剂量68Gy-74Gy,颈部淋巴结(GTVnd)处方剂量64Gy-70Gy,临床靶体积(CTV1)处方剂量 60Gy-64Gy,临床靶体积(CTV2)处方剂量 50Gy-54Gy,分30-34次进行照射.对于淋巴结分期为N1的患者,结合淋巴结的情况行诱导化疗和(或)同期化疗2-4周期,N0患者行单纯调强放射治疗.结果:鼻咽大体肿瘤体积(GTVnx)D95平均剂量为74.5Gy,GTVnx V95平均体积99.6%,脊髓D1cc平均剂量41.5Gy,脑干D3平均剂量50.3Gy,左腮腺D50平均剂量32.8Gy,右腮腺D50平均剂量31.4Gy,左颞叶D10平均剂量45.5Gy,右颞叶D10平均剂量45.2Gy,均低于限制剂量.中位随访时间33.5个月(4-45个月).1年、2年、3年的总生存率、无局部复发生存率和无远处转移生存率均为100%.最严重的急性反应是放射性黏膜炎,1-3级分别有 63.3%,30%,和6.7%,晚期不良反应主要表现为口干(Ⅰ度33.3%,Ⅱ度3.7%).结论:IMRT对初治早期鼻咽癌可获得理想的剂量分布,取得较好的近期疗效,正常组织得到很好的保护.