原发性脑干出血72例分析

目的分析原发性脑干出血的临床特点及预后。方法回顾性分析72例原发性脑干出血的临床和影像学资料。结果既往有高血压病史62例(88.2%),发病时血压升高66例(91.7%)。其中桥脑出血最常见,占79.1%(57/72)。血肿<2 ml者临床症状轻,预后好;血肿2～5 ml者,临床症状复杂多样,预后较差;血肿>5 ml者起病凶险,进展快,病死率极高。结论颅CT是诊断脑干出血的首选。脑干出血的常见原因是高血压、动脉硬化,其预后与出血量呈负相关。     

外伤性脑干出血的预测因子分析

目的探讨Rotterdam计算机断层扫描(CT)评分系统及外伤性脑干出血血肿影像学特征与患者预后的关系。方法回顾分析2007年9月至2015年12月共50例北京市海淀医院及北京市上地医院收治外伤性脑干出血患者入院2周内全部临床资料,包括患者年龄、性别、脑干损伤类型、入院格拉斯哥昏迷指数(GCS)及Rotterdam CT评分等。运用Logistic回归法分析外伤性脑干出血的预测因子。结果本组50例患者中,平均年龄(36.24±15.51)岁,共33例患者(66%)死于2周内,患者入院GCS平均(9.14±2.60)分、Rotterdam CT评分(3.06±1.39)分、脑干血肿最大径线(1.51±0.74)cm,血肿量(3.50±2.67)cm3。通过Logistic回归分析显示,患者年龄、GCS、CT评分系统、脑干血肿最大径线及血肿量均与患者预后显著相关(P<0.05)。当Rotterdam CT评分系统的截断点设置为2分,其灵敏度和特异度分别达88.2%和93.9%,该CT评分系统与患者预后有显著相关(P<0.05)。结论 Rotterdam CT评分系统、患者年龄、入院GCS、血肿最大径线及血肿量可作为判断外伤性脑干出血的预后因子。     

原发性脑干出血68例分析

目的：分析原发性脑干出血的临床特点及预后。方法：回顾性分析68例原发性脑干出血的临床和影像学资料。结果：既往有高血压病史58例（85．3％），发病时血压升高63例（92．6％）。脑干出血中桥脑出血最常见，占80．9％（55／68），血肿〈2ml者临床表现轻，预后佳；血肿2～5ml者，临床表现复杂多样，预后较差；血肿〉5ml者起病急，进展迅速，病死率高。CT是诊断脑干出血的首选。结论：脑于出血的常见原因是高血压、动脉硬化，其预后与出血量呈负相关。     

高血压性脑实质出血后出血走向与预后的关系

目的：探讨脑实质内出血时，血液走向与预后的关系。方法：304例高血压性脑实质出血患者均予入院当天行颅脑CT检查；并随访至发病后6个月，观察其预后情况。结果：脑实质出血后血肿破入脑室组预后较血肿未破入脑室组差；血肿延及脑干者预后差。结论：高血压性脑实质出血时，血肿破入脑室及血肿延及脑干两者均是预后不良的指标。     

冰水试验对脑外伤昏迷患者预后之应用

对脑外伤昏迷患者,确定其脑干功能状态十分重要,因脑干损伤的程度与患者的预后密切相关。用冰水试验诱发前庭反射以观察脑干功能的方法,文献虽有报告,但认识尚不一致。本文报告30例脑外伤昏迷患者的冰水试验结果与病情转归的关系。临床资料一、一般情况:30例中男性23人,女性了人。平均年龄38.6岁(4～84岁)。入院诊断:脑挫伤伴颅内(外)血肿22例、脑挫伤颅内血肿伴脑疝4例、脑干损伤2例、硬脑膜外血肿2例。     

原发性脑干出血预后分型的临床研究

目的　探讨原发性脑干出血的出血量、血肿部位、症状特征和临床预后的变化趋势。方法　将6 2份病例按病情结局 ,划分为存活型 (Ⅰ型 )、脑干衰竭型 (Ⅱ型 )、多器官衰竭型 (Ⅲ型 ) ,依据相关特征进行对比分析。结果　Ⅰ型为桥脑被盖部血肿 ,出血量 <3ml,提示存活。Ⅱ Ⅲ型为脑干腹侧面血肿 ,出血量>5ml,合并感染、上消化道出血、第四脑室积血梗阻、联合病灶、急性冠脉综合征 ,肾功能衰竭 ,提示死亡。Ⅲ型出血量 3～ 5ml,控制内脏并发症有效 ,提示可能存活。结论　预后分型有利于本病的抢救 ,重症监护和并发症治疗。     

脑干脑炎15例临床分析

目的讨论脑干脑炎的特点、MRI变化及预后。方法总结分析15例临床确诊的脑干脑炎临床特点、MRI变化。结果脑干脑炎多急性或亚急性起病,以头晕、复视、行走不稳、饮水呛咳等为首发症状;全部患者均有单侧颅神经损害表现;MRI与临床定位相符率低;经及时给予糖皮质激素等治疗,患者预后良好。结论脑干脑炎的诊断主要依据临床表现。     

自发性小脑出血CT与临床相关分析

本文对１３例ＣＴ证实的小脑出血进行ＣＴ与临床相关分析，表明小脑出血的时间、部位、数量、脑室情况及脑干受压体征与临床症状，治疗关系以及预后是密切相关的。认为ＣＴ扫描是早期确诊小脑出出血的首选方法，动态观察头颅ＣＴ与预后是非常重要的。     

外伤性颅内血肿清除术后继发性脑干出血11例分析

目的：探讨外伤性颅内血肿清除术后继发性脑干出血原因与预后,提供一定的防治措施。方法：回顾性分析11例患者影像学资料、临床表现、手术情况及预后。结果：11例患者有5例死亡,1例恢复良好,1例中残,2例重残,2例植物生存。结论：外伤性颅内血肿清除术后继发性脑干出血明显加重病情,病死率及致残率高。     

原发性脑干出血34例分析

目的分析原发性脑干出血的临床症状、体征以及CT、MRI,探讨其与预后的关系。方法对资料完整的34例原发性脑干出血的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组病例桥脑出血最多见;无延髓出血。出血量〈2 ml者临床表现不典型,预后佳;出血量在2~5 ml者临床表现典型,病死率低,预后一般;出血量5~10 ml者预后差,病死率高;出血量〉10 ml者病死率极高。起病后迅速出现昏迷者预后差,病死率高。结论出血量大小、出血部位以及意识障碍的程度是判断原发性脑干出血预后的关键。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.