64例不典型结核性脑膜炎临床诊断和治疗分析

目的　探讨不典型结核性脑膜炎(结脑)的临床分类、诊断和治疗方法。方法 回顾性总结分析68例不典型结脑临床特点、诊断依据,采用3HS(E)RZ/9HRZ化疗方案,并用地塞米松、降颅压治疗。结果 68例不典型结脑分为脑脊液改变不典型、脑脊液和临床表现均不典型两类;治疗结果67例存活,死亡1例,无明显后遗症。随访2年以上者64例。结论 不典型结脑诊断参考:(1)活动性肺结核表现;(2)不典型脑脊液改变或/和不典型结脑临床表现;(3)抗结核试验治疗有效;(4)除外非结脑疾病;(5)脑脊液PPD抗体阳性、腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)增高;(6)CT或MR符合结脑影像;(7)病理显示结核样改变或脑脊液检出抗酸杆菌;具备1~6项中3项或第7项可诊断。采用HS(E)RZ四联12个月化疗,安全、有效。     

不典型表现的结核性脑膜炎62例临床分析

目的 总结不典表现的结核性脑膜炎(结脑)的诊断与治疗。方法 回顾性分析62例不典型结脑患者的临床资料。结果 本组病例在临床上没有典型的结脑症状，表现意识障碍17例(27．4％)、头晕、低热47例(75．8％)、乏力、精神萎靡13例(21．0％)；肢体麻木21例(33．9％)、瘫痪5例(8．1％)、颅神经损害18例(29．0％)和尿潴留10例；(16．1％)、癫痫样发作4例(6．5％)。胸部影像学检查阳性37例(59．7％)、头颅CT阳性13例(21％)。脑脊液检查：糖降低30例(48．4％)、氯化物降低32例(51．6％)、蛋白升高36例(58．1％)、腺苷酸脱氨酶(ADA)阳性58例(93．5％)、结核抗体(PPD—IgG)阳性48例(77．4％)、涂片抗酸杆菌阳性2例(3．2％)。61例经抗结核治疗痊愈，1例死亡。结论 不典型结脑临床表现缺乏特异性，脑脊液改变不典型，但脑脊液中结核抗体阳性对于诊断中枢神经系统结核病有参考意义，且腺苷酸脱氨酶是一个敏感及特异性强的指标，实验实及影像学检查对确诊该病有重要意义。规范抗结核治疗配合鞘内注射效果佳。     

结核性脑膜炎87例临床分析

目的探讨结核性脑膜炎（结脑）的诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析87例结脑患者的临床资料。结果本组合并肺结核47例，胸膜结核8例，泌尿系结核4例，淋巴结核2例。并发脑积水21例，脑梗死22例；脑脊液多次检查均符合结脑改变，脑脊液PCR—TB—DNA检查67例，有47例（71．1％）扩增到结核DNA片段，20例阴性，87例脑脊液腺苷脱氨酶检查有81例（93．1％）高于9u／L；头颅CT增强扫描阳性率100％。87例结脑患者经抗结核及使用肾上腺皮质激素治疗后均治愈。结论结脑临床表现缺乏特异性，脑脊液改变不典型；脑脊液中PCR—TB—DNA对结脑的诊断可作为一个重要的辅助检查，且腺苷酸脱氨酶是一个敏感及特异性强的指标；影像学检查对诊断该病有重要意义。规范应用抗结核药物及使用肾上腺皮质激素配合鞘内注射效果佳。     

结核性脑膜炎患者脑脊液中腺苷脱氨酶和结核抗体水平研究

目的探讨结核性脑膜炎(TBM)的早期诊断方法。方法采用氨的偶联酶测定法和酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测3组病例(结脑组51例,病脑组30例,非脑膜炎组20例)脑脊液(CSF)中腺苷脱氨酶(ADA)的活性水平和脑脊液结核抗体(PPD-IgG)的阳性率。结果研究发现结脑组脑脊液中腺苷脱氨酶活性水平明显升高,与病脑组和非脑膜炎组比较有显著性差异(p<0.01)。而病脑组与非脑膜炎组比较无显著性差异(p>0.05);结核性脑膜炎早期脑脊液中结核抗体的阳性率为80.4%(其中2周内PPD-IgG阳性率为80.4%,1周内为23.5%,其他为3.9%),在随后的临床跟踪检测中为100%。结论说明共同检测脑脊液中腺苷脱氨酶的活性明显升高和结核抗体阳性可以作为结脑早期诊断的重要依据。     

结核病治愈后抗结核抗体在体内持续时间的临床观察

目的　探讨结核病治愈后抗结核抗体在体内持续的时间。方法 ELISA法以PPD为包被抗原,每隔3个月检测治愈时血清抗结核抗体呈阳性的肺结核病人血清抗结核抗体1次,连续18个月。结果 每隔3个月抗结核抗体阳性人数逐渐下降,12个月时下降最明显,从9个月时的109人(63.0%)下降到21人(12.1%),与健康对照组间差异显著(P<0.05);15个月时阳性人数11人(6.4%),与健康对照组间差异不显著(P>0.05)。结论 肺结核病治愈后抗结核抗体呈阳性的病人其特异性抗体阳性持续时间一般为12～15个月,Ⅳ型结核治疗前病灶范围广,治愈后以增殖性病灶为主的患者持续的时间较长。     

三种结核抗体快速诊断试剂盒对三种常见结核病的诊断价值

目的　探讨三种结核抗体诊断试剂盒对肺结核、结核性脑膜炎(结脑)、结核性胸膜炎(胸膜炎)诊断价值。方法 采用澳大利亚产ICT-TB卡、TB-DOT和国产快速ELISA试剂盒检测220例肺结核病人血清、56例结脑病人脑液、36例胸膜炎病人胸液与48例非结核肺疾病血清、17例非结脑脑病脑液、18例非结核性胸膜炎胸液、30例健康人血清的结核抗体对比观察。结果 三种体液结核抗体总敏感性ICT-TB卡为50.7%、TB-DOT52.7%、ELSIA58.7%,三者间无显著性差异(P>0.05),其特异性分别为97.3%、93.2%、79.7%,无显著性差异(P>0.05),ICT-TB卡对肺结核、结脑、胸膜炎血清结核抗体敏感性依次为57.2%、46.4%、30.6%,TB-DOT60.0%、44.6%、33.3%,ELSIA68.2%、42.9%、38.9%,有显著性差异(P<0.005,P<0.05)。三种试剂盒检测三种体液结核抗体比较,血清敏感性最高(57.2%～68.2%)、脑液次之(51.8%～55.4%),胸液最低(31.6%～50.0%)。结论 抗原纯度较高的TB-DOT和ICT-TB卡特异性较强,但敏感性较低,复合抗原ELISA敏感性稍高,特异性偏低,但三者的临床价值基本相同。检测结核抗体对肺结核诊断价值优于结脑和胸膜炎。     

联检脑脊液中LAM-IgG和TB-DNA在诊断结核性脑膜炎中的应用

目的　了解脑脊液 (CSF)中阿拉伯糖甘露糖脂IgG抗体 (LAM-IgG)和TB-DNA指标对结脑的诊断价值。方法 以CSF为标本,用酶联免疫吸附试验 (ELISA)检测LAM-IgG,用聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测TB-DNA。结果 102份结脑病人CSF标本,LAM-IgG阳性率51.0% (52102),TB-DNA阳性率81.4% (83102),LAM-IgG阳性及 或TB-DNA阳性共93例 (91.2%)。40份非结核性的中枢神经系统疾病病例的CSF标本,均未检出LAM-IgG和TB-DNA.结论 LAM-IgG和TB-DNA均是诊断结脑的较好的指标,两者联检可进一步提高检测敏感性。     

联合检测结素试验和血清抗结核抗体对成人肺结核诊断预测价值:Bayesian分析

目的　探讨结素试验及血清抗结核抗体对成人肺结核诊断的预测价值。方法 经细菌学、病理组织学或细胞学确诊的 134例肺结核病、109例胸部肿瘤及 51例肺部感染成人患者接受结素试验及血清抗结核抗体检查。比较结素试验不同硬结直径作阳性筛查标准及与血清抗结核抗体的不同组合对结核病诊断的价值。阳性预测价值和阴性预测价值的估计应用Bayes公式。结果 结素试验与血清抗结核抗体检测,两者结合可提高诊断价值,若以结素试验硬结直径≥15mm或血清抗结核抗体阳性作为阳性筛查标准 (标准 1),则阴性预测价值最大 ;若以结素试验硬结直径≥20mm及血清抗结核抗体阳性作为阳性筛查标准 (标准 2),则阳性预测价值最大。若就诊患者中肺结核患病率分别为:0.5 %,5 %,10 %,30 %,60 %时,标准 1的阴性预测价值分别为:0.999,0.987,0.972,0.901,0.723;标准 2的阳性预测价值均为 1.000。结论 在结核高感染地区,联合检测结素试验及血清抗结核抗体对诊断成人结核病仍有辅助价值。结素试验硬结直径小于 15mm且血清抗结核抗体阴性对排除结核病有帮助;结素试验硬结直径≥ 20mm且血清抗结核抗体阳性,对确诊结核病有帮助。     

TB-SA抗体检测对结核病临床诊断价值的研究

目的　对TB-SA(Tuberculosis-Specific Antigen)抗体检测用于结核病诊断的价值进行评估。方法 2004年5—11月在山东省胸科医院住院的活动性结核病患者230例(菌阳肺结核60例,菌阴肺结核131例,肺外结核39例),非结核呼吸系统疾患者96例,无结核疾患的在校大学生健康志愿者41人,入选病例留取的痰、胸腔积液、腹腔积液、脑脊液标本同时进行抗酸杆菌浓缩集菌,结核杆菌培养,血清样本进行TB-SA抗体检测。结果 活动性结核病人血清学检测TB-SA抗体总的敏感性为67.8%。活动性肺结核敏感性为67.6%,肺外结核敏感性为59.0%(P>0.05);诊断结核病总的特异性为76.6%,在非结核呼吸系统疾患中为72.9%,在健康人群中为85.4%。结论 TB-SA抗体检测是一种快速、简单、有较好敏感性和特异性的结核病辅助诊断手段,对菌阴肺结核及不易取得细菌学检查标本的肺外结核病、儿童结核病有较高的参考价值。     

血清抗结核分支杆菌抗体对肺结核的疗效监测

目的　研究血清抗结核分支杆菌抗体与肺结核病情变化的相关性,对肺结核疗效评价的实用价值。方法 观察肺结核患者在进展期、吸收好转期、稳定期的血清抗结核分支杆菌抗体水平的变化情况。结果 好转期、稳定期的抗结核分支杆菌抗体的阳性率(27.5%、19.5%)与进展期相比有显著差异(P<0.01)。结核抗体阴转率为75.5%。结论 血清抗结核分支杆菌抗体水平对评价肺结核的疗效有较高的实用价值。     

31例非典型结核性脑膜炎临床疗效观察

目的总结非典型结核性脑膜炎（结脑）的诊断方法,提高临床认识,避免误诊,及早治疗。方法结合临床表现、脑脊液、影像学检查以及免疫学,回顾性分析31例非典型结脑临床资料。结果 31例患者经临床表现、脑脊液、影像学及免疫学,临床诊断结脑,给予诊断性抗结核治疗,30例恢复正常好转出院,1例自动出院。结论对非典型结脑的患者应反复行脑脊液及头部核磁共振检查。排除其他颅内感染性病变,尽早做诊断性抗结核治疗,避免病情加重减少并发症的发生。     

Adenosine deaminase levels in cerebrospinal fluid in the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis

The prognosis of tuberculous meningitis is closely linked to the stage at which treatment is started. At the same time the diagnosis will often have to be made on purely circumstantial evidence. Adenosine deaminase activity in the cerebrospinal fluid was evaluated as a diagnostic aid in 30 cases of tuberculous meningitis. Cerebrospinal fluid adenosine deaminase levels differentiated tuberculous meningitis cases from those with aseptic meningitis being higher than 4 U/l in all and higher than 6 U/l in 90% of cases of tuberculous meningitis, but lower than 6 U/l in aseptic meningitis and less than 4 U/l in normal controls. It could not distinguish bacterial meningitis from tuberculous or aseptic meningitis. In cases of low-cell-count bacterial meningitis, the mean cerebrospinal fluid adenosine deaminase level was significantly lower than in cases of tuberculous meningitis with a similar cell count, but considerable overlap of results in the two groups was still to be found.     

急性布鲁氏菌病并发中枢神经损害患者临床特征分析

目的 分析布鲁氏菌病中枢神经损害脑脊液特征,探讨其临床诊断价值。方法 选择2007年至2014年黑龙江省农垦总局总医院住院治疗的急性布鲁氏菌病并发中枢神经损害患者20例作为观察对象。临床诊断:并发脑膜炎8例、脑膜脑炎3例、脊髓炎7例和脑脓肿2例。调查其住院病例资料,观察脑脊液常规检查各项指标,分析和评估脑脊液改变特点。结果 脑脊液异常改变,颅内压增高13例,白细胞计数增多18例(90.00%),蛋白增高19例(95.00%),葡萄糖和氯化物降低16例(80.00 %)。结论 布鲁氏菌病并发中枢神经损害患者脑脊液多发生异常改变,颅内压升高,白细胞计数增多,葡萄糖和氯化物降低为特征,诊断需要与结核性脑膜炎相鉴别。     

Neuromeningeal tuberculosis in northeastern suburbs of Paris. Nineteen cases

SUBJECT: Analyze characteristics of neuromeningeal tuberculosis in the northeastern suburbs of Paris. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective study of 19 observations between 1988 and 1999. RESULTS: Thirteen cases of meningitis, 3 cases of meningitis associated with a tuberculoma and 3 cases with isolated tuberculoma were described. Young subjects (average age 46.4), foreign born (73.7%) were preferentially affected. Three patients were infected by the human immunodeficiency virus. Weight-loss and weakness (84%), fever (79%), headache (63%) dominate the clinical manifestations. The diagnosis delay was 56.6 days, and the therapeutic time, 8.6 days. The search for acid fast bacilli was positive only in one case on direct examination of the cerebrospinal fluid, whereas the culture was positive in 68.7% of the cases. Cerebral imagery was abnormal in13 patients. Average duration of antituberculous treatment was 13,4 months (range: 9-24). Corticosteroids were associated in 12 patients. Thirteen patients were cured, 3 died and 3 were lost to follow up. CONCLUSION: The characteristics of neuromeningeal tuberculosis are not modified, but the diagnosis delay of the neuromeningeal tuberculosis, which conditions the prognosis, remains significant. The optimal duration of the antituberculous treatment and the conditions of the steroid therapy have to be specified.     

结核性脑膜炎96例临床分析

目的 分析结核性脑膜炎的临床表现、诊断和治疗特点,以提高对该病的诊治水平.方法 对2006年6月至2010年10月我院收治的96例结核性脑膜炎患者的临床资料、实验室检查结果、诊断及预后情况进行总结分析.结果 本组96例结核性脑膜炎多呈慢性或亚急性起病,临床表现以发热、头痛、呕吐为主,脑脊液改变以压力、白细胞、蛋白升高、葡萄糖、氯化物降低为主.87.5％合并颅外结核.头颅CT或MRI检查异常51例,表现为脑积水、结核瘤、脑室扩张、多发病灶等.经正规抗结核治疗,临床治愈52例,好转25例,14例未见好转,自动出院或转院治疗,5例死亡.结论 患者的临床表现、脑脊液、头颅CT或MRI检查、是否合并颅外结核感染及正规抗结核治疗是否有效,是诊断结核性脑膜炎的重要依据;早期诊断及合理治疗可提高结核性脑膜炎的治愈率.     

新型隐球菌性脑膜炎与结核性脑膜炎的临床鉴别

目的 探讨新型隐球菌性脑膜炎与结核性脑膜炎的鉴别要点。 方法 回顾分析19例隐球菌性脑膜炎及50例结核性脑膜炎患者的临床表现、脑脊液改变和头颅CT或MRI特点。 结果 隐球菌性脑膜炎延误诊断时间为（2.3±1.7）个月,合并颅外结核病26.3%,合并慢性基础病36.8%,颅神经损害发生率5.3%,颅内压（320.0±57.7）mmH₂O,脑脊液葡萄糖含量（1.2±0.8）mmol/L, PCR-TB阳性率0,抗结核抗体阳性率10.5%,红细胞沉降率（42.1±31.2）mm/1h、头颅CT或MRI检查阳性发现率57.9%等方面与结核性脑膜炎存在差异。而2者在临床症状、脑脊液白细胞数、蛋白、氯化物、腺苷脱氨酶含量和头颅CT或MRI表现等方面差异无统计学意义。 结论 隐球菌性脑膜炎临床表现不典型,与结脑不易鉴别,容易误诊。但提高对隐球菌性脑膜炎的认识,并行多项指标检测有利于早期诊断。     

Usefulness of cranial and chest imaging in the diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis among infants and young children

We retrospectively evaluated the clinical and laboratory data of children with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) treated at our hospital from 1990 to 1999 to determine the optimal method of diagnosing TBM. The evaluated diagnostic criteria for TBM were as follows: (1) fever and malaise as symptoms of acute/subacute inflammation, (2) positive cerebrospinal fluid and/or gastric aspirate cultures for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, (3) pleocytosis of cerebrospinal fluid, and (4) a good response to anti-tuberculous therapy. The data for eleven patients (6 boys, 5 girls) with TBM (mean age, 10.7 months) were reviewed. Three patients (27%) were previously vaccinated with BCG. A known contact with tuberculosis was established at the time of admission in four patients (36%). Symptoms related to tuberculosis appeared on the average 14.8 days before the diagnosis. Three patients (27%) were diagnosed as clinical stage I, three (27%) as stage II, and five (46%) as stage III; all patients had fever (100%). With regard to the cerebrospinal fluid examinations, pleocytosis with mononuclear predominance was noted in all patients but one (91%), and mycobacterial staining was positive in three patients (27%). Tuberculin skin test was positive in four out of 10 patients (40%). Mycobacterial staining of gastric aspirate was positive in four patients (36%). Chest radiological examinations showed a swelling of the mediastinal lymphonodes and/or parenchymal infiltration in all patients (100%). A cranial CT examination demonstrated a basal meningeal enhancement in all patients (100%), hydrocephalus in nine patients (82%), and infarction in eight patients (73%). These results suggest that chest and cranial CT examinations are useful adjunct methods for diagnosis of TBM in infants and young children suffering from meningitis with pleocytosis of the cerebrospinal fluid and mononuclear predominance, in addition to conventional methods such as the tuberculin skin test, plain chest radiography, and staining for mycobacteria in body fluids.     

FilmArray Meningitis/Encephalitis (ME) panel in the diagnosis of bacterial meningitis

The precise diagnosis of bacterial meningitis is essential. Cytological and biochemical examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are not specific. Conventional methods for bacterial meningitis lack sensitivity or take too long for a final result. Therefore, other methods for rapid and accurate diagnosis of central nervous system infections are required. FilmArray meningitis/encephalitis (ME) panel is a PCR multiplex for simultaneous and rapid identification of 14 pathogens, including 6 bacteria, 7 viruses, and Cryptococcus. We evaluated 436 CSF samples submitted to FilmArray ME Panel. Among them, 25 cases were positive for bacteria, being Streptococcus pneumonia the most frequent (48 %). Among positive cases for bacteria, 60 % were positive only with FilmArray. All the bacterial meningitis cases in which the only positive test was FilmArray had CSF findings suggestive of bacterial meningitis, including neutrophilic pleocytosis, increased CSF protein and lactate, and decreased CSF glucose. These findings suggest that FilmArray may increase the diagnostic sensitivity for bacterial meningitis.     

20例成人耐药结核性脑膜炎临床观察

目的分析成人耐药结核性脑膜炎(结脑)的临床特点。方法对2008年1月—2008年12月住院的20例成人耐药结脑病例进行回顾性分析。结果20例脑脊液结核分枝杆菌培养阳性中,耐单药者10例,多耐药者6例,耐多药(MDR)者4例。耐药结脑病情危重,合并意识障碍者10例(50%),合并高颅压者18例(90%),脑脊液常规生化及细胞学符合典型结脑特点,脑膜脑炎8例(40%),脑脊髓膜炎4例(20%)。抗结核并辅助激素和脱水药物治疗好转19例,死亡1例。结论耐药结脑经早期抗结核并辅助治疗,疗效满意。     

结核性脑膜炎患者行脑脊液实验室检测方法的现状与进展

结核性脑膜炎(tuberculous meningitis,TBM)是最常见的肺外结核之一,约占全部结核病患者的1%;但死亡率可达26.8%,死亡多发生在患病最初的6个月,早期诊断及治疗是改善TBM预后的重要因素。临床上对TBM的诊断是通过临床表现、脑脊液检测、头颅影像学检查及是否并发颅外结核等综合分析后作出的。脑脊液检测是诊断TBM的重要指标,通过检测脑脊液中的结核分枝杆菌及其特异性的标志物,可以为TBM的诊断提供重要帮助。