Novel transcatheter closure of an iatrogenic perimembranous ventricular septal defect

Iatrogenic membranous ventricular septal defects (VSD) are rare complications of cardiothoracic surgery, most commonly seen as a complication of aortic valve replacements. An iatrogenic VSD can lead to right sided heart failure, systemic hypoxia, and arrhythmias, and closure is often necessary. Given the increased mortality associated with repeat surgical procedures, percutaneous transcatheter closure of these iatrogenic VSDs has increasingly become the preferred choice of therapy. We describe the first case of iatrogenic membranous VSD in the setting of mitral valve replacement and tricuspid valve repair, using the newly approved Amplatzer Duct Occluder II Device from an entirely retrograde approach. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Device closure of iatrogenic membranous ventricular septal defects after prosthetic aortic valve replacement using the Amplatzer membranous ventricular septal defect occluder.

Iatrogenic hemodynamically significant ventricular septal defects (VSDs) after aortic valve replacement are rare. The surgical risk to close such VSDs is substantial. Catheter closure has rarely been attempted because access to the left ventricle during cardiac catheterization in patients with a prosthetic aortic valve has been associated with a risk of catheter entrapment. We describe two cases of this rare entity after St. Jude and Medtronic valve replacement in which successful percutaneous closure of the iatrogenic VSDs was achieved using the Amplatzer membranous VSD occluder. Crossing the prosthetic valves with a delivery sheath and closure with the membranous VSD device was accomplished in both cases.     

Transcatheter closure of an iatrogenic ventricular septal defect after SAPIEN valve implantation

A 57‐year‐old woman developed progressive calcific mitral and aortic valve disease with a porcelain aorta secondary to a history of radiation therapy. She was considered a very poor operative candidate and referred for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). Four weeks after extensive coronary artery stenting, a TAVR was performed with a 23 mm Edwards SAPIEN valve (Edwards Life Sciences, Irvine, CA) through a transapical approach. Post‐operatively, her symptoms of dyspnea persisted and worsened. She was found to have an acquired ventricular septal defect (VSD) measuring 8 mm by 5 mm by transesophageal echocardiogram and by a CT angiogram. Percutaneous VSD closure was accomplished with an 8 mm Muscular VSD Occluder (St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN) with elimination of her shunt, improvement of her dyspnea, and marked improvement in exercise tolerance. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

封堵器介入治疗室间隔缺损失败原因影像学分析

目的 用影像学方法分析封堵器介入治疗室间隔缺损的失败病例,以提高介入治疗室间隔缺损手术成功率。方法 未能成功行室间隔缺损堵闭术47例（47/774）,男27例,女20例,年龄2～30岁。对比其手术前后左心室和主动脉造影影像资料。结果 膜部瘤破裂15例,其中8例有多个破口,堵闭主要破口后仍有其他的破口分流,2例术前造影只显示单个破口,堵闭破口后出现新的破口,5例封闭基底部后仍存在大量分流;放置堵闭器后出现了中度以上的主动脉瓣反流28例,7例高位嵴下型室间隔缺损,室间隔缺损上缘到主动脉瓣距离小于适应证标准。21例伴有主动脉瓣脱垂,封堵器影响主动脉瓣从而造成主动脉关闭不全;封堵器移位2例;2例术后出现溶血。结论 封堵器介入治疗室间隔缺损是安全可靠的治疗方法,但是应该严格把握适应证,恰当地选择堵闭方式和堵闭器,避免治疗失败及术后并发症。     

Percutaneous closure of an iatrogenic ventricular septal defect following mechanical aortic valve replacement using the transseptal technique.

Iatrogenic ventricular septal defects (VSDs) following aortic valve replacement are relatively uncommon and are challenging to close percutaneously given their typical proximity to the prosthetic valve. We describe the successful percutaneous closure of an iatrogenic VSD in a patient with a recent mechanical AVR using the transseptal approach.     

Transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect using a modified double-disk occluder

This multicenter study assessed the efficacy and safety of transcatheter closure of perimembranous ventricular septal defect (VSD) using a modified double-disk occluder. In 5 different centers in China, 412 patients with VSD, including 202 men and 210 women, underwent attempted transcatheter closure. The age range was 3 to 65 years (mean 16.4+/-9.1). The diameter of defect was 3 to 15 mm by transthoracic echocardiography and 3 to 18 mm by left ventriculography. The ratio of pulmonary to systemic flow varied from 1.6 to 2.3 (1.9+/-0.4). The device diameter was 4 to 20 mm (7.09+/-3.60). The ventricular septal rim below the aortic valve was 0 to 5 mm. The immediate success rate was 96.6%; 6 cases had third degree atrioventricular block and recovered within 3 weeks. None needed a permanent pacemaker. Dislodgement of the device occurred in 3 patients but the device was recaptured and redeployed in 2 cases. During the follow-up period of 2 years, there was no evidence of residual shunt and device-related complications. In conclusion, transcatheter closure of VSD is safe and effective in most selected patients; the mid-term prognosis of patients with transcatheter closure is good.     

Long-term follow-up after aortic valvuloplasty and defect closure in ventricular septal defect with aortic regurgitation

The clinical course was studied in 25 patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD) and aortic regurgitation (AR) who had undergone aortic valvuloplasty and VSD closure. Twelve patients had a doubly committed subarterial VSD and 13 had a perimembranous type of VSD. Preoperatively, progressive hemodynamic disturbance after the onset of AR occurred in 11 patients (44%). The follow-up period extended from 6 months to 23 years (mean 10 years). Four patients required prosthetic valve replacement after valvuloplasty. One of these had had initial improvement of the AR but required valve replacement 20 years later; the condition of the other 3 did not improve initially and their valves were replaced 1 month to 8.5 years later. Four other patients had no initial improvement as a result of valvular reconstructive surgery, but the AR did not progress and remained hemodynamically well tolerated. Hence, the overall success rate of the valvuloplasty, defined as improving or preventing progressive AR, was 21 of 25 (84%). Since initial and long-term improvement in aortic valve function can be expected in most patients after valvuloplasty and closure of the VSD, early surgical intervention is recommended in patients with a VSD and AR.     

Implication of anterior septal malalignment in isolated ventricular septal defect.

OBJECTIVE--The aim was to define the long term prognosis of isolated ventricular septal defect (VSD) with anteriorly malaligned outlet septum. DESIGN--Cohort study. SETTING--University hospital, tertiary medical care centre. PATIENTS--Between July 1986 and June 1993, 63 patients were studied with an isolated VSD and anteriorly malaligned outlet septum (59 perimembranous; 4 muscular outlet). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--The diagnosis of septal malalignment, aneurysmal transformation, right ventricular obstruction, subaortic ridge, and aortic valve prolapse was based on echocardiographic criteria, then confirmed by angiography in 33 patients and by surgery in 28. An actuarial curve for each event was obtained by Kaplan-Meier non-parametric analysis and the significance was examined by log-rank test. RESULTS--Aneurysmal transformation decreased the size of the VSD in 52% of the patients, but was also associated with the appearance of subaortic ridge (p < 0.05). Progressive obstruction in the right ventricle was observed in 51%, more often in those without aneurysmal transformation (p < 0.05). Aortic valve prolapse was quite common whether or not aneurysmal transformation occurred (33% and 23%, respectively). This was attributed to the location of the VSD and the anterior malalignment of the outlet septum. Surgery was performed in 28 patients at a median age of 50 months because of significant left to right shunt (n = 5), or the development of obstruction in right ventricle (n = 9), aortic valve prolapse (n = 3), or combinations (n = 11). The presence of subaortic ridge per se was not considered to be a surgical indication. CONCLUSIONS--Anteriorly malaligned VSDs have variable presentation. Careful echocardiographic evaluation is needed to identify various combinations of progressive right ventricular obstruction, aneurysmal transformation, subaortic ridge, or aortic valve prolapse. In extreme cases a patient may have a pathology complex comprising right ventricular outflow obstruction, subaortic ridge, aortic valve prolapse, and anteriorly malaligned VSD.     

62例室间隔缺损合并主动脉瓣脱垂的外科治疗

目的 总结室间隔缺损（VSD）合并主动脉瓣脱垂的外科治疗经验.方法 2001年1月至2010年12月间,我院收治62例VSD合并主动脉瓣脱垂患者,行单纯VSD心内修复术31例、主动脉瓣置换术（AVR）29例、主动脉瓣成形术（AVP）11例.结果 术后早期死亡2例,1例VSD修补和AVR患者术后3 d因室性心律失常死亡;1例15岁患者,7年前在外院行VSD修复和AVP,复查超声心动图示主动脉瓣重度关闭不全、巨大左心室,再次行AVR,术后1周因心衰死亡.余60例均存活.术后门诊随访,随访时间6个月至10年,共55例,随访率91.7 %.心功能Ⅰ级50例、Ⅱ级5例,均能从事正常生活及学习.1例单纯VSD修复患者出现VSD残余漏,术后1年复查超声心动图示主动脉瓣中度关闭不全,行AVR,目前已治愈.11例AVP患者中,轻度关闭不全8例（2例为肺动脉瓣下VSD,6例为围膜部VSD）;轻-中度关闭不全2例（均为围膜部VSD）;中度关闭不全1例（围膜部VSD）,于术后5年行AVR后治愈.行全迷宫双极射频消融术治疗心房颤动1例,患者心律转为窦性心律.结论 根据主动脉瓣脱垂的程度,合理处理VSD及主动脉瓣病变,可取得满意的疗效.     

室间隔缺损介入封堵326例经验总结及随访分析

目的 总结经皮导管室间隔缺损介入封堵术的临床经验,并对326例患者的中期随访结果进行回顾性分析.方法 326例室间隔缺损患者均经临床和经胸超声心动图（TTE）确诊,排除干下型室间隔缺损,采取经皮导管室间隔缺损介入封堵术,术后即刻左心室造影和经胸超声心动图检查观察疗效,术后1d、1个月、3个月、6个月、1年、2年、3年、4年、5年行经胸超声心动图、X线胸片和超声心动图检查随访观察.结果 经皮导管室间隔缺损介入封堵成功率为98.3％（320/326）,失败原因为室间隔缺损过大或过小、位置特殊、合并主动脉瓣脱垂及反流、损伤三尖瓣或主动脉瓣、房室传导阻滞等.术后并发症：1例术后1d封堵器移位,急诊心脏外科手术处理;2例8 kg患儿术后股动脉血栓形成,尿激酶溶栓后治愈;12例新出现三尖瓣轻度反流或原有三尖瓣反流增多;1例损伤主动脉瓣致中度反流,急诊外科手术处理;56例出现非阵发性交界性心动过速,经激素、人体白蛋白、营养心肌等治疗后恢复窦性心律;17例不完全性束支传导阻滞;5例完全性左束支传导阻滞.1例术后10个月出现二度Ⅱ型房室传导阻滞,治疗后恢复至二度Ⅰ型房室传导阻滞.1例术后8d出现脑出血,开颅发现脑血管畸形,外科处理后治愈.术后患者左心室舒张末内径、心胸比例较术前改善.结论 经皮导管室间隔缺损介入封堵术具有创伤小、并发症少、无需体外循环、成功率高等特点,值得推广,但应规范选择患者和长期随访.     

Pathological anatomy of ventricular septal defect associated with aortic valve prolapse and regurgitation

Summary In an attempt to clarify the pathogenetic morphology of aortic regurgitation (AR) due to prolapse of the aortic valve (prolapsing AR) associated with ventricular septal defect (VSD), 201 specimens from Japanese autopsy series with isolated VSD were examined. Among these hearts, there were 128 cases (64%) of infundibular VSD (IVSD); 29 of them (14%) showed AR due to prolapsed cusp, of which nine cases developed a large aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva. Another 32 cases (16%) had varying degrees of prolapse but without AR and were considered to show the prodrome of prolapsing AR. These 61 cases (30%) were examined with special reference to the type of septal alignment, location of the defect, relation of the defect to the aortic valve, and anomalies of the aortic valve and sinus of Valsalva. There were two principal forms in this syndrome: The common form, i.e., simple punched-hole IVSD with normal septal alignment in 82% (50/61) of cases, and a rare form, i.e., malalignment IVSD in 18% (11/61) of cases. The latter included Eisenmenger-type IVSD due to anteriorly deviated outlet septum (10/11 cases) and coarctation-type IVSD due to posteriorly deviated septum (1/11). Both forms had several subtypes according to the location of the defect, i.e., subpulmonic, muscular, perimembranous, and total IVSD.The relevant anatomical findings of the common form of the syndrome were: (1) There was no septal malalignment with a normal aortic valve position. (2) The VSD was a simple muscular defect in any part of the infundibular septum between the pulmonary valve above and the membranous septum below, the majority of cases (80%), however, showed subpulmonic IVSD. (3) The annulus and sinus of Valsalva wall of the right coronary cusp, which is normally supported firmly by this septum, became exposed in the muscle defect and were poorly supported. (4) The majority of cases showed a normally formed aortic valve but with poor support. (5) The muscular defect was relatively large, but the functioning VSD was usually less than moderate in size with a half-moon shape below the denuded sinus of Valsalva wall and annulus. (6) The functioning VSD appeared to become narrower depending on the degree of prolapse into the defect, resulting in a crescent-moon or slit-like shape, and it may close in rare cases.The major anatomical findings of the rare form were: (1) There was mild to moderate dextroposition (or levoposition) of the aortic valve due to a septal malalignment. (2) The size of the VSD was moderate or less with a location in any part of the infundibular septum, but most commonly involving the perimembranous infundibular portion (70%). (3) It was always associated with anomalies of the aortic valve, such as bicuspid valve or uneven division of the cusps, and a deformed wall of the sinus of Valsalva, which appeared to be related to a less than moderate septal malalignment. (4) The deformed aortic valve was exposed in the defect.The development of the prolapsing AR in the two forms of the syndrome could be attributed to the interaction between the above-mentioned anatomical defects and hemodynamic factors, among which the most important was the Venturi effect caused by a rapid blood flow through the functioning VSD according to Bernoulli's theorem. With progress of the disease, this syndrome is clinically subdivided into three stages: The prolapsing stage which is characterized by the Venturi effect, the reversible AR stage which has AR and the Venturi effect, and the irreversible AR stage in which the deterioration of the aortic valve is complete. Early surgical intervention to stop the Venturi effect is recommended, at least at or preferably before the reversible AR stage, even in those patients with malalignment-type VSD who have inherent anomalies of the aortic valve and its apparatus.     

超声心动图在嵴内型室间隔缺损封堵中的作用

目的:研究超声心动图在嵴内型室间隔缺损（VSD）封堵中的作用,并与X线左室造影结果比较。方法:入选病例包括嵴内型VSD患者13例。二维超声心动图及彩色多普勒血流图于胸骨旁左室长轴、大血管短轴及心尖五腔观测量缺损大小及其距主动脉右冠瓣、肺动脉瓣及三尖瓣的距离;术中行X线左室造影观测缺损口大小、距主动脉右冠瓣距离。封堵器释放后测量其腰部的直径。结果:二维超声心动图与彩色多普勒血流图除2例部分切面难以判断缺损口大小外,其余病例均显示缺损口大小及距各瓣的距离,大部分病例超声术前测量的缺损口大小与释放后封堵器的腰径相似。X线左室造影5例因造影角度不佳无法显示分流口大小,仅显示右室内存在分流;显示分流口的病例中部分明显小于释放后封堵器腰径。本组病例中1例封堵后出现少量主动脉瓣返流,1例术后出现封堵器移位,并出现残余分流。结论:超声心动图对嵴内型VSD封堵的术前选择优于X线左室造影。适合于嵴内型VSD封堵的患者缺损口不宜大于8mm,并无主动脉瓣脱垂。如缺损口过大可能出现术后主动脉瓣返流或封堵器移位。     

Transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defect in aortic valve prolapse and aortic regurgitation

ObjectiveTo report intermediate follow-up result of transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defect (VSD) in presence of aortic valve prolapse (AVP) with or without aortic regurgitation (AR).MethodThis is a retrospective review of 19 patients with VSD with AVP with AR who underwent transcatheter closure in between September 2011–July 2014. Mean age was 8 years (1–16 years, standard deviation [SD] 4.08 years) and mean weight was 26.03 kg (9–81.5 kg, SD 16.57 kg). Among them 2 had subarterial VSD, 6 had subaortic VSD and 11 had perimembranous VSD. All of them had mild AVP and 13 of them had AR (trivial or mild). Median VSD size was 4.3 mm (4–6 mm). Transcatheter closure was done either by retrograde technique using the Amplatzer Duct Occluder-II in 17 patients or antegrade technique using the Duct Occluder-I in 2 cases. Mean follow-up period was 18 months (12–36 months).ResultImmediate major complications were encountered in 2 (10.5%) cases. Significant aggravation of device related AR was seen in one case & device embolised to right pulmonary artery in another case and both of them were managed surgically.During follow up, 1 child had significant additional VSD requiring device closure. One child developed moderate AR, requiring surgery. None of the other had shown any increase in severity of AR.ConclusionDevice closure of VSD in presence of mild AVP and mild AR appears to be safe. Longer follow-up is necessary to draw final conclusion.     

Percutaneous treatment of a post‐TAVI ventricular septal defect: A successful combined procedure for an unusual complication

In this report, we present the successful percutaneous ventricular septal defect (VSD) closure, just 1 week post‐transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). Periprocedurally, after implantation of the 31‐mm CoreValve in an intentionally “high” position, we balloon postdilated, with an excellent result. A week post‐TAVI, the patient started to deteriorate. Echocardiogram revealed a good working prosthesis; however, a perimembranous VSD was evident, causing significant shunt. We proceeded with interventional treatment of the defect, using an Amplatzer multifenestrated—“Cribriform”—septal occluder. Six months after the combined procedure, the patient showed marked improvement in symptoms and no shunt was observed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

应用双封堵器封堵治疗复杂膜部瘤型室间隔缺损

目的:探讨应用双封堵器对复杂膜部瘤型室间隔缺损（VSD）进行介入封堵治疗的可行性、有效性和安全性。方法: 12例复杂膜部瘤型VSD患者,左心室造影后常规右股动脉-左心室-VSD-右心室-右股静脉输送轨道,对VSD进行封堵,重复左心室造影,发现存在不能接受的残余分流,遂建立右股动脉-左心室-VSD-右心室-左股静脉输送轨道,应用第2枚封堵器对残余分流进行封堵,左心室、升主动脉造影以及超声心动图检查确认封堵效果良好,释放封堵器。术后1、3、6、12个月复查超声心动图、X线检查和12导联心电图。结果: 12例患者均封堵成功。术毕即刻造影和超声心动图检查示封堵效果良好,无残余分流,各组瓣膜功能良好,无并发症发生。随访期间所有患者杂音消失,超声心动图检查无残余分流,心电图检查均为窦性心律,无房室传导阻滞或束支传导阻滞。结论: 应用双封堵器对复杂膜部瘤型VSD进行封堵治疗是可行的,且具有满意的疗效和安全性。     

经股静脉途径一次性完成房室间隔复合型缺损的介入治疗

目的探讨经股静脉途径一次性完成室间隔缺损（VSD）合并房间隔缺损（ASD）的可行性、方法及疗效。方法 5例患者,术前超声检查均确诊为VSD合并ASD。年龄3~21岁,VSD直径4.5~7.6 mm,ASD直径8~21 mm。5例患者均于术中先行左心室造影,确定VSD适合封堵后,首先封堵VSD,然后封堵ASD。结果 5例患者均单纯经股静脉途径一次介入治疗成功。患者术中及术后均无并发症。结论经股静脉途径一次性完成房室间隔复合型缺损的介入治疗具有技术上的可行性、创新性和良好的治疗效果。     

Transcatheter closure of a ventricular septal defect resulting from knife stabbing using the Amplatzer muscular VSD occluder.

We report for the first time the transcatheter closure of a traumatic ventricular septal defect (VSD) with the Amplatzer muscular VSD occluder in a 34-year-old man who had been stabbed through the heart. After his initial life-saving surgery to relieve tamponade, control bleeding, and repair the lacerated right ventricle, the risks and difficulties of subsequent open heart surgery were felt to favor transcatheter closure. We review other reports of transcatheter closure of traumatic VSD.     

Morphology of ventricular septal defect in complete transposition of the great arteries

The morphologic characteristics of ventricular septal defect (VSD) was studied in 50 hearts with complete transposition of the great arteries. Except for 1 membranous and 1 subarterial defect, all VSDs could be classified into 1 of 4 categories. Group A included 14 specimens with a perimembranous defect extending into inlet and trabecular septum with rightward malalignment of the outlet septum; in this group aortic arch anomalies (6 hearts) and tricuspid valve abnormalities (7 hearts) were frequently present. Group B comprised 13 hearts with perimembranous defects extending into the inlet septum; 11 hearts in this group also had an anomalous mitral valve. Group C included 13 hearts with muscular inlet defects, with signs of spontaneous closure by marginal fibrosis in 10 cases. Group D Included 8 hearts with muscular infundibular defects; in 6 of these hearts the outlet septum was malaligned to the left, causing different degrees of subpulmonary stenosis. A small second VSD was present in 5 hearts. Thus, the spectrum of VSD in transposition of the great arteries is different from that of isolated VSD.