2000-2004年天津市城乡居民膳食状况的调查分析

目的:研究2000～2004年天津市城市和农村居民膳食营养摄入状况。方法:利用天津市统计局2000～2004年天津市城乡居民各种食物的消费量和人口资料,通过膳食计算和统计分析,研究这一时段食物与营养消费状况、各种营养素摄入状况、营养素的食物来源情况,找出城乡居民食物与营养中存在的问题。结果:城市居民动物性食物、水果、蔬菜摄入较合理,蛋白质质量较好,谷类、奶类、豆类食物摄入偏低,维生素A、B1、B2、钙摄入量占RNIs或AIs百分比偏低,脂肪占总热量偏高(34%～35%);农村居民谷类、蔬菜和植物油摄入较合理,动物性食物、奶类和豆类食物摄入偏低,蛋白质质量有待提高,维生素A、B2、C、钙摄入量占RNIs或AIs百分比偏低,其中维生素A、B2、钙摄入严重不足。结论:天津市城乡居民膳食中仍存在着膳食不平衡,一些微量营养素摄入不足,尤其是农村,城市居民脂肪摄入偏高。     

2001～2010年黑龙江省城乡居民膳食结构的调查分析

目的研究2001～2010年黑龙江省城乡居民膳食结构及营养素摄入状况。方法利用黑龙江省统计局2001～2010年黑龙江省城市和农村年人均食物消费资料,通过膳食计算和统计分析,研究这十年间食物与营养消费状况、各种营养素摄入状况、营养素的食物来源情况,找出城乡居民食物与营养中存在的问题。结果城市居民动物性食品、蔬菜摄入较合理,蛋白质质量较好,谷类、水果类食物摄入偏低,乳品类食物摄入更低。视黄醇摄入量严重不足,硫胺素、核黄素、钙、铁、锌摄入量占RNI百分比偏低;农村居民粮食类食物摄入偏高,其他食物摄入量都偏低,食物能量分布主要来自粮食类。食物的蛋白质来源主要是粮食类,蛋白质质量有待于提高。视黄醇摄入量也是严重不足,核黄素、钙、铁、锌摄入量占RNI百分比偏低。结论黑龙江省城乡居民膳食中存在着膳食不平衡,一些微量营养素摄入不足,尤其是农村,城市居民近5年脂肪摄入偏高。     

济南市部分城市社区老年人膳食中营养素摄入状况调查

[目的]探讨不同年龄阶段老年人膳食中营养素摄入状况，以便指导合理营养。[方法]2002年，在济南市市区抽取历下区某城市社区60～78岁的退休人员214名，采用24h回顾法调查1d膳食中各类食物的摄入量，并计算出热能和各种营养素的摄入量，与中国营养学会推荐的平衡膳食宝塔、推荐营养素摄入量进行比较。[结果]老年人体质指数≥25者占51．40％，男性高于女性，60～69岁组高于70岁以上组；膳食中蛋类和油脂的摄入量偏高，蔬菜、鱼类、豆类偏低；三大营养素供热比例各组均以脂肪热较高，碳水化合物热偏低；钙、维生素B1、B2摄入不足。[结论]不同年龄的社区老年人均存在膳食结构不合理和营养素摄入不平衡现象，需要加强合理营养指导。     

1992年天津市居民膳食调查结果评价

为了能合理地规划以预防慢性病为目标的营养干预活动，１９９２年对天津３６８２名１５～６４岁城乡居民进行膳食调查。该调查采用食物称重和连续三日食物记录法。结果表明城乡居民的食物模式和营养素摄入有明显差异。与农村居民相比，城市居民的膳食含较多脂肪和优质蛋白质。城乡居民的维生素Ａ、钙、核黄素和锌的摄入量偏低，尤其以农村地区明显。城乡居民的钠摄入量和钠／钾比值都非常高。城市居民的胆固醇摄入量明显高于农村居民。调查结果表明天津市居民需要综合性的营养干预，预防某些营养素摄入不足同时控制与慢病有关的危险因素。     

湖南某民航空勤人员营养状况调查研究

目的了解湖南某民航空勤人员的营养摄入状况、膳食结构,为引导其合理膳食、建立科学的食物消费观提供依据。方法对湖南某民航的全部空勤人员（369人）进行食物频率调查;膳食调查采用多阶段整群抽样抽取95人,以24 h回顾法连续3 d进行膳食营养素摄入情况的调查。结果膳食调查结果显示,民航空勤人员膳食结构为谷类22.26%、蔬菜水果类40.43%,摄入比例偏低;鱼禽肉蛋类20.24%、油脂类4.90%,摄入比例偏高。膳食纤维摄入量过低,只达到推荐摄入量的50.10%。钙、维生素B2摄入量不足,分别占推荐摄入量的79.29%和75.71%。结论湖南某民航空勤人员营养状况总体良好,食物结构基本合理,营养素摄入存在蛋白质、脂肪摄入过高,碳水化合物、钙、维生素B2和膳食纤维摄入偏低的问题。因此,需对湖南某民航空勤人员加强营养教育,树立正确营养观念,平衡膳食,合理营养。     

济南市部分城市社区老年人膳食中营养素摄入状况调查

[目的 ]探讨不同年龄阶段老年人膳食中营养素摄入状况 ,以便指导合理营养。 [方法 ] 2 0 0 2年 ,在济南市市区抽取历下区某城市社区 60～ 78岁的退休人员 2 14名 ,采用 2 4h回顾法调查 1d膳食中各类食物的摄入量 ,并计算出热能和各种营养素的摄入量 ,与中国营养学会推荐的平衡膳食宝塔、推荐营养素摄入量进行比较。 [结果 ]老年人体质指数≥ 2 5者占 5 1 40 % ,男性高于女性 ,60～ 69岁组高于 70岁以上组 ;膳食中蛋类和油脂的摄入量偏高 ,蔬菜、鱼类、豆类偏低 ;三大营养素供热比例各组均以脂肪热较高 ,碳水化合物热偏低 ;钙、维生素B1、B2 摄入不足。 [结论 ]不同年龄的社区老年人均存在膳食结构不合理和营养素摄入不平衡现象 ,需要加强合理营养指导     

河北某高校大学生膳食结构与营养素分析

目的了解高校大学生的膳食结构和营养素摄入情况,为有针对性的开展营养改善工作提供依据。方法采用连续3 d 24 h回顾法,在河北某高校随机抽取400名男女大学生进行膳食营养调查。分析各类食物摄入量及膳食能量、营养素摄入情况,与中国居民膳食营养素推荐摄入量进行比较分析。结果调查对象平均每日食物摄入量为:谷类259.0 g,蔬菜84.2 g,水果18.5 g,豆类35.6 g,奶类21.5 g,畜禽肉20.9 g,水产品5.4 g,蛋类18.8 g。除谷类食物外,其他食物摄入量均低于膳食指南推荐量;膳食中动物性食物摄入量不足,优质蛋白摄入偏低,蛋白质、脂肪所占能量比偏低。钙、铁和维生素C、B1、B2的摄入量均不足。早餐所占能量比例偏低,晚餐则偏高。结论学生的膳食结构不够合理,应提高奶、蛋、水果、蔬菜的摄入量,增加早餐能量,降低晚餐能量,应加强对学生合理膳食的科学指导。     

某部接触液体推进剂人员膳食调查与评价

目的对接触液体推进剂人员进行膳食营养状况调研,针对存在的问题,提出解决办法。方法膳食调查采用称质量法,连续调查3d。采用膳食营养软件计算能量和各种营养素摄入量,以国家军用标准《军人营养素供给量》和《军人食物定量》评价膳食质量。结果接触液体推进剂人员脂肪摄入偏高、碳水化合物摄入偏低。维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B1、尼克酸摄入量存在不同程度不足和缺乏。矿物质钙、锌摄入量不足。结论接触液体推进剂人员膳食结构存在不合理现象,某些营养素超标而另一些营养素缺乏。应减少脂肪摄入,增加蔬菜、水果、牛奶、海产品、豆类及制品的摄入,合理调整膳食结构。     

宁波市鄞州区4～5岁幼儿膳食营养状况调查

摘要:目的　了解鄞州区4、5岁幼儿营养摄入状况,为开展4、5岁幼儿合理膳食提供依据。方法　采用分层整群随机抽样,抽取鄞州区中心区、郊区各1所幼托机构,采用三日膳食称重法和膳食记录法,调查了337名4、5岁幼儿的膳食摄入情况。结果　与中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量相比,4、5岁幼儿热量、蛋白质、维生素C、钙、钾、锌摄入不足。膳食能量来源中谷类所占比例为52.7%,碳水化合物摄入偏低。脂肪来源中,动物类食物占74.2%,动物性脂肪摄入偏高。维生素C来源中水果仅占17.2%,摄入量偏低。蛋白质、钙的来源中,豆类仅占6.4%和7.1%,豆类摄入不足。结论　应对幼儿的日常膳食进行适当干预,以保证4～5岁幼儿的健康成长。     

哈尔滨市孕妇孕期膳食摄入调查及评价

目的调查孕妇孕能量及膳食营养素摄入情况,找出存在的营养缺陷与问题。方法调查孕妇孕能量及膳食营养素摄入情况,分析营养缺陷与问题。结果哈尔滨市孕妇能量摄入是合理的,但蛋白质和脂肪供能比例偏高,碳水化合物供能比例偏低;维生素A与核黄素摄入量为边缘不足,硫胺素摄入不足,与中国居民营养素参考摄入量（RNI）比较维生素A差异无统计学意义,后两者差异极有统计学意义（P值均〈0.01）;膳食纤维摄入量低于推荐的摄入范围;维生素B6和叶酸摄入不足,与适宜摄入量或RNI相比较差异均有统计学意义（P值均〈0.001）;钙、铁与锌的摄入不能满足随着孕龄增加而需要量的增加;其他营养素摄入都是充足的。结论哈尔滨市孕妇在孕早、中与晚期的膳食摄入均有一定缺陷,应对孕妇开展经常性的营养与健康教育。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.