温州地区嗜血杆菌的检出及耐药性分析

目的 了解本地区成人呼吸道嗜血杆菌的感染情况及其对常用抗生素的耐药性,为临床治疗提供参考。方法 用嗜血杆菌专用巧克力培养基（ＨＡＥ）进行分离培养,用ＮＨＩ鉴定卡和ＡＴＢＮＨ药敏检测条鉴定其生物种型及其对多种抗生素的耐药性,用Ｎｉｔｒｏｃｅｆｉｎ纸片法测定被试菌的β－内酰胺酶。结果 １１９０例呼吸道感染病人痰液和咽拭标本中检出１４７株嗜血杆菌,总检出率１２．３５％,其中流感嗜血杆菌３２株（２１．７７％）,副流感嗜血杆菌１１３株（７６．８７％）,杜克雷嗜血杆菌２株（１．３６％）。检测株对头孢噻肟、阿莫西林／克拉维酸、利福平的耐药率较低,分别为６．１２％、１０．８８％、１９．０５％。产β－内酰胺酶的共６４株,产酶率为４３．５４％。结论 本地区成人呼吸道嗜血杆菌感染中以副流感嗜血杆菌为主,产酶率较高,对嗜血杆菌引起的呼     

两种培养基对嗜血杆菌属分离鉴定的比较

目的比较两种分离嗜血杆菌的培养基对呼吸道嗜血杆菌进行鉴定与分型。方法采用进口原料配制的培养基（Ｈ１）和国产原料配制的培养基（Ｈ２）分离２５４份呼吸道标本中的嗜血杆菌，从菌落生长、杂菌抑制和分离率等方面比较两种培养基的分离效果。结果Ｈ１与Ｈ２培养基差异无显著性，副流感嗜血杆菌、流感嗜血杆菌分离率分别为１０．２％、３．５％，儿童、成人嗜血杆菌属，流感嗜血杆菌分离率分别为３６．１％、１３．１％、８．８％、０．５％。９株流感嗜血杆菌中非ｂ型８株，ｂ型１株，均产β－内酰胺酶。结论国产原料配制的培养基可用于嗜血杆菌属的鉴定与分型，对大多数细菌室有参考价值     

572例呼吸道标本嗜血杆菌的分离及其耐药性分析

目的了解我院呼吸道标本流感嗜血杆菌和副流感嗜血杆菌的分离率及耐药性，为临床合理使用抗生素及感染控制经验用药提供依据。方法标本接种于嗜血杆菌巧克力平板，对分离到的嗜血杆菌进行鉴定，头孢硝噻酚试验检测β内酰胺酶及K-B法进行药敏试验。结果2005年6月-2007年6月共572例呼吸道标本，检出嗜血杆菌81株，其中流感嗜血杆菌59株，占72．8％，产p内酰胺酶株26．4％；副流感嗜血杆菌22株，占27．2％，产β内酰胺酶株22．7％；检出1株β内酰胺酶阴性氨苄西林耐药株，且显示多重耐药。结论我院呼吸道嗜血杆菌感染以流感嗜血杆菌为主，耐药率比国内文献报道的高，且多重耐药的菌株较多。头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢呋辛钠、氨曲南、阿莫西林／克拉维酸、亚胺培南是目前治疗嗜血杆菌感染的有效抗生素，加强嗜血杆菌耐药谱监测、合理谨慎使用抗生素是延缓耐药菌株快速上升的最好办法。     

青岛地区部分医院临床分离嗜血杆菌的耐药性分析

目的了解山东省青岛地区部分医院临床分离流感嗜血杆菌和副流感嗜血杆菌的耐药性,为临床合理用药提供依据。方法用手工法和MICSCAN4半自动细菌鉴定分析仪,HNID鉴定板对分离培养的182株嗜血杆菌进行菌种鉴定。用纸片琼脂扩散（K—B）法进行药敏试验,采用头孢硝噻吩纸片法进行β内酰胺酶检测。结果临床分离流感嗜血杆菌74株和副流感嗜血杆菌108株,口内酰胺酶株产酶率分别为44．6％和50．9％。流感嗜血杆菌和副流感嗜血杆菌对氨苄西林敏感率分别为55．4％和49．1％,对甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲唾唑的敏感率分别为50．7％和28．8％。而对头孢噻肟、头孢呋辛、阿奇霉素、左氧氟沙星和氯霉素的敏感率均高于80％。结论青岛地区呼吸道嗜血杆菌感染中以副流感嗜血杆菌为主,且产酶率较高,对嗜血杆菌属引起的呼吸道感染可选用头孢噻肟、头孢呋辛作为首选药物。对氨苄西林和甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲嚼唑的耐药率较高,已不宜用于嗜血杆菌感染的经验治疗。     

2015-2019 年儿童呼吸道感染嗜血杆菌分离检出及耐药性变迁分析

目的　探讨儿童呼吸道嗜血杆菌的感染情况及耐药性变迁，为临床合理用药提供参考。方法　对2015 年1 月 ~2019 年12 月儿科门诊就诊及住院患儿痰标本中分离的233 株嗜血杆菌属细菌的临床感染特征及药敏试验结果进行回 顾性分析。结果　嗜血杆菌的总检出率为5.1%（233/4575），其中副流感嗜血杆菌51.1%（119/233），流感嗜血杆菌 36.9%（86/233），溶血嗜血杆菌6.4%（15/233）、惰性嗜血杆菌3.0%（7/233）和嗜沫嗜血杆菌2.6%；流感嗜血杆菌 和副流感嗜血杆菌对氨苄西林和复方新诺明耐药率均超过60%，耐药率呈逐年上升趋势；对头孢哌酮/ 舒巴坦及第三、 四代头孢菌素、左氧氟沙星、亚胺培南和阿奇霉素敏感率均大于70%；总β- 内酰胺酶阳性率为44.9%，产酶株全部对 氨苄西林耐药，产酶阴性株中氨苄西林耐药率为22%。结论　嗜血杆菌在儿童呼吸道标本中的检出率较高，对临床常 用抗菌药物耐药率呈逐年上升趋势，临床应根据药敏试验数据合理应用抗生素才能减缓耐药菌株产生。     

430析副流感嗜血杆菌形态学初步分型研究

嗜血杆菌(Haemophilus)是一群无动力、无芽胞的革兰氏阴性杆菌,常呈小杆状、球杆状、细长杆状、针尖状、逗点状、长丝状等多形态；引起人类呼吸道感染的嗜血杆菌主要有流感嗜血杆菌(H@influenzae)、副流感嗜血杆菌(H@parainfluenzae)、嗜沫嗜血杆菌(H@aphrophilus)等；流感嗜血杆菌和副流嗜血杆菌又可分为若干型,其对机体的致病性和耐药性也不尽相同.为此,我们对检测到的226株副流感嗜血杆菌进行了形态学分析,并对209株疑为副流感嗜血杆菌的样本分别用形态学和鉴定条进行初步分型,现报告如下： 1 材料 1．1 对象 门诊、住院诉有呼吸道感染…     

嗜血杆菌属耐药性研究

目的：对呼吸道感染口才的痰或拭标本中分离到的２０株嗜血杆菌属病原菌的各类、耐药性和β－内酰胺酶产生情况进行分析，以了解嗜血杆菌的耐药游行特点。方法：用ＡＰＩ系统对所分离菌株进行鉴定。Ｎｉｔｒｏｃｅｆｉｎ纸片法检测β－内酰胺酶产生情况。Ｅｔｅｓｔ法检测２０株嗜血菌对６种抗生素的ＭＩＣ值，并用ＷＨＯＮＥＴ４软件进行分析。结果：嗜血杆菌检出率１４．９％，其中副流感嗜血杆菌检出率为１０．４％，流感嗜血杆菌     

副流感嗜血杆菌生物分型与方法评价

目的 对临床分离的副流感嗜血杆菌进行生物分型，并对两种不同方法的分型结果进行比较。方法 用嗜血杆菌专用平板（HAE）进行分离培养，采用推荐的标准方法，对70株副流感嗜血杆菌进行生物分型，并用Vitek-60微生物自动分析系统对副流感嗜血杆菌进行鉴定和生物分型。结果 标准法结果显示副流感嗜血杆菌以生物I型多见，检出45株（64．3％），其次为生物Ⅱ型11株（15．7％），另检出生物Ⅲ型4株（5．7％），生物Ⅳ型1株（1．4％），生物Ⅷ型1株（1．4％），未能分型有8株（11．4％）。标准法与仪器法对副流感嗜血杆菌的生物分型符合率为67．1％。结论 Vitek-60微生物自动分析系统对副流感嗜血杆菌的生物分型结果与标准方法存在着一定差异。     

嗜血杆菌的分离及耐药性分析

目的了解衡阳市中心医院2010年10月至2011年11月嗜血杆菌的分离率、产酶率,并对其耐药性进行分析,指导临床合理用药,控制嗜血杆菌的流行。方法用嗜血杆菌选择性培养基对来自不同科室的607份临床标本（痰、咽拭子、支气管分泌物）进行分离培养,用卫星现象鉴定流感嗜血杆菌（haemophilus influenzae,Hi）与副流感嗜血杆菌（H.parainfluenzae,Hp）、头孢硝基噻吩纸片进行β-内酰胺酶测定,采用琼脂纸片扩散（K-B）法检测Hi和Hp对10种抗菌药物的耐药性。结果共分离培养出嗜血杆菌136株,检出率为22.4%（136/607）,其中流感嗜血杆菌31株,检出率为5.1%（31/607）,副流感嗜血杆菌105株,检出率为17.3%（105/607）;各科室中以呼吸内科检出率最高,检出率为9.7%（59/607）,其次为儿科和心内科,分别为2.6%、2.8%。136株嗜血杆菌对青霉素普遍耐药,耐药率高达90.4%,对洛美沙星和氧氟沙星的耐药率较高,分别是68.4%、48.5%,对头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、头孢呋肟的耐药率分别是9.6%、11.8%、22.1%,对四环素类如：四环素、强力霉素的耐药率分别为38.2%、8.8%,对壮观霉素、头孢曲松全部敏感,共检出产β-内酰胺酶菌株32株,产酶率为23.5%（32/136）。结论该院呼吸道嗜血杆菌感染以副流感嗜血杆菌为主,以呼吸内科感染最为严重,其次为儿科和心内科,临床上治疗嗜血杆菌感染的有效药物是头孢曲松、壮观霉素。     

两种嗜血杆菌在呼吸道感染患者痰培养中的检出情况及耐药分析

目的:通过对呼吸道感染患者痰标本的培养,以建立一种简便、有效的分离嗜血杆菌的方法,为临床提供诊断及用药依据.方法:利用嗜血杆菌分离专用巧克力平板对痰标本进行嗜血杆菌的分离,用HTM平板作药敏试验,用β-内酰胺酶纸片测定β-内酰胺酶.结果:在分离出的236株嗜血杆菌中,流感嗜血杆菌有124株,占52.5%,副流感嗜血杆菌112株,占47.5%,其中流感嗜血杆菌生物型以Ⅰ型(50.8%)、Ⅲ型(29.8%)为主,Ⅳ、Ⅷ型各占9.7%;副流感嗜血杆菌以Ⅰ型(61.6%)、Ⅱ型(25.0%)为主,Ⅲ型占13.4%.β-内酰胺酶产酶率为2.7%,对β-内酰胺类抗生素的敏感率较高.结论:用嗜血杆菌专用巧克力平板分离嗜血杆菌,方法简便、实用,效果较好,能满足临床需要.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.