多电极射频联合肝动脉栓塞化疗治疗肝癌的应用研究

目的：探讨多电极射频联合肝动脉栓塞化疗对肝癌治疗的方法及效果。方法：经皮穿刺组织病理学证实的16例肝癌31个结节，多电极射频治疗后1－2周，行肝动脉栓塞化疗。结果：经选择性肝动脉造影证实，12个小结节完全坏死，占小结节的38．7％（12／31），17个临近肝脏边缘的较大结节及2个特殊部位的小结节有肿瘤残留，占所有结节的61．3％（19／31）。其中3个较大的结节联合栓塞化疗后3月仍见肿瘤生长。16例患者半年后瘤生存率75．0％（12／16）。所有患者治疗后临床症状明显改善。结论：先射频后栓塞的方法可以发现并治疗肿瘤残留，提高治疗效果。     

经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞联合局部注射无水乙醇治疗中晚期原发性肝癌

目的探讨经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）联合经皮注射无水乙醇（PEI）治疗中晚期原发性肝癌的治疗效果。方法非随机对照研究，纳入90例中晚期原发性肝癌。41例接受TACE联合PEI治疗（治疗组），另49例仅接受TACE治疗（对照组）。全部患者随访12个月，观察安全性、局部治疗效果及生存时间。结果治疗组患者共接受99次TACE、131次PEI治疗，对照组共接受116次TACE治疗。全部患者均无严重并发症出现，治疗组总有效率（CR＋PR）高于对照组，分别是58．5％和28．6％（P〈0．05）。治疗组3、6、12个月生存率及生存曲线均高于对照组（P=0．0002），两组生存率分别为88．19％、75．03％、44．30％和62．12％、36．48％、21．02％，两组差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论本文研究结果提示经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞联合经皮注射无水乙醇治疗安全有效，提高了中晚期原发性肝癌的局部治疗效果，延长了患者的生存时间。     

肝动脉栓塞化疗加肝内酒精注射治疗原发性肝癌

目的：观察非手术疗法联合治疗早期原发性肝癌的治疗效果。方法：１４例早期原发性肝癌患者行肝动脉栓塞化疗和超声引导下肝内无水酒精注射,以肝细胞细针吸引涂片病检和血清ＡＦＰ检测作为观察疗效指标。结果：临床治愈率和１年生存率分别为９２．８６％和７８．５７％,最长生存期已达３２个月。结论：肝动脉栓塞化疗和肝内无水酒精注射联合应用对早期原发性肝癌有很好的治疗效果。     

多电极射频联合肝动脉栓塞化疗治疗不能切除大肝癌的临床观察

目的：探讨多电极射频（RFA）联合肝动脉栓塞化疗（TACE）治疗不能切除大肝癌的临床价值。方法：对23例大肝癌患者的30个结节采用RFA及TACE治疗，肝癌结节大小5．3～12．0cm，平均6．4cm。结果：18例治疗前甲胎球蛋白（AFP）升高的患者，治疗后明显下降。6例治疗后再次活检，呈完全性坏死。1a存活73．7％（14／19），3例生存4a以上，1例至今存活达6a以上。结论：RFA联合TACE治疗不能切除的大肝癌是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

TACE、PVC、PEI三介入联合治疗晚期原发性肝癌的临床总结

目的：分析TACE、PVC、PEI三介入联合治疗晚期原发性肝癌的临床疗效。方法：将晚期原发性肝癌60例，分为两组进行治疗：经导管肝动脉栓塞化疗（TACE）组30例（对照组）；TACE联合门静脉化疗及CT引导下无水酒精注射，即三介入联合治疗组30例（联合治疗组）。观察两组间的生存率及门脉癌栓的消失率。结果：对照组6、12、18、24个月生存率分别为56．7％（17／30）、40％（12／30）、20％（6／30）、6．7％（2／30），门脉癌栓消失率43．75％（7／16）。而治疗组6、12、18、24个月生存率分别为76．7％（23／30）、56．7％（17／30）、36．7％（11／30）、16．7％（5／30），门脉癌栓消失率为64．7％（11／17）。两组间生存率及门脉癌栓消失率均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：三介入联合治疗优于单纯栓塞化疗。     

巨块型肝癌的综合介入治疗

目的探讨运用综合介入放射学方法治疗巨块型肝癌的临床疗效。方法联合运用常规肝动脉灌注化疗术（TAI），肝动脉栓塞化疗术（TACE），CT定位经皮肝穿刺肿瘤内多点注射无水酒精（PEI）治疗巨块型肝癌，观察分析治疗效果。结果51例巨块型肝癌患者的1、2、3、4年生存率分别为62．7％、52．9％、41．2％、25．5％，7例患者已生存5年以上，5年生存率〉13．7％。结论运用综合介入放射学方法治疗巨块型肝癌有明显的临床效果。     

超声引导射频治疗加无水酒精注射联合肝动脉栓塞治疗肝癌的临床研究

目的：探讨超声引导多方法联合动脉栓塞（TAE）治疗肝癌的临床价值。方法：在超声引导下对198例肝癌患者行多电极射频治疗加无水酒精瘤内注射联合TAE治疗，同时观察治疗组与单纯TAE对照组治疗前后的肿瘤血供变化，声像图特征等与临床疗效的关系。结果：治疗组术后瘤周及瘤内血流信号完全消失和减少率92．93％；肿瘤缩小率91．93％，AFP转阴率82．54％，术后随访年，2年累计生存率分别为87．31％、78．68％，远高于单纯TAE组的59．46％和31．53％。结论：超声引导多方法联合TAE技术是治疗肝癌的有效方法，超声为观察治疗前后肝癌血供状态，声像图变化及与临床疗效关系提供主要依据，对指导治疗，判定疗效有着重要意义。     

双介入联合治疗肝海绵状血管瘤

目的：研究经肝动脉栓塞联合经皮穿刺注入无水酒精治疗海绵状血管瘤的方法和效果。方法：将导管超选择插入17例肝血管瘤的供血动脉，以碘油或超液态碘油、明胶海绵和（或）钢圈栓塞，一周后在超声引导下经皮穿刺多点注入无水酒精。结果：所有病例均成功实施了栓塞治疗和无水酒精的注射。17例中有11例分别于术后1～12个月行CT或B超随访。瘤体缩小〉50％者9例，〉30％者2例。全部患者中临床症状消失者12例，明显减轻者5例。总有效率100％，术后无严重并发症。结论：超选择性肝动脉栓塞联合经皮穿刺注入无水酒精在治疗肝海面状血管瘤上是安全、有效的首选方法。     

TACE与TACE加放射治疗肝癌的疗效分析

目的：比较单纯介入肝动脉化疗栓塞(TACE)，TACE加外照射放射治疗(RT)对原发性肝癌(PHC)的疗效。方法：40例PHC患随机分成单纯介入组与介入加放疗组(综合组)各20例。介入化疗选用阿霉素或表阿霉素40～80mg，丝裂霉素8～14mg，5-氟尿嘧啶1g，栓塞剂为40％碘化油或明胶海绵，放疗采用6MV电子直线加速器局部野外照射。结果：平均生存期介入组为10．2个月，综合组为12．8个月。1年、2年、3年生存率，介入组为40％、25％、10％，综合组为65％、40％、20％，后果明显高于前。结论：采用介入加放射综合治疗原发性肝癌，较单纯介入治疗可明显地提高治疗生存期及生存率。     

肝动脉化疗栓塞和经皮瘤内注射无水乙醇联合治疗巨块型肝癌

目的评价肝动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）和经皮瘤内注射无水乙醇（PEI）联合治疗巨块型肝癌的疗效。方法15例无转移的巨块型肝癌患者先行TACE治疗1周后再行5次PEI。结果本组病例全部随访，时间1个月-3年，有效率为100％。结论TACE和PEI联合治疗巨块型肝癌，先用TACE，后用PEI，效果良好。     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病与肝癌

据世界卫生组织统计,我国肝癌发病人数占全球总发病人数的50%,因肝癌病死人数则占55%,实在是国人之大不幸。幸而我国已将乙肝疫苗接种列入儿童计划免疫,该计划免疫实施近20年来,估计至少减少了3000万例乙肝病毒感染者。已有报告表明,接种过疫苗之儿童肝癌发病率显著下降,相信三四十年后,我国肝癌高的发病率必然下降。     

Liver fibrosis

Liver fibrosis is the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix proteins including collagen that occurs in most types of chronic liver diseases. Advanced liver fibrosis results in cirrhosis, liver failure, and portal hypertension and often requires liver transplantation. Our knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of liver fibrosis has greatly advanced. Activated hepatic stellate cells, portal fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts of bone marrow origin have been identified as major collagen-producing cells in the injured liver. These cells are activated by fibrogenic cytokines such as TGF-beta1, angiotensin II, and leptin. Reversibility of advanced liver fibrosis in patients has been recently documented, which has stimulated researchers to develop antifibrotic drugs. Emerging antifibrotic therapies are aimed at inhibiting the accumulation of fibrogenic cells and/or preventing the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins. Although many therapeutic interventions are effective in experimental models of liver fibrosis, their efficacy and safety in humans is unknown. This review summarizes recent progress in the study of the pathogenesis and diagnosis of liver fibrosis and discusses current antifibrotic strategies.     

Liver transplantation

Liver transplantation has become an established form of therapy for patients with almost any type of irreversible and severe liver disease. The remarkable success of liver transplantation has resulted from recent advances in immunosuppressive therapy, surgical techniques, and patient selection. Additional progress has been made in the management of the complex postoperative medical complications that may occur. Indeed, liver transplantation has contributed significantly to an improved quantity and quality of life for many patients with liver disease.     

Liver transplantation

Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) involves the substitution of a diseased native liver with a normal liver (or part of one) taken from a deceased or living donor. Considered an experimental procedure through the 1980s, OLT is now regarded as the treatment of choice for a number of otherwise irreversible forms of acute and chronic liver disease.The first human liver transplantation was performed in the United States in 1963 by Prof. T.E. Starzl of the University of Colorado. The first OLT to be performed in Italy was done in 1982 by Prof. R. Cortesini. The procedure was successfully performed at the Policlinico Umberto I of the University of Rome (La Sapienza).The paper reports the indications for liver transplantation, donor selection and organ allocation in our experience, surgical technique, immunosuppression, complications and results of liver transplantation in our center.     

Liver transplantation

Liver transplantation celebrated its twenty-fifth anniversary in 1988. However, only in the last decade has it been accepted as a viable treatment alternative for patients with end-stage liver disease. There currently are over 70 centers in the United States with liver transplant programs. Over 1500 transplants were performed in 1988, and there were 644 people awaiting suitable liver donors, with an average of 150 to 200 patients added to the list each month. This growth has resulted from many factors, including improved operative techniques and anesthetic management, immunosuppressive therapies, and improvements in donor recovery, which has served to increase the acceptable organs available for transplantation. The future of liver transplantation, however, may be somewhat uncertain. Will the cost of patient care continue to be supported by the economy? The goal of liver transplantation is simple: to provide the patient with a better quality and longer life. The question remains, is this a goal that society will deem financially feasible?