4-6年级多重成就测验的编制Ⅲ:效度考验

目的：检验4—6年级多重成就测验（MATs）的效度。方法：结构效度样本2002例，学科效标样本646例，能力倾向效标样本227例。结果：A、B本分量表和总量表专家评定符合度0．3以上，非常符合的条目分别82％和86％；A、B题本分量表和总量表与学科成绩相关0．23～0．60。与学业能力倾向测验相关0.39-0．66；探索性因素分析抽取2因素时为语、数因子，与分量表吻合，多个因子提取表明可能存在言语、记忆、数算、数形和数理五因子；不同学校和年级间存在显著性差异，语文分测验存在性别差异。结论：各种效度考验结果基本符合测量学的标准。     

中学生学业能力倾向测验的效度研究

目的:对中学生学业能力倾向测验进行效度研究.方法:确定效度检验指标,采集数据,使用SPSS11.0和Amos4.0软件对所得数据进行分析.结果:(1)探索性因素分析表明各分测验对基本能力因子均有中度以上的负荷,抽取的三个因子解释了总方差的65.4%(A式)和66.2%(B式).验证性因素分析的拟合指数AGFI、CFI、NNFI均在0.96以上,RMSEA小于0.05,χ2/df小于3.(2)测验总分与长-鞍团体智力测验总分的相关为0.73(A式)和0.52(B式),与教师评定的相关在0.51～0.67.(3)测验分数在不同年级之间、不同类学校之间,文理科班之间、男女生之间存在显著差异(P<0.05).(4)学习成绩的回归分析可见,语文及数理分量表进入考试总成绩的回归方程,beta为0.27、0.49(A式),0.39、0.23(B式),回归方程的决定系数为0.46(A式)和0.29(B式).结论:中学生学业能力倾向测验具有理想的结构效度和较好的效标关联效度,适用于中学生学业能力倾向的评量.     

小学生(四-六年级)学习能力倾向测验的初步编制Ⅱ:效度检验

目的：验证小学生（四—六年级）学习能力倾向测验的效度。方法：采用探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析研究测验的结构效度：对测验分数与教师的评定等级进行相关分析，比较样本中来自不同等级学校、不同年级，或性别不同的学生之间测验得分的差异，以检验同时效度：以回归分析检验测验分数对语文、数学考试成绩的预测效度。结果：①探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析均证实了原先设想的测验结构；②语文分量表的分数与教师评定的语文学习能力等级相关为0．53（A卷）或0．58（B卷），数理分量表分数与教师评定的数学能力等级相关为0．58（A卷）或0．56（B卷），空间分量表分数与数学能力等级相关为0．25（A卷）或0．3l（B卷）；各个分测验分数大体上均呈随年级而逐步递增的趋势；各分测验的得分呈现优等学校〉中等学校〉差等学校的趋势；女生在某些语文分测验上的分数明显优于男生（P均〈0．05或0．01）；（爹第一主成分回归的决定系数分别为：语文0．471（A卷）或0．386（B卷），数学0．491（A卷）或0．362（B卷）（P均〈0．001）。结论：测验具有良好的结构效度、同时效度和预测效度。     

中华成人智力量表的初步编制

目的：编制一套适合我国16岁以上人群的成人智力量表。方法：以Cattell—Horn—Carroll理论作为编制量表的基本理论框架，量表由3个分量表12个分测验组成。根据湖南省第五次人口普查资料，在长沙地区分层按比例随机选取16～82岁正常成年人400例，进行条目分析及信效度榆验．结果：各分测验难度在0．45—0．74之间．平均难度0．53；各分测验及全量表的重测相关系数为0．72—0．97；探索性因素分析抽取的三个因子解释了总方差的75％。验证性因素分析拟合三因素模型最佳。结论：中华成人智力量表的条目质量及信效度符合心理测量学的基本要求。     

4～6年级多重成就测验的编制

目的：编制4～6年级多重成就测验（MATs），为教育、临床和社会评估提供测评工具。方法：在多次试测基础上形成预测本，2002名被试作条目分析，对768名被试作各种信度估计，对227名被试性向测验和646名被试学科成绩作同时效度，5位专家作内容效度评定。结果：77．5％的条目难度为．20～.80，77％条目鉴别力达优良水平，分测验及分量表D值在.30以上。两题本分量表和总量表重测信度．91～．95，复本信度．87～．94．重测复本信度．82～．89，分半信度．79～．90，α系数．90～．96，评分者信度．94～．98，真分数变异．82和．86；概化分析表明分测验条目15个左右为宜，分量表与总量表条目量50与100即可。专家评定语数非常符合条目82％和86％，两题本分量表和总赶表与学科成绩相关．23～．60，与学业能力倾向测验相关．39～．66，不同学校、年级间存在显著性差异，语文分测验存在性别差异：因素分析抽2因素时为语、数因子，与分量表吻合；提取多个因子时，表明可能存存言语、记忆、数算、数形和数理五因子。结论：MATs难度适中，鉴别力优良；各种信度考验结果基本符合测量学的标准并具有良好的内容效度和同时效度，结构效度较理想；两题本基本平行。     

多重成就测验的信、效度研究

目的：检验多重成就测验的信度和效度。方法：采用分层按比例整群抽样的方法在太原市和太原市附近的忻州市抽取了8所中学的21个班、3所大学一年级的8个班，获得有效答卷1448份。计算了测验的信度，包括同质性信度、分半信度和98名大学生间隔5周的重测信度；测验的效度，包括结构效度、效标效度和区分效度。结果：(1)信度：甲乙套各分量表的同质性信度在0.83～0．93之间；分半信度为0．61～0．84；重测信度在0．52～0．87之间。(2)结构效度：各分量表与总分之间的相关系数在0．699～0．870之间；探索性因素分析各抽出两个特征值大于1的因素，甲乙套各能解释的总方差分别为73．70%和74．49%，验证性因素分析证明甲乙套语文的模型拟合良好。(3)效标效度：与中学生期中考试成绩、大学生入学成绩、教师的等级评定呈中度相关。(4)区分效度：能较好地区分不同年级、性别、不同类型中学以及大学的不同专业。结论：多重成就测验的信、效度指标符合测验学的要求。     

小学生(四-六年级)学习能力倾向测验的初步编制: 编制策略、条目分析和信度检验

目的：编制一套适用于四-六年级学生的学习能力倾向测验，并对条目的质量和测验的信度进行检验。方法：采用理论和工作分析相结合的方法构建测验，并将测验分为A卷和B卷两个大致平行的题本；以难度、区分度检验条目质量，以重测信度、内部一致性信度、平行信度检验测验的稳定性。结果：①各分测验平均难度指数介于0．42加．51之间；鉴别指数在0．2以上的条目所占比例为92．04％(A卷)或95．45％(B卷)；②各分测验的重测相关为0．67加．78(A卷)或0．65～0．80(8卷)：各分量表重测相关为0．67～0．82(A卷)或0．65-0．82(B卷)；总量表重测相关为0．86(A卷)或0．87(B卷)；③各分测验的Cronbach's α系数为0．62-0．76(A卷)或0．61加．85(B卷)；两卷的语文、数理分量表Cronbach’s α系数均在0．8以上，总量表Cronbach's α系数则在0．9左右；④A卷与B卷各分测验相关系数在0．42-0．70之间，分量表相关系数在0．54～0．72之间，总量表相关系数为0．77。结论：大部分条目的难度和区分度符合要求，各信度指数为良好或可以接受；两个题本尚未达到平行的要求。     

中国临床心理学杂志2004年第12卷题录索引

〔文题 ,作者名 ,(期号 ) :页次〕心理测验中学生学业能力倾向测验的初步编制 ,张月娟等 ,(1) :1中小学生心理健康量表的信效度检验 ,张雅明等 ,(1) :6艾森克个性问卷理论结构的因素分析 ,程灶火等 ,(1) :9中小学教师职业倦怠问卷的编制及信效度检验 ,徐富明等 ,(1) :13TAI评量标准研究和信效度分析 ,范晓玲等 ,(1) :5 8心理健康量表的初步编制 ,许明智等 ,(2 ) :111多项能力倾向测验的初步编制 ,王进礼等 ,(2 ) :116长—鞍团体智力测验北方中学生常模的编制 ,金永乐等 ,(2 ) :12 1成年人应对方式量表的初步编制 ,陈树林等 ,(2 ) :12 3龚…     

认知伪装甄别测验的编制和信效度分析

目的：编制一套甄别认知伪装的心理测验，并检验它的信效度。方法：按照Rogers提出的伪装甄别策略，编制了两个迫选式再认分测验一数字迫选测验和图符迫选测验，每个分测验含30个条目。264名正常人、33名脑损害病人和125名可疑伪装的鉴定者完成认知伪装甄别测验．其中303名被试接受华文认知能力量表测试、297名被试接受多维记忆评估量表测试。结果：数字迫选测验和阿符迫选测验的重测相关系数分别为0．603和0．571。数字迫选测验的信度系数在0．749—0．888之间，图符迫选测验的信度系数在0．753—0．872之间，全量表的信度系数为0．843—0．936。认知伪装甄别测验成绩与华文认知能力量表和多维记忆评估量表各分测验分数有显著性相关，相关值在0．308—0．608之间。正常人不同年龄组的测验成绩有明显的差异，正常组、脑损害病人组和鉴定组的测验成绩和成绩曲线有明显的不同。结论：认知伪装甄别测验具有较好的信度和效度．可以作为认知伪装的甄别工具。     

3-4年级多项学习能力倾向测验的编制

目的:编制3-4年级学习能力倾向测验,为教育、临床和社会评估提供测评工具.方法:对721名被试作条目分析,104名被试作重测复本信度分析,92名被试作效标效度分析.结果:84%的项目难度为0.20～0.80,80%条目鉴别力达优良水平,分测验D在0.38以上.两题本重测复本信度0.78,α系数均为0.91,总量表预测效度为0.53～0.66,同时效度为0.61～0.69.探索性因素分析可抽取三个因子,即言语、数理和空间,验证性因素分析的拟合指数AGFI、CFI、NNFI均在0.95以上,RMSEA均小于0.05.测验且具有年龄或年级特征.不同类型学校存在显著差异,但基本无性别差异.结论:多项学习能力倾向测验难度适宜,鉴别力优良;信度符合测量学的计量标准,具有良好预测效度和同时效度,结构效度理想.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.